Marci Bowers: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Marci Lee Bowers''' adalah seorang [[Ginekologi|ginekolog]] dan ahli bedah [[Amerika Serikat]] yang berspesialisasi dalam [[bedah konfirmasi gender]]. Bowers berpraktik di Rumah Sakit Mills-Peninsula di [[Burlingame, California]] dan di Pusat Bedah San Mateo, [[San Mateo, California]]. Pada tahun 2003 hingga tahun 2010, ia berpraktik di [[ Trinidad, Colorado |Trinidad, Colorado]]. Di sana sebelumnya ia berpraktik di bawah bimbingan [[ Stanley Biber |Stanley Biber]], seorang ahli bedah umum dan ahli bedah transgender yang menyerahkan posisinya ke Bowers pada bulan Juli 2003. Stanley Biber melakukan lebih dari 2.300 operasi penentuan ulang seks wanita trans dan lebih dari 1.000 operasi penentuan ulang seks pria trans.<ref name="sfbt22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5745|title=Trans Surgeon Keeps Small Town on Map|author=Jacob Anderson-Minshall|last=Jacob |year=2006|publisherwebsite=[[San Francisco Bay Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206104553/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5745|archive-date=February 6, 2012-02-06|accessdate=July 6, 2017-07-06}}</ref><ref name="pitpost22">{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06277/727117-51.stm|title=Transgender woman followed long road to feel at home with herself|author=L.A. Johnson|date=October 4, 2006|accessdate=October 10, 2007|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]}}</ref><ref name="seattle22">{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002923954_sexchangeside10m.html|title=Few private policies cover sex changes|author=The Seattle Times|date=April 11, 2006|accessdate=October 10, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808040907/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002923954_sexchangeside10m.html|archivedate=August 8, 2007|deadurl=yes|publisher=[[The Seattle Times]]|df=}}</ref><ref name="times222">{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/health/2002967758_carnalknowledge03.html|title=Transsexual describes female-to-male transformation|author=Faye Flam|date=May 3, 2006|accessdate=October 10, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102210426/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/health/2002967758_carnalknowledge03.html|archivedate=November 2, 2007|deadurl=yes|publisher=[[The Seattle Times]]|authorlink=Faye Flam}}</ref>

Bowers dipandang sebagai seorang inovator dalam bedah konfirmasi/afirmasi gender serta merupakan wanita transgender pertama yang melakukan bedah tersebut.<ref name="sfbt22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5745|title=Trans Surgeon Keeps Small Town on Map|author=Anderson-Minshall|year=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206104553/http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5745|archive-date=2012-02-06|accessdate=2017-07-06|first=Jacob|website=San Francisco Bay Times}}</ref><ref name="cnn2">{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/12/11/8395465/index.htm?source=yahoo_quote|title=How Corporate America fell in love with gays and lesbians. It's a movement|last=Gunther|date=2006-11-30|access-date=2007-10-10|publisher=|first=Marc|work=CNN Money}}</ref><ref name="nyt2">{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE0D9123FF932A15752C0A9609C8B63|title=Obituaries: Stanley H. Biber, 82, Surgeon Among First to Do Sex Changes|last=Fox|date=2006-01-21|access-date=2007-10-10|first=Margalit|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Bowers dijuluki sebagai ''rock star'' dalam bedah transgender.<ref name="post2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.denverpost.com/technology/ci_6267089|title=Trinidad's transgender rock star|last=Brown|date=2007-07-01|access-date=2007-10-10|first=Douglas|work=The Denver Post}}</ref>

Marci Bowers menjalani pendidikan dokternya di University of Minnesota Medical School dan sempat menjabat sebagai ketua organisasi mahasiswa di sana.<ref name="babies2">{{cite web|url=http://www.california-dreamin.org/spages/bowers.html|title=Dr. Marci Bowers|date=2007-04-15|publisher=California Dreamin Organization|accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref> Setelah lulus, ia menjadi residen dokter [[obstetri]]/[[ginekologi]] di [[University of Washington]] lalu sebagai dokter obstetri/ginekologi di Polyclinic and Swedish Medical Center, [[Seattle]]. <ref name="pitpost22" /><ref name="nwi2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwitimes.com/lifestyles/country-s-most-popular-gender-reassignment-surgeon-has-been-through/article_eb637160-ad0b-5693-a669-548ecaaa14fb.html|title=Country's most popular gender-reassignment surgeon has been through it|author=Corson|year=2007|publisher=The Associated Press/The Times|accessdate=2007-10-18|first=Laura-Claire}}</ref>

== KarirKarier ==

Sebelum ia pindah ke Trinidad, Colorado, Bowers menjankan praktik obstetri/ginekologinya selama 20 tahun di Seattle dan telah membantu persalinan lebih dari 2000 bayi. <ref name="babies2">{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref name="nwi2">{{Cite web}}</ref> Ia menjabat sebagai Ketua Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi di Swedish (Providence) Medical Center dan terpilih menjadi satu-satunya dokter di Dewan Kebidanan Negara Bagian [[Washington]]. Dia adalah anggota terpilih dari Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Eropa. <ref name="babies2" />

Ketika Stanley Biber pensiun pada tahun 2003, Bowers mengambil alih praktiknya dan semenjak itu telah melakukan lebih dari 2000 bedah penentuan ulang seks.<ref name="nwi2">{{Cite web}}</ref>

Pada tahun 2010, ia pindah ke [[Wilayah Teluk San Francisco|San Francisco Bay Area]] dan melanjutkan praktiknya di Burlingame, California.<ref>{{Cite web}}<|url=http:/ref><ref>{{Cite/marcibowers.com/grs/moving.html|title=Marci Bowers - Information Regarding the Move to San Mateo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704080141/http://marcibowers.com/grs/moving.html|archivedate=2012-07-04|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref>

Bowers menjadi dokter bedah Amerika Serikat pertama yang melakukan bedah restorasi klitoris bagi penyintas [[mutilasi kelamin perempuan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/218692|title=The Kindest Cut: In Colorado, a surgeon helps restore feeling—and so much more—to victims of female genital mutilation|author=Conant|year=2009|publisher=|accessdate=2009-10-27|first=Eve|website=Newsweek}}</ref> Ia dididik mengenai pembedahan tersebut oleh [[Pierre Foldès]]. Bowers telah melakukan lebih dari 500 restorasi klitoris di kliniknya di San Mateo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/health/Defying+destiny/9591650/story.html|title=Defying Destiny|author=Portenier|year=2014|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311105644/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/health/Defying%2Bdestiny/9591650/story.html|archive-date=2014-03-11|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2014-03-12|df=|first=Giselle|website=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref>

Bowers memiliki tiga anak dan seorang istri.<ref name="post2" /><ref name="oprah22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/gender-identity|title=Gender Identity|date=2007-09-28|website=Oprah.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103221411/http://www2.oprah.com/tows/slide/200709/20070928/slide_20070928_284_110.jhtml|archive-date=2008-01-03|dead-url=no|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref><ref name="post2" />

* {{Situs web resmi|http://www.marcibowers.com/}}