Berkeley, California: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Kota Berkeley
|settlement_type = [[Kota]]
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_skyline = berkeleyfromclaremont800x600.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Berkeley dilihat dari [[Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve]].
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map = Alameda_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Berkeley_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Kota Berkeley di [[Alameda County]].
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|coordinates_region = US-CA
|subdivision_type = [[Daftar negara berdaulat|Negara]]
|subdivision_name = {{USA}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Pembagian politik di Amerika Serikat|Negara bagian]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|California}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Daftar county di California|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[County Alameda, California|Alameda]]
|government_type = [[Pemerintahan wali kota-dewan|Wali kota-dewan]]
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = [[Tom Bates]]
|leader_title1 = Councilmembers
|leader_name1 = Distrik 1: Linda Maio<br />Distrik 2: Darryl Moore<br />Distrik 3: Maxwell Anderson<br />Distrik 4: Jesse Arreguin<br />Distrik 5: Laurie Capitelli<br />Distrik 6: Susan Wengraf<br />Distrik 7: Kriss Worthington<br />Distrik 8: Gordon Wozniak
|leader_title2 = [[California State Legislature|State Senate]]
|leader_name2 = Loni Hancock ([[Partai Demokrat (AS)|D]]) Distrik 9
|leader_title3 = [[California State Assembly|State Assembly]]
|leader_name3 = Nancy Skinner (D) DistriK 14
|leader_title4 = [[California's 9th congressional district|U. S. Congress]]
|leader_name4 = [[Barbara Lee]] (D) District 9
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = 4 April 1878
|area_magnitude =
| unit_pref =US
| area_footnotes =<ref>[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt U.S. Census]</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 17.696
| area_land_sq_mi = 10.470
| area_water_sq_mi = 7.226
| area_total_km2 = 45.833
| area_land_km2 = 27.118
| area_water_km2 = 18.716
| area_water_percent = 40.83
| area_note =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =
|population_as_of = [[Sensus Amerika Serikat 2010|2010]]
|population_note =
|population_total = 112580
|population_metro =
| population_rank =[[County Alameda, California|4]] di Alameda County<br />[[Daftar kota di California berdasarkan populasi|52]] di California<br />[[Daftar kota di AS berdasarkan populasi|230]] di Amerika Serikat
|population_urban =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi = auto
|timezone = [[Waktu Standar Pasifik|PST]]
|utc_offset = −8
|timezone_DST = [[Waktu Standar Pasifik|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = −7
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 37 |latm = 52 |lats = 18|latNS = N
|longd = 122 |longm = 16 |longs = 22|longEW = W
|elevation_m = 0–400
|elevation_ft = 0–1320
|website = http://www.cityofberkeley.info
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 94701–94710, 94712, 94720
|area_code = [[Kode wilayah 510|510]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|Kode FIPS]]
|blank_info = 06-06000
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1658037
|demonym = Berkeleyan
|footnotes =
}}
[[Berkas:Berkeley-downtown-Bay-bridge-SF-in-back-from-Lab.jpg|jmpl|280px|Berkeley dilihat dari [[Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve]]]]
'''Berkeley''' adalah sebuah kota di pantai timur [[Teluk San Francisco]] di [[California Utara]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. Kota-kota tetangganya di selatannya adalah [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] dan [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]]. Di utara terletak kota [[Albany, California|Albany]] dan [[Kensington, California|Kensington]]. Di perbatasan sebelah timur terdapat batas kabupaten yang mengikuti garis pegunungan Bukit Berkeley. Berkeley terletak di [[Alameda, California|Kabupaten Alameda]].
Berkeley adalah lokasi [[Universitas California, Berkeley]], kampus unggulan/teratas dari [[Universitas California]], dan [[Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley]], [[Lawrence Hall of Science]], [[Laboratorium Sains Angkasa Luar]], dan [[Institut Riset Sains Matematikal]], yang semuanya terletak di kawasan kampus. Berdampingan dengan kampus Universitas ini terletak [[Graduate Theological Union]].
== Sejarah ==
Lokasi Kota Berkeley sekarang dulunya adalah wilayah kelompok
Chochen/Huichin dari suku bangsa Indian [[Ohlone]] ketika bangsa-bangsa Eropa pertama tiba. Sisa-sisa keberadaan mereka di wilayah ini, termasuk lubang-lubang di berbagai formasi batu karang yang dahulu digunakan untuk menggiling biji [[oak]] dari pohon-pohon asli daerah ini, dan [[gundukan kerang]] yang kini hampir diratakan dan tertutupi di sepanjang pantai [[Teluk San Francisco]] di muara [[Strawberry Creek]]. Artefak-artefak lainnya ditemukan pada tahun 1950-an di daerah pusat kota ketika sebuah bangunan komersial sedang diperbaiki, dekat aliran Strawberry Creek yang sama.
Nenek moyang bangsa Eropa pertama (kebanyakan sesungguhnya berdarah campuran dan dilahirkan di Amerika) tiba bersamaan dengan [[Ekspedisi De Anza]] pada 1776, yang kini ditandai oleh petunjuk pada U.S. [[Interstate 80]] yang merentang sepanjang garis pantai Teluk San Francisco di Berkeley. Hasil Ekspedisi De Anza adalah didirikannya Spanish [[Presidio San Francisco|Presidio]] Spanyol di pintu masuk Teluk San Francisco ("[[Golden Gate]]") yang terletak di sebelah barat Berkeley. Di antara tentara-tentara yang bertugas di Presidio adalah [[Luís María Peralta|Luís Peralta]]. Karena pelayananannya kepada [[Raja Spanyol]], ia dianugrahi sebidang tanah yang luas di pantai timur Teluk San Francisco ("contra costa") untuk dijadikan ''[[ranch]]'', termasuk bagian yang kini menjadi Kota Berkeley.
Luis Peralta menamai tanahnya "[[Rancho San Antonio (Wakaf Peralta)|Rancho San Antonio]]". Kegiatan utama ranch ini adalah memelihara ternak untuk diambil daging dan kulitnya. Selain itu juga berburu dan bertani. Pada akhirnya, Peralta menyerahkan bagian-bagian dari ranchnya kepada keempat anak laki-lakinya. Sebagian besar dari bagian yang kini menjadi Berkeley adalah milik Domingo, anaknya. Sisanya adalah kepunyaan anaknya yang lain, Vicente. Tidak ada artefak yang tersisa dari ranch kepunyaan Domingo ataupun Vicente, meskipun nama mereka dilestarikan dalam bentuk nama sejumlah jalan di Berkeley (Vicente, Domingo, dan Peralta). Namun, surat kepemilikan sah atas tanah di Kota Berkeley tetap didasarkan pada wakaf tanah Peralta yang asli.
Rancho keluarga Peralta, San Antonio, berlanjut setelah [[Alta California]] beralih dari kekuasaan Spanyol kepada Meksiko sebagai akibat dari [[Perang Kemerdekaan Meksiko]]. Namun, kedatangan kekuasaan Amerika Serikat sebagai akibat [[Perang Meksiko]], dan khususnya, [[Demam Emas]], menyebabkan tanah milik keluarga Peralta dengan cepat digerogoti oleh para pendatang dan berkurang karena berbagai tuntutan hukum yang tidak jelas. Tanah Domingo dan Vicente dengan segera dikurangi dengan kehadiran sejumlah reservasi dekat rumah ranch mereka masing-masing. Sisa tanahnya disurvai dan dibagi-bagi kepada berbagai orang Amerika yang menuntutnya.
Secara politik, daerah yang menjadi Berkeley pada mulanya merupakan bagian dari [[Kabupaten Contra Costa]] yang sangat luas, tetapi tak lama kemudian Kabupaten Alameda dibentuk dengan membagi Kabupaten Contra Costa.
Wilayah di mana kelak berdiri Berkeley pada masa ini kebanyakan adalah campuran dari tanah terbuka, tanah pertanian dan ranch, dengan sebuah pelabuhan nelayan yang kecil namun sibuk di Teluk. Namanya belum menjadi "Berkeley", melainkan cuma bagian utara dari "Kota Oakland" yang merupakan sub-bagian dari Kabupaten Alameda. Tahun [[1866]], [[College of California]] yang berlokasi di kota Oakland mencari sebuah lokasi baru. Mereka mengambil lokasi di bagian utara kota Oakland sepanjang lembah Contra Costa Hills (sekarang ini disebut Berkeley Hills).
Menurut ''Centennial Record of the University of California'', "Tahun 1866...di [[Founders' Rock]], sekelompok pemuda College of California melihat 2 kapal bersandar di laut melewati [[Golden Gate]]. Salah satu dari mereka, Frederick Billings, teringat kata-kata dari [[George Berkeley|Bishop Berkeley]], ''westward the course of empire takes its way,'', lalu menyarankan agar tempat dan kawasan universitas tersebut dinamai seperti filsuf dan penyair Inggris abad ke-18 itu.
Asosiasi dari College of California membuat sebuah rencana bangun dan jalan yang nantinya akan menjadi rencana bangun kota Berkeley sekarang ini. Mereka berusaha untuk mencari dana meskipun hasilnya tetap di bawah keinginan. Mereka juga berkolaborasi dengan negara bagian California untuk mendirikan [[Universitas California]] tahun 1868.
Selagi konstruksi dimulai di tanah baru itu, semakin banyak pula tempat tinggal yang dibangun di daerah sekitar kampus.<!-- Di saat yang sama, mulai banyak At the same time, a settlement of residences, saloons, and various industries had also been growing up around the wharf on the bayshore called "Ocean View".
By the 1870's the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] had reached its terminus in Oakland. In [[1876]], a branch line of the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] was laid from Oakland into what is now downtown Berkeley. That same year, the main line of the transcontinental railroad into Oakland was re-routed, putting the right-of-way along the bayshore through Ocean View.
In [[1878]], the people of Ocean View and the area around the University campus, together with the local farmers incorporated themselves as the Town of Berkeley. The first elected trustees of the Town were the slate of [[Dennis Kearney]]'s [[Workingman's Party]] who were particularly favored in the working class area of the former Ocean View, now called "West Berkeley". The area near the University became known as "East Berkeley".
The modern age came quickly to Berkeley, no doubt due to the influence of the University. [[Electric light]]s were in use by [[1888]]. The [[telephone]] had already come to town. Electric [[streetcar]]s soon replaced the [[horsecar]]. A silent film of one of these early streetcars in Berkeley can be seen at the [[Library of Congress]] website: [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?papr:8:./temp/~ammem_6OV4::@@@mdb=mcc,gottscho,detr,nfor,wpa,aap,cwar,bbpix,cowellbib,calbkbib,consrvbib,bdsbib,dag,fsaall,gmd,pan,vv,presp,varstg,suffrg,nawbib,horyd,wtc,toddbib,mgw,ncr,ngp,musdibib,hlaw,papr,lhbumbib,rbpebib,lbcoll,alad,hh,aaodyssey,magbell,bbcards,dcm,raelbib,runyon,dukesm,lomaxbib,mtj,gottlieb,aep,qlt,coolbib,fpnas,aasm,scsm,denn,relpet,amss,aaeo,mffbib,afc911bib,mjm,mnwp,rbcmillerbib,molden,ww2map,hawp,omhbib,rbaapcbib,mal,ncpsbib,ncpm,lhbprbib,ftvbib,afcreed,aipn,cwband,flwpabib,wpapos,cmns,psbib,pin,coplandbib,cola,tccc,curt,mharendt,lhbcbbib,eaa,haybib,mesnbib,fine,cwnyhs,svybib,mmorse,afcwwgbib,mymhiwebib,uncall,mfd,afcwip,mtaft,manz,llstbib,fawbib,berl,fmuever,cdn,upboverbib,mussm,cic,afcpearl,awh,awhbib,sgp,wright,lhbtnbib,afcesnbib,hurstonbib,mreynoldsbib,spaldingbib,sgproto|"A Trip To Berkeley, California"]
Berkeley's slow growth ended abruptly with the [[1906 San Francisco Earthquake|Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906]]. The city and other parts of the East Bay somehow managed to escape even moderate damage from the massive temblor, and hundreds if not thousands of refugees flowed across the Bay. Rapid growth continued right up to the [[Crash of 1929]]. The [[Great Depression]] hit Berkeley hard, but not as hard as many other places in the U.S. thanks in part to the University.
The next big growth occurred with the advent of [[World War II]] when large numbers of people moved into the Bay Area to work in the many war industries. One who moved out, but played a big role in the outcome of the War was U.C. Professor and Berkeley resident [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]].
The postwar years saw moderate growth of the City, but events on the U.C. campus began to build up to the recognizeable activism of the sixties. In the 1950's, [[McCarthyism]] induced the University to demand a loyalty oath from its professors, many of whom refused to sign any such oath on the principle of freedom of thought. In 1960, a U.S. House committee ([[HUAC]]) came to San Francisco to investigate the influence of communists in the Bay Area. Their inquisition was met by protestors, including many from the University. Meanwhile, a number of U.C. students became active in support of the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. Finally, the University in [[1964]] provoked a massive student protest by banning the distribution of political literature on campus. This protest became known as the [[Free Speech Movement]]. As the [[Vietnam War]] rapidly escalated in the ensuing years, so did student activism
at the University.
Perhaps the crowning event of the Berkeley Sixties scene was the conflict over a parcel of University property south of the contiguous campus site which came to be called "[[People's Park, Berkeley|People's Park]]".
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[[Berkas:People's-Park.jpg|jmpl|kiri|300px|People's Park dengan perumahan bertingkat untuk mahasiswa di latar belakang]]
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The battle over the disposition of People's Park resulted in a month-long occupation of Berkeley by the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] on orders of then-Governor [[Ronald Reagan]]. In the end, the park remained undeveloped, and remains so today. A spin-off "People's Park Annex" was established at the same time by activist citizens of Berkeley on a strip of land above the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] subway construction along Hearst Avenue northwest of the U.C. campus. The land had also been intended for development, but was peacefully turned over to the City and is now [[Ohlone Park]].
The era of large public protest in Berkeley waned considerably with the end of the Vietnam War in 1974. But activist politics continued. One person who rose in prominence during the late sixties and into the seventies was [[Ron Dellums]], nephew of [[C.L. Dellums]], an African American labor leader. He first served on the Berkeley City Council, and later became a Congressman for the district which includes Berkeley.
The seventies saw a decline in the population of Berkeley. People left for various reasons, some moving to the suburbs, some because of the rising cost of living throughout the Bay Area, and others because of the decline and disappearance of many industries in West Berkeley.
The period from the 1980's right up to the present has been marked by a continuation of rising costs, particularly with respect to housing, especially since the mid-1990's. In 2005-2006, sales of homes appear to finally be slowing, but the price of an average home is still among the highest in the nation.
Although many think of the 60s as the heyday of Liberalism in Berkeley, it remains one of the most overwhelmingly progressive cities in the United States, with its 2004 presidential vote going more than 90% for John Kerry (54,419 votes) to only 6.7% for George W. Bush (4,010 votes).
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Populasi kota ini per dekade:
* [[1890]] - 5,101
* [[1900]] - 13,214
* [[1910]] - 40,434
* [[1920]] - 56,036
* [[1930]] - 82,109
* [[1940]] - 85,547
* [[1950]] - 113,805
* [[1960]] - 111,268
* [[1970]] - 116,716
* [[1980]] - 103,328
* [[1990]] - 102,724
* [[2000]] - 102,743
== Geografi ==
[[Berkas:CAMap-doton-Berkeley.png|ka|Lokasi Berkeley, California]] Berkeley terletak pada koordinat 37°52'18" Utara, 122°16'29" Barat (37.871775, -122.274603){{GR|1}}.
Menurut [[Biro Sensus AS]], kota ini memiliki luas total 17.7 [[mil persegi|mi²]] (45.9 [[kilometer persegi|km²]]). 10.5 mi² (27.1 km²) diantaranya adalah daratan dan 7.2 mi² (18.8 km²) diantaranya air (40,9%).
Berkeley dikelilingi oleh kota Albany, Oakland, dan Emeryville, serta Contra Costa County, Kensington, dan San Francisco Bay.
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==Geology==
Most of Berkeley lies on a rolling sedimentary plain, rising gently from sea level to the base of the [[Berkeley Hills]]. From there, the land rises dramatically. The highest peak along the ridgeline above Berkeley is [[Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills)|Grizzly Peak]], elevation 1,754 feet (535 m). A number of small creeks run from the hills to the Bay through Berkeley: [[Codornices Creek|Codornices]], [[Schoolhouse Creek|Schoolhouse]], Marin and [[Strawberry Creek|Strawberry]] are the principal streams. Most of these are largely culverted below the hills.
The Berkeley Hills are part of the [[Pacific Coast Ranges]], and run in a northwest-southeast alignment. In Berkeley, the hills consist mainly of a soft, crumbly rock with outcroppings of harder material of old (and extinct) volcanic origin. Some of these [[rhyolite]] formations can be seen in several city parks and in the yards of a number of private residences. One such park is [[Indian Rock Park]] in the northeastern part of Berkeley near the Arlington/Marin Circle.
Berkeley is traversed by the [[Hayward Fault]], a major branch of the [[San Andreas Fault]] to the west. No large earthquake has occurred on the Hayward Fault near Berkeley in historic times (except possibly in 1836), but seismologists warn about the geologic record of large temblors several times in the deeper past, and their current assessment is that a que of 6.5 or greater is imminent, sometime within the next 30 years.
In 1868, a large earthquake did occur on the southern segment of the Hayward Fault in the vicinity of today's city of [[Hayward, California|Hayward]] (hence, how the fault got its name). This quake destroyed the county seat of Alameda County then located in [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]] and it was subsequently moved to Oakland. It was strongly felt in San Francisco, causing major damage, and waking up one Samuel Clemens a.k.a. [[Mark Twain]]. It was regarded as the "Great San Francisco Quake" prior to 1906. The quake produced a furrow in the ground along the faultline in Berkeley, across the grounds of the new School for the Blind which was noted by one early University of California professor. Although no significant damage was reported to what few buildings then existed in Berkeley, the 1868 quake did destroy the vulnerable adobe home of Domingo Peralta in north Berkeley.
Today, the Hayward Fault can be seen "creeping" at various locations in Berkeley, although since it cuts across the base of the hills, this creep is typically concealed by and confused with slide activity. Some of this slide activity however is itself the result of the Hayward Fault's slow movement. Springs and sharp perpendicular jogs of streams are another sign of the fault's location and movement.
One notorious segment of the Hayward Fault runs lengthwise right down the middle of Memorial Stadium at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon on the campus of the University of California.
[http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/geology/hf_map| USGS Satellite Maps]
==Climate==
Berkeley shares the cool type of [[Mediterranean climate]] with the rest of the Bay Area. This means dry summers and wet winters as in the Mediterranean region, but with a cool modification in summer thanks to [[upwelling]] ocean currents along the California coast.
Night and morning fog (actually, ocean [[stratus]]-it rarely touches the ground, except in the hills) with sunny afternoons are the characteristic summertime weather.
Winter is punctuated with storms of varying ferocity and duration, but also produces stretches of bright sunny days and clear cold nights. Snowfall is extremely rare in most locations, but the hilltops get an occasional dusting. One favored spot when it does snow is along Grizzly Peak Boulevard adjacent to the Miniature Train Ride.
Spring and fall are transitional and intermediate, with some rainfall and variable temperature.
The warmest weather in Berkeley occurs in spring and fall. Strong offshore winds of sinking air typically develop, bringing heat and dryness to the area. In spring, this is usually not a hazard since vegetation is still moist from winter rains, but in the fall, the danger of fire is excessive. In September [[1923]] a major fire swept through the [[Northside]] of Berkeley, stopping just short of downtown. On October 21, 1991, gusty hot winds fanned a conflagration along the Berkeley-Oakland border, killing 25 people and injuring 150, as well as destroying 2,449 single-family dwellings and 437 apartment and condominium units. (See "[[East Bay Hills Firestorm]]").
==Demographics==
[[Berkas:Telegraph-Ave-Berkeley.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Street fair on Telegraph Avenue]]
The city's population is rather large, with a significant portion in transient residence attending UC Berkeley. As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 102,743 people, 44,955 households, and 18,656 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 3,792.5/km² (9,823.3/mi²), one of the highest in California. There were 46,875 housing units at an average density of 1,730.3/km² (4,481.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 59.17% [[Race (U.S. census)|White]], 13.63% [[Race (U.S. census)|Black]] or [[Race (U.S. census)|African American]], 0.45% [[Race (U.S. census)|Native American]], 16.39% [[Race (U.S. census)|Asian]], 0.14% [[Race (U.S. census)|Pacific Islander]], 4.64% from [[race (U.S. census)|other races]], and 5.57% from two or more races. 9.73% of the population were [[Race (U.S. census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (U.S. census)|Latino]] of any race.
There were 44,955 households out of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 58.5% were non-families. 38.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the city the population was spread out with 14.1% under the age of 18, 21.6% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $44,485, and the median income for a family was $70,434. Males had a median income of $50,789 versus $40,623 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $30,477. 20.0% of the population and 8.3% of families were below the [[poverty line]]. 13.4% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
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== Transportasi ==
Kawasan Berkeley dilayani oleh [[Amtrak]], [[AC Transit]], [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] ([[Downtown Berkeley Station]], [[North Berkeley (BART)|North Berkeley]], dan [[Ashby Station]]) juga bus shuttle yang dioperasikan beberapa operator lainnya, termasuk juga [[Universitas California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] dan [[Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley]]. Freeway utama yang ada di kota ini hanya [[Interstate 80]]. Tiap hari ada ribuan mobil yang masuk ke kota ini, terutama siswa dan karyawan Universitas Berkeley.
Kota Berkeley mempunyai tingkat pemakaian sepeda dan berjalan kaki tertinggi di negara ini. Di kawasan sekitar kampus [[Universitas California|UC]], para siswa sering terlihat menyeberang jalan, terutama di jalan-jalan satu arah dekat kampus. Berkeley merupakan salah satu kota teraman untuk para pesepeda dan pejalan kaki.
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Berkeley has modified its original grid roadway structure through use of diverters and barriers, moving most traffic out of neighborhoods and onto arterial streets (visitors often find this confusing, because the diverters are not shown on all maps). Berkeley maintains a separate grid of arterial streets for bicycles, called [[Bicycle Boulevards]], with bike lanes and lower amounts of car traffic than the major streets to which they often run parallel.
Berkeley hosts a [[car sharing]] network run by [http://www.citycarshare.org/ City CarShare]. Rather than owning (and parking) their own cars, members share a group of cars parked nearby. Online reservation systems keep track of hours and charges.
===Parking meters and fines===
Berkeley has had recurring problems with [[parking meter]]s. In 1999, over 2,400 Berkeley meters were were jammed, smashed, or sawed apart[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/01/25/BAG664HDH31.DTL]. Even before this, many of the meters were inaccurate.
Berkeley replaced the broken with the "[[Sherman tank]]" of meters at a cost of over $2 million dollars[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/01/25/BAG664HDH31.DTL]. By 2004 many of these replacement meters were jammed.
The city's enforcement program brought in nearly $7 million in 2005. Expired meter citations brought in over $2 million.[http://www.berkeleydaily.org/article.cfm?archiveDate=05-14-04&storyID=18852]
===Transportation past===
The first commuter service to San Francisco was provided by the [[Central Pacific]]'s Berkeley Branch Railroad, a standard gauge [[steam railroad]] which ran from the Oakland ferry pier ([[Oakland Long Wharf]]) to downtown Berkeley starting in 1876. This line was extended from Shattuck and University to Vine Street ("Berryman's Station") in 1878. In the 1880's, [[Southern Pacific]] assumed operations of the Berkeley Branch. In [[1911]], Southern Pacific electrified this line and the several others it constructed in Berkeley, creating its [[East Bay Electric Lines]] division. The huge and heavy cars specially built for these lines came to be called the "Big Red Trains". The Shattuck line was extended and connected with two other Berkeley lines (the Ninth Street Line and the California Street line) at Solano and Colusa (the "Colusa Wye"). It was at this time that the Northbrae Tunnel and the Rose Street Undercrossing were constructed, both of which still exist. The last Red Trains ran in 1941.
The first electric rail service in Berkeley was provided by several small [[streetcar]] companies starting in the late 1800's. Most of these were eventually bought up by the [[Key System]] of [["Borax" Smith]] who added lines and improved equipment. The Key System's streetcars were operated by its East Bay Street Railways division. Principal lines in Berkeley ran on Euclid, The Arlington, College, Telegraph, Shattuck, and Grove (today's Martin Luther King Jr. Way). The last streetcars ran in [[1948]].
The first electric commuter interurban-type trains to San Francisco from Berkeley were put in operation by the Key System in [[1903]], several years before the Southern Pacific electrified its steam commuter lines. Like the SP, Key trains ran to a pier serviced by the Key's own fleet of ferryboats which also docked at the Ferry Building in San Francisco. After the [[Bay Bridge]] was built, the Key trains ran to the [[Transbay Terminal]] in San Francisco, sharing tracks on the lower deck of the Bay Bridge with the SP's red trains and the [[Sacramento Northern]] Railroad. It was at this time that the Key trains acquired their letter designations, which were later preserved by Key's public successor, AC Transit. Today's F bus is the successor of the F train. Likewise, the E, G and the H. Before the Bridge, these lines were simply the Shattuck Avenue Line, the Claremont Line, the Westbrae Line, and the Sacramento Street Line, respectively.
After the Southern Pacific abandoned transbay service in 1941, the Key System acquired the rights to use its tracks and overhead on Shattuck north of University and through the Northbrae Tunnel to The Alameda for the F-train, and also the tracks along Monterey Avenue as far as Colusa for the H-train. The Key System trains stopped running in April of 1958.
The Northbrae Tunnel was opened to auto traffic five years later in [[1963]] [http://www.caltrans.ca.gov/ser/downloads/cultural/aindex.doc].
==Places==
===Streets===
Main streets include: Shattuck Avenue, home to the downtown business district and the Gourmet Ghetto to the north; [[Telegraph Avenue]]; University Avenue, including the Indian business district;
[[San Pablo Avenue]]; College Avenue; Martin Luther King Junior Way; and [[Solano Avenue]].
===Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths===
*[[Ohlone Greenway]]
*[[San Francisco Bay Trail]]
*I-80 Bridge - opened in 2002, a green, arch-suspension bridge spanning Interstate 80, for bikes and pedestrians only, giving access from the city at the foot of Addison Street to the San Francisco Bay Trail and the Berkeley Marina.
*Berkeley's Network of Historic Pathways - Berkeley has a network of charming and historic pathways that link the winding neighborhoods found in the hills. If you have the stamina, you can look out over the panoramic landscape that makes the East Bay so unique. Some sets of stairs are quite challenging, and are falling prey to time and weather, so use caution when picking a path. You can find a complete guide to the pathways at [http://www.berkeleypaths.org/paths/stories/discover.htm Berkeley Path Wanderers Association]
=== Neighborhoods ===
While Berkeley is a relatively small city, a number of distinct neighborhoods have developed.
Surrounding the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California campus]] are the most densely populated parts of the city. West of the campus is [[Downtown Berkeley, California|Downtown Berkeley]], the city's traditional commercial core; home of the [[civic center]], the city's only public [[Berkeley High School (California)|high school]], the busiest [[Downtown Berkeley Station|BART station]] in Berkeley, as well as a major transfer point for [[AC Transit]] buses. South of the campus is the [[Southside, Berkeley, California|Southside]] neighborhood, mainly a [[student ghetto]], where much of the university's [[UC Berkeley student housing|student housing]] is located. The busiest stretch of Telegraph Avenue is in this neighborhood. North of the campus is the quieter [[Northside, Berkeley, California|Northside]] neighborhood, the location of the [[Graduate Theological Union]].
Further from the university campus, the influence of the University quickly becomes less visible. Most of Berkeley's neighborhoods are primarily made up of detached houses, often with separate [[in-law unit]]s in the rear, although larger apartment buildings are also common in many neighborhoods. Commercial activities are concentrated along the major avenues and at important intersections. In the southeastern corner of the city is the [[Claremont, Oakland/Berkeley, California|Claremont District]], home to the [[Claremont Hotel]]; and the [[Elmwood, Berkeley, California|Elmwood District]], with a small shopping area on College Avenue. West of Elmwood is [[South Berkeley, Berkeley, California|South Berkeley]], known for its weekend [[flea market]] at the [[Ashby Station|Ashby BART station]]. West of (and including) San Pablo Avenue is [[West Berkeley, Berkeley, California|West Berkeley]], the former unincorporated town of [[Ocean View, Berkeley, California|Ocean View]]. West Berkeley contains the remnants of Berkeley's industrial area, much of which has been replaced by retail and office uses with the decline of manufacturing in the United States. North of Downtown is the [[North Berkeley, Berkeley, California|North Berkeley]] neighborhood, which has been nicknamed the "Gourmet Ghetto" because of the concentration of well known restaurants and other food-related businesses. Further north are [[Northbrae, Berkeley, California|Northbrae]], a master-planned subdivision from the early 20th Century, and [[Thousand Oaks, Berkeley, California|Thousand Oaks]]. Above these last three neighborhoods, in the northeastern part of Berkeley, is the [[Berkeley Hills, Berkeley, California|Berkeley Hills]]. The neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills such as [[Cragmont, Berkeley|Cragmont]] and [[La Loma Park]] are notable for their dramatic views, winding streets, and numerous public stairways and paths.
{{seealso|List of Berkeley neighborhoods}}
===Points of interest===
[[Berkas:Sather-Tower.jpg|thumbnail|[[Sather Tower|The Campanile]].]]
*[[Berkeley Repertory Theatre]]
*[[Cloyne Court Hotel]], a member of the [[University Students' Cooperative Association]]
*[[Hearst Greek Theatre]]
*[[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]
*[[Regional Parks Botanic Garden]]
*[[University of California, Berkeley]]
*[[University of California Botanical Garden]]
*[[Berkeley Rose Garden]]
Other notable places include:
*The Campanile belltower ([[Sather Tower]]) in the [[University of California, Berkeley]] campus.
*[[Telegraph Avenue]], along with [[People's Park]], known as a center of counterculture activity during the 1960s-70s.
*[[Chez Panisse]], the birthplace of California cuisine.
*The [[Claremont Resort]], originally, the Claremont Hotel. (On the border between Berkeley and Oakland.)
*[[Berkeley High School (California)|Berkeley High School]] (the city's only public high school), is considered a [http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/berkeley_highschool.html Landmark].
*The [[Berkeley Community Theatre]], a well-known concert hall.
*[[924 Gilman Street|924 Gilman]], an all-ages [[punk rock]] music club where Berkeley natives [[Green Day]], [[Rancid]] and [[AFI]] started out.
*[[The Freight and Salvage]], a [[folk music|folk]], traditional, and [[world music]] club in West Berkeley.
*[[Cheese Board Collective|The Cheese Board]], a [[collective]] bakery, cheese shop, and pizzeria.
===Landmarks and Historic Districts===
165 buildings in Berkeley are designated as local landmarks or local structures of merit. Of these, 49 are listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]], including:
*Berkeley Women’s City Club, now Berkeley City Club - [[Julia Morgan]] (1929–30)
*First Church of Christ, Scientist - [[Bernard Maybeck]] (1910)
*St. John’s Presbyterian Church, now Julia Morgan Center for the Arts - [[Julia Morgan]] (1908, 1910)
*William R. Thorsen House, now Sigma Phi Society Chapter House - [[Charles Sumner Greene]] & [[Henry Mather Greene]] (1908–10)
Historic Districts listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]]:
*Berkeley Historic Civic Center District - Roughly bounded by McKinney Avenue, Addison Street, Shattuck Avenue, and Kittredge Street (99 acres, 7 buildings, 1 structure; added 1998).
*George C. Edwards Stadium - Located at intersection of Bancroft Way and Fulton Street on University of California, Berkeley campus (80 acres, 3 buildings, 4 structures, 3 objects; added 1993).
*Panoramic Hill, also known as University Terrace - Located at Panoramic Way, Canyon Road, Mosswood Road, Orchard Lane, and Arden Road (123 acres, 61 buildings, 16 structures, 1 object; added 2005).
*State Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, also known as California Schools for the Deaf and Blind, now Clark Kerr Campus - Bounded by Dwight Way, the City line, Derby Street, and Warring Street (500 acres, 20 buildings; added 1982).
See ''[[List of Berkeley Landmarks, Structures of Merit, and Historic Districts]]''-->
== Wali kota ==
[http://www.cityofberkeley.info/mayor/ Kantor wali kota Kota Berkeley]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Tom Bates]], Wali kota Berkeley (terpilih 2002), menikah dengan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan California dan bekas wali kota Berkeley Loni Hancock
* '''Wali kota sebelumnya'''
** Wallace Johnson (Republik) 1963-1971
** Warren Widener (Demokrat) 1971-1979
** Gus Newport (Berkeley Citizens Action) 1979-1986
** [[Loni Hancock]], (Berkeley Citizens Action) 1986-1994
** [[Shirley Dean]], (Berkeley Democrat Club) 1994-2002
== Kota kembar ==
Berkeley menyatakan kota-kota berikut sebagai [[kota kembar]]nya:
* [[Blackfeet Nation]], California, AS
* [[Distrik Haidian]], Beijing, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok
* [[Jena]], Thüringen, Jerman
* [[Ulan-Ude]], Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Rusia
* [[Yurok]] Tribe, California, AS
* [[Uma-Bawang]], Malaysia
* [[Sakai]], Osaka, Jepang
* [[San Antonio Los Ranchos]], Chalatenango, El Salvador
* [[Oukasie]], Afrika Selatan
* [[Yondó]], Antioquia, Kolombia
* [[Palma Soriano]], Santiago de Cuba, Kuba
* [[Leon, Nikaragua]]
== Penduduk terkemuka Berkeley pada masa lampau dan sekarang ==
* [[Ben Affleck]] - aktor
* [[Billie Joe Armstrong]]- penyanyi utama dan gitaris [[Green Day]]
* [[Tim Armstrong]] – anggota band [[punk rock]] [[Rancid]] dan [[Operation Ivy band|Operation Ivy]]
* [[Les Blank]] - sutradara film dokumenter
* [[David Brower]] – aktivis lingkungan hidup
* [[Michael Chabon]] – pengarang
* [[Tre Cool]]- pemain drum [[Green Day]]
* [[Francis Ford Coppola]] - [[sutradara film]] dan [[produsen anggur]]
* [[Robert Crumb]] - kartunis
* [[Robert Culp]] - aktor
* [[Richard Diebenkorn]] - pelukis
* [[Philip K. Dick]] - pengarang
* [[Mike Dirnt]]- pemain bas [[Green Day]]
* [[Adam Duritz]] - penyanyi/pengarang lagu, [[Counting Crows]]
* [[Dave Eggers]]- penulis
* [[Daniel Ellsberg]] – analis militer
* [[John Fogerty]] - penyanyi/pengarang lagu
* [[C.S. Forester]] - pengarang seri [[Horatio Hornblower]] dan ''The African Queen''
* [[Matt Freeman]] – anggota band [[punk rock]] [[Rancid]] dan [[Operation Ivy band|Operation Ivy]]
* [[Terry Garthwaite]] - penyanyi/pengarang lagu dan anggota pendiri band band folk-rock [[Joy of Cooking (band)|Joy of Cooking]]
* [[Richard Gere]] - aktor
* [[Allen Ginsberg]] - penyair
* [[Whoopi Goldberg]] - aktris dan komedian
* [[Wavy Gravy]] - aktivis dan tokoh [[lawan budaya]] 1960-an
* [[Davey Havok]] - penyanyi untuk [[AFI (band)|AFI]]
* [[Patty Hearst]] – ahli waris pengusaha surat kabar dan korban penculikan
* [[Gregory Hoblit]] – sutradara film dan televisi
* [[Ken Hom]] - chef
* [[David Horowitz]] – aktivis radikal 1960-an yang berubah menjadi [[konservatif]]
* [[Charlie Hunter]] – pemusik jazz
* [[David Immerglück]] - gitaris, [[Counting Crows]]
* [[Ishi]], yang terakhir dari [[Yahi]]
* [[Pauline Kael]] – kritikus film
* [[Theodore Kaczynski]] – alias [[Unabomber]]
* [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] - pengarang
* [[Marion Zimmer Bradley]] - pengarang
* [[Jack LaLanne]] – tokoh promosi kesehatan
* [[Timothy Leary]] - tokoh promosi LSD
* [[Phil Lesh]] – bekas pemain bas [[Grateful Dead]]
* [[George Lucas]] - [[sutradara film]]
* [[Billy Martin]] – pemain baseball dan manager
* [[Andrew Martinez]] – aktivis sosial
* [[Country Joe McDonald]] - [[Penyanyi-pengarang lagu|Penyanyi/Pengarang lagu]]
* [[Roger Montgomery]] – perancang kota, arsitek, Dekan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]]
* [[Norman Mineta]] - [[Menteri Transportasi]] AS
* [[Gordon Moore]] – salah satu pendiri [[Intel]]
* [[Charles Muscatine]] – profesor UC, menantang sumpah kesetiaan
* [[Huey P. Newton]] – aktivis [[Partai Black Panther]]
* [[Chester Nimitz|Adm. Chester Nimitz]] – komandan AL AS di Pasifik pada Perang Dunia II
* [[Frank Norris]] - pengarang ''The Octopus''
* [[Robert Oppenheimer]] – ilmuwan dan kepala [[Manhattan Project]]
* [[Joshua Redman]] – pemusik jazz
* [[John Linton Roberson]] – pengarang dan kartunis bawah tanah
* [[Freddie Roulette]] – pemain gitar blues, ‘’lap steel’’
* [[Andy Samberg]] – komedian [[SNL]]
* [[Mario Savio]] – lambang Gerakan Kebebasan Berbicara tahun 1960-an
* [[George R. Stewart]] - pengarang novel ''Earth Abides'' dan ''Storm''
* [[Edward Teller]] – fisikawan nuklir, senjata termonuklir
* [[Lars Ulrich]] – pemain drum [[Metallica]]
* [[Alice Waters]] -[[restaurateur]]
* [[Thornton Wilder]] – dramatis (''Our Town'', dll.)
* [[Helen Wills]] – juara tenis
* [[Pete Wilson]] – bekas [[gubernur]] [[California]]
* [[Saul Zaentz]] – produsen film
* [[Markos Moulitsas Zúniga]] - [[Daily Kos]]<!--See also these lists of notable people associated with the University:
* [[List of Nobel laureates associated with University of California, Berkeley|List of Nobel laureates associated with UC Berkeley]]
* [[List of University of California, Berkeley faculty|List of UC Berkeley faculty]]
* [[List of University of California, Berkeley alumni|List of UC Berkeley alumni]]
==Trivia==
*Due to the generally liberal to radical views of the Berkeley public, the city is sometimes mockingly referred to as the People's Republic of Berkeley (and have led some to deride it as "Berzerkley"). This reputation, along with its generally temperate weather, high rates of tourism, and large student population have attracted large populations of [[transient]] people, many of whom are [[homeless]]. As a result, and because of the city's proximity to high-poverty areas in neighboring [[Oakland, California]], crime rates per capita are often among the top in the state.
*Berkeley has an element named for it: [[berkelium]]. The element was first synthesized in 1949 at what was then called the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ("Rad Lab") of the University of California, Berkeley.
*In [[1986]] Berkeley officially became a [[Nuclear Free Zone]] after a local vote, disallowing the operation of [[nuclear reactor]]s within city limits and preventing work from being done on [[nuclear weapon]]s within its borders. This is somewhat ironic, given Berkeley's past: the [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] played a major role in the development of nuclear weapons in the [[Manhattan Project]], and a nuclear research center, [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]], is located in the hills above the city. Street signs posted at the city borders declaring its Nuclear Free Zone status are the most noticeable effect of the measure. The University once housed a small research [[nuclear reactor|reactor]], which was decommissioned in the 1990s, though the University denies that this had anything to do with the Act.
* Berkeley celebrates "Indigenous People's Day" rather than [[Columbus Day]].
*In 1989, Berkeley banned the use of [[polystyrene]] packaging for keeping [[McDonald's]] hamburgers warm. This was one of the earliest events in the [[Plastic recycling|plastics]] [[recycling]] movement in the U.S.
*Before he served as a general in the [[American Civil War]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] owned tracts of land in Berkeley, although he did not reside here.
*Berkeley's police department, under its first chief [[August Vollmer]] early in the 20th century, was the first in the U.S. to require that officers have a college degree. This department developed the [[lie detector]] test, and was one of the first to use fingerprints and radios. In [[1973]], Berkeley's city council enacted its well-known Berkeley [[Marijuana]] Initiative. The act ordered Berkeley police to make "no arrests and issue no citations for violations of marijuana laws."
*The City of Berkeley is home to a number of well-known artists, architects, composers, writers and thinkers: [[Fritjof Capra]], [[Susan Griffin]], [[Christopher Alexander]], [[Rita Moreno]], [[Michael Parenti]], [[Michael Lerner]], [[Michael Chabon]], and others. The city also has more independent publishers per capita than any other city in the country, and more bookstores per capita. Additionally, many famous bands have originated in Berkeley, including [[Operation Ivy (band)|Operation Ivy]] and [[Green Day]]. Berkeley, being one of the birthplaces of underground and independent comics, is also noted as a haven for cartoonists, including [[Dan Clowes]] and [[Adrian Tomine]].
*Berkeley has become known as a [[gourmet food]] center. There are a number of specialty food shops and restaurants, such as the [http://www.berkeleybowl.com/ Berkeley Bowl Supermarket], the [[Chez Panisse]] restaurant, regarded as the birthplace of [[California cuisine]]. Its proprietor, [[Alice Waters]], has been called "the mother of American cooking." Among the shops, [http://cheeseboardcollective.coop/ The Cheese Board Collective] is a well-known, cooperatively-run bakery and cheese shop.
*Since the [[1970s]], the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] system (BART), a [[metro]] train system, has linked Berkeley to [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] and the other cities of the Bay Area. Berkeley has nevertheless maintained its own character. Originally the planners of BART proposed an above-ground route through Berkeley, but Berkeley residents voted for a subway instead, whose extra cost was funded by a [[bond]] issue. Consequently, BART runs entirely underground through Berkeley, but above ground in the neighboring city of [[Albany, California|Albany]].
*The city is also the birthplace of the nation's first community funded radio station, [[KPFA]], the flagship station of the [[Pacifica Network]].
*Fewer people live in Berkeley today than did 55 years ago. Few other cities in the western United States can make this claim.
*[[Dick Leonard]], the “father of modern rock climbing,” and noted environmentalist [[David Brower]], founder of [[Friends of the Earth]], learned rock climbing and developed their mountaineering techniques at [[Indian Rock Park]] in Berkeley. Brower used this special knowledge to prepare training manuals during World War II.
*In [[1966]], the first [[Peet's Coffee]] opened in Berkeley, at the corner of Vine and Walnut. -->
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ Official Government Website]
* [http://www.cityofberkeley.info/ City Of Berkeley, California]
* [http://www.berkeleypubliclibrary.org/ Berkeley Public Library]
* [http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/landmarks.html Berkeley Landmarks]
* [http://democrats.assembly.ca.gov/members/a14/ California State Assembly District 14]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/ ''Berkeley Daily Planet'' Website]
* [http://www.iberkeley.com/ Berkeley Restaurants]
* [http://www.peoplespark.org/ People's Park]
* [http://www.yeah-berkeley.org/ Homeless Youth Shelter]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.bffa1227.org/ Berkeley Firefighters Association]
* [http://www.terragalleria.com/california/california.berkeley.html Photos of Berkeley]
* [http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~tobin/wiki/moin.cgi/FrontPage Berkeley Wiki]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, a local community wiki / visitor's guide
{{Geolinks-US-cityscale|37.871775|-122.274603}}
{{Negara bagian California}}
{{Kota di Alameda}}
[[Kategori:Berkeley, California| ]]
[[Kategori:Kota di California]]
[[Kategori:Alameda, California]]
[[Kategori:Kawasan Teluk San Francisco|Berkeley]]
[[Kategori:Kota Universitas]]
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