Bifobia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Etimologi ==
Bifobia adalah istilah [[portmanteau]] mengikuti istilah ''[[homofobia]]''. Ia berasal dari awalan ''bi-'' (bermakna "dua") dalam ''biseksual'' dan ''-fobia'' (dari kata dalam {{lang-el|φόβος}}, ''phóbos'' yang bermakna "ketakutan") dalam ''homofobia''. Bifobia, homofobia, dan [[transfobia]] merupakan istilah-istilah utama yang menjelaskan intoleransi dan diskriminasi yang dihadapi kaum [[LGBT]]. Bifobik merupakan kata sifat yang menjelaskan sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan bifobia, sementara dalam bahasa Inggris turut pula dikenal kata ''biphobe'' yang bermakna orang yang diduga menyimpan bifobia.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1997-06_26_3/page/317|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317–26|pmid=9146816|doi=10.1023/A:1024527032040}}</ref>
 
Bifobia tidak bermakna [[fobia]] dalam pengertian [[psikologi klinis]], tetapi seperti makna fobia dalam istilah [[xenofobia]].
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Bifobia dapat mengakibatkan orang-orang menganggap bahwa biseksualitas "tidaklah nyata", dengan menekankan bahwa orang yang ''mengaku'' biseksual tidaklah ''murni'' biseksual, atau bahwa fenomena biseksualitas lebih jarang terjadi daripada klaim yang ada. Salah satubentuk penyangkalan ini didasari pada pandangan [[Heteroseksisme|heteroseksis]] bahwa [[heteroseksualitas]] adalah satu-satunya orientasi seksual yang alami. Penyimpangan dianggap sebagai sebuah patologi psikologis atau sebuah [[perilaku antisosial]]. Dengan demikian, homofobia dan bifobia tidaklah banyak berbeda secara substansi.
 
Bentuk penyangkalan lainnya adalah berdasarkan pandangan biner akan seksualitas : bahwa semua orang dianggap [[Monoseksualitas|monoseksual]], atau dengan kata lain hanya [[gay]]/[[lesbian]] atau heteroseksual. Pada tahun 1980s, kajian modern terhadap seksualitas didominasi gagasan bahwa orientasi seksual yang sah hanyalah heteroseksualitas dan homoseksualitas, manakala biseksualitas dianggap sebagai "homoseksualitas kedua".<ref name="ProQuest">{{Cite book|date=2008-01-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=5iayOla-7qcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=%2522Managing+Heterosexism+and+Biphobia:+A+Black+Bisexual+Male+Perspective&ots=f6xf6Kx-0s&sig=U0rv73VAXngWQt2HeAaQ-u9ZBK0#v=onepage&q=%2522Managing%2520Heterosexism%2520and%2520Biphobia%253A%2520A%2520Black%2520Bisexual%2520Male%2520Perspective&f=false|title=Managing Heterosexism and Biphobia: A Revealing Black Bisexual Male Perspective|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=9780549622482}}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kaum biseksual dianggap sebagai orang-orang homoseksual yang tidak terang-terangan akan identitas mereka atau seseorang (baik gay/lesbian maupun heteroseksual) yang ingin bereksperimen secara seksual di luar seksualitas "biasanya". <ref>Michael Musto, April 7, 2009. [http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/archives/2009/04/ever_meet_a_rea.php Ever Meet a Real Bisexual?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413152614/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/archives/2009/04/ever_meet_a_rea.php|date=April 13, 2010}}, ''The Village Voice''</ref><ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal|last=Yoshino|first=Kenji|authorlink=Kenji Yoshino|date=January 2000|title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure|url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf|journal=[[Stanford Law Review]]|publisher=[[Stanford Law School]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=353–461|doi=10.2307/1229482|jstor=1229482}}</ref><ref name="gold star">{{cite web|date=April 11, 2008|title=Why Do Lesbians Hate Bisexuals?|url=http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/community/why-do-lesbians-hate-bisexuals/|publisher=lesbilicious.co.uk|accessdate=March 26, 2011|archive-date=2013-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207232907/http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/why-do-lesbians-hate-bisexuals/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="bisexual workers">{{cite web|last=Geen|first=Jessica|date=October 28, 2009|title=Bisexual workers 'excluded by lesbian and gay colleagues'|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/10/28/bisexual-workers-excluded-by-lesbian-and-gay-colleagues|accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> Pernyataan seperti "hanya ada orang gay, heteroseksual atau pembohong" merupakan pengejawantahan pandangan dikotomi akan orientasi seksual.<ref name="Dworkin">{{cite journal|author=Dworkin, SH|year=2001|title=Treating the bisexual client|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychology_2001-05_57_5/page/671|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|pages=671–80|doi=10.1002/jclp.1036|pmid=11304706}}</ref>
 
Ada pula yang menerima keberadaan teoretis biseksualitas tetapi dengan pemahaman terbatas sebagai ketertarikan ''yang sama'' terhadap laki-laki dan perempuan.<ref name="Dworkin" /> Kaum biseksual yang tidak memiliki ketertarikan yang sama pada kedua gender dianggap sebagai homoseksual atau heteroseksual, tergantung pada tingkat preferensi mana yang lebih tinggi. Ada pula yang hanya mengakui bahwa perempuanlah yang dapat menjadi biseksual, dan menyangkal keberadaan lelaki biseksual.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Do Bisexual Men Really Exist?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/do-bisexual-men-really-exist/|language=en|access-date=2017-02-12}}</ref>
 
Some denial asserts that bisexual behavior or identity is merely a social trend – as exemplified by "[[bisexual chic]]" or [[gender bending]] – and not an intrinsic personality trait.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ka'ahumanu|first1=Lani|last2=Yaeger|first2=Rob|title=Biphobia|url=https://lgbt.ucsd.edu/education/biphobia.html|website=LGBT Resource Center UC San Diego|publisher=UC San Diego|accessdate=September 22, 2016|archive-date=2016-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920010304/http://lgbt.ucsd.edu/education/biphobia.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Same-gender sexual activity is dismissed as merely a substitute for sex with members of the opposite sex, or as a more accessible source of [[sexual gratification]]. [[Situational homosexuality]] in [[Sex segregation|sex-segregated]] environments is presented as an example of this behavior.
 
Biphobia is common from the heterosexual community, but is frequently exhibited by gay and lesbian people as well, usually with the notion that bisexuals are able to escape oppression from heterosexuals by conforming to social expectations of opposite-gender sex and romance. This leaves some that identify as bisexual to be perceived as "not enough of either" or "not real."<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Compulsory Bisexuality?: The Challenges of Modern Sexual Fluidity|url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299710903316661|journal = Journal of Bisexuality|date = 2009-11-13|issn = 1529-9716|pages = 431–449|volume = 9|issue = 3-4|doi = 10.1080/15299710903316661|first = Breanne|last = Fahs}}</ref> An Australian study conducted by Roffee and Waling in 2016 established that bisexual people faced microaggressions, bullying, and other anti-social behaviors from people within the lesbian and gay community.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roffee|first1=James A.|last2=Waling|first2=Andrea|title=Rethinking microaggressions and anti-social behaviour against LGBTIQ+ youth|journal=Safer Communities|date=2016-10-10|volume=15|issue=4|pages=190–201|doi=10.1108/SC-02-2016-0004}}</ref>
 
[[Bisexual erasure]] (also referred to as ''bisexual invisibility'') is a phenomenon that tends to omit, falsify, or re-explain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in [[history]], [[academia]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary source]]s,<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] May 16, 2008 "Queers United"</ref><ref>[http://ronsuresha.com/?p=1018 The B Word] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105202109/http://ronsuresha.com/?p=1018 |date=2020-11-05 }} Suresha, Ron. "The B Word," Options (Rhode Island), November 2004</ref> sometimes to the point of denying that bisexuality exists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |year=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216065035/http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 |archivedate=2007-12-16 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 | title = Sexual Prejudice - The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media | accessdate = 2007-07-19 | last = Hutchins | first = Loraine | authorlink = Loraine Hutchins | work = American Sexuality Magazine | publisher = National Sexuality Resource Center, San Francisco State University | location = San Francisco, CA 94103, United States | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216065035/http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 | archivedate = 2007-12-16}}</ref>
 
==== Tuduhan bahwa lelaki biseksual bersikap homofobik ====
One cause of biphobia in the gay male community is that there is an identity political tradition to assume that acceptance of male homosexuality is linked to the belief that men's sexuality is specialized. This causes many members of the gay male community to assume that the very idea that men can be bisexual is homophobic to gay men. A number of bisexual men feel that such attitudes force them to keep their bisexuality in the closet and that it is even more oppressive than traditional heteronormativity. These men argue that the gay male community have something to learn about respect for the individual from the lesbian community, in which there is not a strong tradition to assume links between notions about the origins of sexual preferences and the acceptance thereof. These views are also supported by some gay men who do not like anal sex (sides, as opposed to both tops and bottoms) and report that they feel bullied by other gay men's assumption that their dislike for anal sex is "homophobic" and want more respect for the individuality in which a gay man who do not hate himself may simply not like anal sex and instead prefer other sex acts such as mutual fellatio and mutual male masturbation.<ref>Bi Men: Coming Out Every Which Way, Ron Jackson Suresha, ‎PetePete Chvany - 2013</ref><ref>Social Work Practice with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People, Gerald P. Mallon - 2017</ref>
 
=== Stereotipe negatif ===
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The mental and sexual health effects of biphobia on bisexual people are numerous. Studies show that bisexuals are often trapped in between the binaries of heterosexuality and homosexuality, creating a form of invalidation around their sexual identity. This often leads to recognized indicators of mental health issues such as low self-esteem and self-worth. These indicators and pressures to "choose" a [[sexual identity]] can, in many cases, lead to [[depression (mood)|depression]] as they may feel they live in a culture that does not recognize their existence.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Individual and Social Factors Related to Mental Health Concerns among Bisexual Men in the Midwestern United States|journal = Journal of bisexuality|date = 2012-01-01|issn = 1529-9716|pmc = 3383005|pmid = 22745591|pages = 223–245|volume = 12|issue = 2|first = Brian|last = Dodge|first2 = Phillip W.|last2 = Schnarrs|first3 = Michael|last3 = Reece|first4 = Omar|last4 = Martinez|first5 = Gabriel|last5 = Goncalves|first6 = David|last6 = Malebranche|first7 = Barbara|last7 = Van Der Pol|first8 = Ryan|last8 = Nix|first9 = J. Dennis|last9 = Fortenberry|doi=10.1080/15299716.2012.674862}}</ref>
 
While doing research on sexual tendencies of women who have sex with women, one study, from the ''Journal of Bisexuality,'' concluded that bisexual women are more likely to engage in various high risk behaviors and were at a higher risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Sexual and drug-use risk factors for HIV and STDs: a comparison of women with and without bisexual experiences.|url = http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.89.12.1841|journal = American Journal of Public Health|pages = 1841–1846|volume = 89|issue = 12|doi = 10.2105/ajph.89.12.1841|first = V|last = Gonzales|first2 = K M|last2 = Washienko|first3 = M R|last3 = Krone|first4 = L I|last4 = Chapman|first5 = E M|last5 = Arredondo|first6 = H J|last6 = Huckeba|first7 = A|last7 = Downer}}</ref> These behaviors have been attributed to the unlikeliness of bisexuals to discuss their sexuality and proper protection with health professionals for fear of judgement or discrimination, leaving them uneducated.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.lgbthealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/12-054_LGBTHealtharticle_v3_07-09-12.pdf|title = Improving the Health Care of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People: Understanding and Eliminating Health Disparities|last = Makadon MD|first = Harvey J|date = 2012-07-09|journal = Fenway Institute|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |last2 = Ard MD, MPH|first2 = Kevin L|publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archive-date = 2018-08-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820115858/http://www.lgbthealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/12-054_LGBTHealtharticle_v3_07-09-12.pdf|dead-url = yes}}</ref>
 
== Perspektif interseksional ==
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== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905175619/http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html |date=2008-09-05 }} by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100701174350/http://out.ucr.edu/pdf/BiBasics.pdf Bisexuality Basics, UC Riverside LGBT Resource Center, Riverside, CA]