Sel batang (penglihatan): Perbedaan antara revisi

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'''Sel batang''' ({{lang-en|rod cell}}) adalah [[Sel fotoreseptor]] di dalam [[retina]] yang dapat berfungsi pada kondisi cahaya yang redup. Sel batang berlawanan dengan [[reseptor warna|sel kerucut]]. Pada umumnya terdapat sekitar 125 juta sel batang pada mata manusia.<ref>Curcio, C. A., K. R. Sloan, et al. (1990). "Human photoreceptor topography." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 292(4): 497-523.</ref> Sel Moreini sensitivelebih thansensitif conedibandingkan cells,dengan rod[[reseptor warna|sel kerucut]] sehingga sel cellsinilah areyang almostbertanggung entirelyjawab responsibleterhadap forpenglihatan nightdalam visiongelap.
 
== Struktur dan fungsi ==
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Sel batang memiliki bentuk sedikit lebih lebar dari sel kerucut, namun keduanya memiliki struktur dasar yang sama. Bagian pigmen ada di sebelah luar, terletak di jaringan epitel membentuk [[homeostasis]] sel. Pada ujung jaringan epitel ini terdapat banyak cakram bertumpuk. Sel batang memiliki daerah pigmen visual yang luas, sehingga memiliki kemampuan menyerap cahaya dengan baik. Karena sel batang hanya memiliki satu jenis yang sensitif terhadap cahaya, (sel kerucut memiliki tiga jenis pigmen atau lebih) sehingga sel batang tidak bisa membedakan warna.
==Structure and function==
Rods are a little wider than cones but have the same structural basis. The pigment is on the outer side, lying on the pigment epithelium. completing the cell's homeostasis. This epithelium end contains many stacked disks. Rods have a high area for visual pigment and thus substantial efficiency of light absorption. Because they have only one type of light-sensitive pigment, rather than the three types that human cone cells have, rods have little, if any, role in colored vision.
 
== Sensitivitas ==
Like cones, rod cells have a synaptic terminal, an inner segment, and an outer segment. The synaptic terminal forms a [[synapse]] with another neuron, for example a [[bipolar cell]]. The inner and outer segments are connected by a [[cilium]],<ref name="Kandel"/> which lines the distal segment.<ref>"Photoreception" McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, vol. 13, p.460 2007</ref> The inner segment contains [[organelle]]s and the cell's [[nucleus (cell)|nucleus]], while the rod outer segment (abbreviated to ROS), which is pointed toward the back of the eye, contains the light-absorbing materials.<ref name="Kandel"/>
 
Sel batang cukup sensitif untuk merespon seberkas [[foton]],<ref name="Okawa">{{cite journal|last=Okawa|first=Haruhisa|coauthors=Alapakkam P. Sampath|title=Optimization of Single-Photon Response Transmission at the Rod-to-Rod Bipolar Synapse|journal=Physiology|publisher=Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.|volume=22|issue=4|pages=279–286|doi=10.1152/physiol.00007.2007|accessdate=2010-09-04}}</ref> dan sensitivitasnya kira-kira 100 kali dibanding sel kerucut.
==Sensitivity==
[[ImageBerkas:Cone-response-en.svg|thumbjmpl|300px|rightka|WavelengthPanjang responsivenessgelombang ofresponsivitas rodssel comparedbatang to(kurva thatberwarna of three types of cones. The dashedabu-abu) graydibanding curveketiga isjenis forsel rodskerucut.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bowmaker J.K. and Dartnall H.J.A.|pmc=1279132 |title=Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina|journal=J. Physiol.|pmid=7359434|volume=298|pages=501–511|year=1980}}</ref>]]
A rod cell is sensitive enough to respond to a single [[photon]] of light,<ref name="Okawa">{{cite journal|last=Okawa|first=Haruhisa|coauthors=Alapakkam P. Sampath|title=Optimization of Single-Photon Response Transmission at the Rod-to-Rod Bipolar Synapse|journal=Physiology|publisher=Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.|volume=22|issue=4|pages=279–286|doi=10.1152/physiol.00007.2007|accessdate=2010-09-04}}</ref> and is about 100 times more sensitive to a single photon than cones. Rods require less light to function than cones, they are therefore the primary source of visual information at night ([[scotopic vision]]). Cone cells, on the other hand, require tens to hundreds of photons to become activated. Additionally, multiple rod cells converge on a single [[interneuron]], collecting and amplifying the signals. However, this convergence comes at a cost to visual acuity (or [[image resolution]]) because the pooled information from multiple cells is less distinct than it would be if the [[visual system]] received information from each rod cell individually.
[[Image:Cone-response.svg|thumb|300px|right|Wavelength responsiveness of rods compared to that of three types of cones. The dashed gray curve is for rods.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bowmaker J.K. and Dartnall H.J.A.|pmc=1279132 |title=Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina|journal=J. Physiol.|pmid=7359434|volume=298|pages=501–511|year=1980}}</ref>]]
 
RodSel cellsbatang alsojuga respondbereaksi morelebih slowlylambat todibanding lightsel thankerucut, conesrangsangan do,yang soditerima stimuliakan theydi receiveproses aredalam addedwaktu overlebih aboutdari 100 milliseconds. While this makes rods more sensitive to smaller amounts of lightmilidetik, itsehingga alsowalaupun meanssel thatbatang theirlebih abilitysensitif toterhadap sensecahaya temporalyang changesredup, suchnamun assel quickly changing images,batang iskurang lessmampu accuratemendeteksi thanobjek thatyang ofbergerak conescepat.<ref name="Kandel">Kandel E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, T.M. (2000). ''Principles of Neural Science'', 4th ed., pp.507-513. McGraw-Hill, New York.</ref>
 
Experiments by [[George Wald]] and others showed that rods are most sensitive to wavelengths of light around 498&nbsp;nm (green-blue), and insensitive to wavelengths longer than about 640&nbsp;nm (red). This fact is responsible for the [[Purkinje effect]]: as intensity dims at twilight, the rods take over, and before color disappears completely, peak sensitivity of vision shifts towards the rods' peak sensitivity (blue-green).
 
Percobaan yang dilakukan George wald]] menunjukkan bahwa sel batang paling sensitif pada panjang gelombang cahaya sekitar 498&nbsp;nm (hijau-biru), dan tidak sensitif pada panjang gelombang lebih dari 640&nbsp;nm (merah). Hal ini yang menjelaskan [[efek purkinje]], saat cahaya meredup menjadi temaram, sel batang mengambil alih, dan sebelum warna objek benar benar hilang, puncak sensitifitas penglihatan beralih ke puncak sensitifitas sel batang (hijau-biru).
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==Response to light==
[[Image:Cone2.svg|thumb|right|200px|Anatomy of a Rod Cell<ref>Human Physiology and Mechanisms of Disease by Arthur C. Guyton (1992) p.373</ref>]]
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Rods make use of three inhibitory mechanisms (negative feedback mechanisms) to allow a rapid revert to the resting state after a flash of light.
 
Firstly, there exists a rhodopsin kinase (RK) which would phosphorylate the cytosolic tail of the activated rhodopsin on the multiple serines, partially inhibiting the activation of [[transducin]]. Also, an inhibitory protein - arrestin then binds to the phosphorylated rhodopsins to further inhibit the rhodopsin's activity.
 
While arrestin shuts off rhodopsin, an RGS protein (functioning as a GTPase-activating proteins(GAPs)) drives the transducin (G-protein) into an "off" state by increasing the rate of hydrolysis of the bounded GTP to GDP.
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As rhodopsin is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase (a member of the GPCR kinases(GRKs)), it binds with high affinity to the [[arrestin]]. The bound arrestin can contribute to the desensitization process in at least two ways. First, it prevents the interaction between the G protein and the activated receptor. Second, it serves as an adaptor protein to aid the receptor to the clathrin-dependent endocytosis machinery (to induce receptor-mediated endocytosis).<ref name="Alberts"/>
-->
 
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Sel fotoreseptor]]
* [[Reseptor warna|Sel kerucut]]
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [http://www.neuinfo.org/nif/nifgwt.html?query=%22Rod%20Cell%22 NIF Search - Rod Cell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220045808/http://www.neuinfo.org/nif/nifgwt.html?query=%22Rod%20Cell%22 |date=2012-02-20 }} via the [[Neuroscience Information Framework]]
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[[Kategori:Anatomi mata]]
[[Kategori:Sel reseptor cahaya]]
 
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[[ca:Bastó (cèl·lula)]]
[[cs:Tyčinka (oko)]]
[[da:Stav (synet)]]
[[de:Stäbchen (Auge)]]
[[en:Rod cell]]
[[et:Kepikesed]]
[[es:Bastón (célula)]]
[[fa:یاختهٔ استوانه‌ای]]
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[[ko:간상세포]]
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[[pl:Pręcik (medycyna)]]
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