Kereta api Intercity Express: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = Intercity Express
| logo_filename = ICE-Logo.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| system_map =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| marks =
| image = ICE 3 Fahlenbach.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Rangkaian Kereta ICE 3 dekat [[Ingolstadt]]
| locale = '''Jerman''', Belanda, Belgia, Austria, Swiss, Prancis.
| start_year =1985
| end_year =sekarang
| predecessor_line =
| successor_line =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg}}
| length =
| hq_city =
| website = [http://www.bahn.com/i/view/index.shtml bahn.com]
}}
'''
== Sejarah ==
[[Berkas:ICE3 hotspot.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Kereta ICE|kiri]]Inter City Express pertama kali diperasikan oleh [[Deutche Bundes Bahn]] pada tahun 1985. Model pertamanya diberi nama Inter City Experimental. Nomor serinya ialah ICE-V. Inter City Express generasi pertama ini menggunakan penggerak terpusat. [[Perusahaan]] pembuatnya ialah [[Siemens AG|Siemens]]. Setelah itu, namanya diubah menjadi ICE-S. Generasi kedua dari Inter City Express diberi nama Inter City Express (ICE-1) dan Inter City Express (ICE-2). ICE-1 mulai dioperasikan sejak tahun 1989, sedangkan ICE-2 pada tahun 1997. Pemakaian ICE-1 dan ICE-2 hanya di negara Jerman dan negara tetangganya yang menyediakan sistem [[transmisi tenaga listrik]] aliran atas dengan tegangan listrik sebesar 15 kV. Selain itu, [[frekuensi]] kerjanya juga harus sebesar 16 <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub> Hz. ICE-1 dan ICE-2 dapat beroperasi dengan [[kecepatan]] maksimal 280 [[Kilometer|km]]/[[jam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haroen|first=Yanuarsyah|date=2017|title=Sistem Transportasi Elektrik|location=Bandung|publisher=ITB Press|isbn=978-602-7861-65-7|pages=26|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Perlengkapan dan spesifikasi ==
[[Berkas:ICE-3-frankfurt.jpg|
Perlengkapan ICE diproduksi oleh konsorsium industri yang dipimpin oleh [[Siemens AG]]. Kereta ICE membutuhkan rel khusus kecepatan-tinggi untuk berlari dengan kecepatan tinggi, tetapi dapat juga menggunakan rel biasa dengan kecepatan biasa juga.{{Butuh rujukan}}<!--
The first generations were derived from the then-new [[DB Class 120|class 120]] electric locomotives. The powerheads of those units are in fact upgraded 120s with a more aerodynamic lining. Passenger cars can be coupled and uncoupled for maintenance, enabling the operator to run trains of different lengths. First-generation trains are currently undergoing a major redesign, including a standardization of train lengths.
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-->
{| class="wikitable" style="clear:right;"
! Nama
!Produksi!! Kecepatan ([[Kilometer per jam|km/jam]]) !! Beroperasi !! Status
|-
|[[Intercity Experimental|ICE-V]] (Intercity Experimental)
|1983–1985|| 350 || 1985–2000 || pensiun
|-
| [[ICE 1]]
|1989–1993|| 280 || sejak 1990 || '''beroperasi'''
|-
| [[ICE 2]]
|1995–1997|| 280 || sejak 1996 || '''beroperasi'''
|-
| ICE S / ICE R
|1996|| 280 / 330 || sejak 1997 || '''beroperasi'''
|-
|[[ICE T]]
|1996–2005|| 230 || sejak 1999 || '''beroperasi'''
|-
| [[ICE 3]] (DB Class 403)
|1997–2006|| 330|| sejak 2000 || '''beroperasi'''
|-
|[[ICE 3|ICE 3M / ICE 3MF]] (DB Class 406)
|1997–2006
|330
|sejak 2000
|'''beroperasi'''
|-
|ICE 3 ([[Siemens Velaro|DB Class 407 / Velaro D]])
|2009–2012
|320
|sejak 2013
|'''beroperasi'''
|-
|Metropolitan
|1998–1999|| 220 || 2004–2021 || pensiun
|-
|ICE TD
|1998–2000|| 200 || 2001–2003
2006–2017
| pensiun
|-
|[[ICE 4]]
|2014–sekarang
|250 / 265
|sejak 2017
|'''beroperasi'''
|-
|ICE 3neo (DB class 408 / Velaro neo)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICE 3neo – Velaro D Hochgeschwindigkeitszug in Deutschland|url=https://www.hochgeschwindigkeitszuege.com/deutschland/ice-3-408.php|website=www.hochgeschwindigkeitszuege.com|access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>
|''2020–2026 (direncanakan)''
|320
|''dari 2022 (direncanakan)''
|''sedang dibuat''
|-
|[[ICE L]]
|
|230
|''dari 2023 (direncanakan)''
|''dalam pesanan''
|}
<!--
=== ICE-T ===
[[
Simultaneously to the development of the ICE 3, DB demanded new [[tilting train]]sets to be able to serve conventional tracks that couldn't be upgraded to higher speeds. Originally these trains were to be called IC-T (''InterCity-Triebzug''), but just prior to their introduction, DB decided to charge ICE fares for these trains and renamed them ICE-T. These trains are constructed to a concept of distributed traction similar to the ICE 3. Tiga tipe dipesan:
Baris 65 ⟶ 126:
The initial development of the ICE was somewhat controversial, due to the existence of the French [[TGV]], which had already been in operation. Arguably, the Deutsche Bahn/German state could have bought TGV technology or trains. Proponents of the decision to go ahead and develop the ICE contend that the ICE is technologically superior, and that the development of such technology by German companies was an important investment in the future of a German high-tech industry and knowledge economy.
Critics argue that the project was a waste of tax payers' money, since such a similar end product could have been bought "[[off the shelf]]" (referring to the option of buying TGV trains). There were also claims that it was a [[nationalist]] exercise, and that the go-ahead for ICE development constituted the then German government subsidizing certain large companies.
This argument, however, subsided and the ICE has persevered to provide a large scale, nationwide service in Germany.
Baris 81 ⟶ 142:
* When not in service, all ICE trains are kept in special train yards to prevent vandalism.
* Three specially-built washing-bays for ICE trains exist at Hamburg-Eidelstedt, Frankfurt-Höchst and München Hbf (Munich main station)
--><gallery widths="170" heights="120" class="center">
Berkas:Köln Messe-Deutz DB ICE-1 401 006 ICE 1028 Hamburg Altona (13065897125).jpg|ICE 1
Berkas:ICE2 Hilpodrom.jpg|ICE 2
Berkas:ICE 3 Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg|ICE 3
Berkas:ICE 3M KRM.jpg|ICE 3M
Berkas:ICE 4 Berlin Hauptbahnhof (2).jpg|ICE 4
Berkas:DB BR 411 209-0, ICE-T - (DE) München Hbf - 26.04.2014 (14518515213).jpg|ICE T
Berkas:DB 605 007 KB.jpg|ICE TD
</gallery>
== Struktur tarif ==
=== Austria ===
Pada jalur intra-Austria (Wina-Innsbruck-Bregenz, Wina-Salzburg(-München), Wina-Passau(-Hamburg) dan Innsbruck-Kufstein(-Berlin)) tidak dikenakan biaya tambahan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intercity-Express|url=https://www.oebb.at/en/reiseplanung-services/im-zug/unsere-zuege/ice|website=ÖBB|language=en|access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref>
=== Belanda ===
[[Berkas:Zevenaar ICE 105 naar Basel SBB (49292279962).jpg|jmpl|Kereta ICE milik [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen|NS]] (Kereta Api Belanda)]]
Di kereta ICE antara [[Amsterdam]] dan [[Köln]], penumpang yang bepergian dalam negeri di Belanda (antara [[Stasiun Amsterdam Centraal|Amsterdam Centraal]] dan [[Stasiun Arnhem Centraal|Arnhem Centraal]]) dapat menggunakan kartu [[OV-chipkaart]], namun harus membeli beberapa tambahannya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICE supplement {{!}} Individual tickets|url=https://www.ns.nl/producten/en/toeslagen/p/toeslag-ice|website=www.ns.nl|access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Penumpang yang bepergian ke/dari Jerman harus membeli tiket internasional.
=== Jerman ===
Kereta ICE adalah kereta kategori tertinggi (Kelas A) dalam sistem tarif Deutsche Bahn. Tarif mereka tidak dihitung per per kilometer seperti kereta lainnya, tetapi memiliki harga tetap untuk koneksi stasiun-ke-stasiun, tergantung pada banyak faktor, seperti kategori jalur kereta api dan jumlah permintaan atas jalur tersebut. Bahkan di jalur di mana kereta ICE lebih lambat dari pada kereta [[Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)|IC]] atau [[EuroCity|EC]] biasa (misalnya dari Hamburg ke Dortmund), biaya tambahan akan dikenakan karena kereta ICE memiliki tingkat kenyamanan yang lebih tinggi daripada kereta IC ataupun EC.
=== Swiss ===
Demikian pula, kereta yang berangkat ke dan dari [[Zürich]], [[Interlaken]], dan [[Chur]], dan juga kereta yang ada di jalur ICE intra-Swiss dapat dinaiki tanpa biaya tambahan.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[
* [[Train à Grande Vitesse|TGV]]
* [[Thalys]]
* [[Eurostar]]
* [[Shinkansen]]
* [[Acela Express]]
* [[Yüksek Hızlı Tren|YHT]]
* [[EuroCity-Express]]
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.railfaneurope.net/ice/ice.html ICE fan site (in English)]
* [http://www.ice-fanpage.de/ German ICE fan site (in German)]
== Referensi ==
<references />
[[Kategori:Kereta kecepatan tinggi]]
[[Kategori:Kereta cepat]]
[[Kategori:Transportasi di Eropa]]
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