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Istilah "inkuisisi" berasal dari kata [[bahasa Latin Abad Pertengahan|Latin Abad Pertengahan]], ''inquisitio''. Kata ini dipakai untuk menyebut segala macam proses peradilan berasas [[hukum Romawi]] yang perlahan-lahan dihidupkan kembali pada [[Akhir Abad Pertengahan]].<ref>Peters, Edwards. "Inquisition", hlm. 12</ref> Istilah "Inkuisisi" kini digunakan sebagai sebutan bagi sejumlah lembaga penertib [[Bidaah dalam Kekristenan|bidat]] (maupun pelanggaran-pelanggaran lain terhadap [[hukum kanon]]) di dalam sistem peradilan [[Gereja Katolik Roma]]. Sekalipun jamak digunakan sebagai sebutan bagi mahkamah-mahkamah gerejawi Katolik, istilah "Inkuisisi" sebetulnya mengacu kepada suatu proses peradilan, bukan suatu organisasi. Hakim-hakimnya '...disebut "inkuisitor" karena menerapkan teknik peradilan yang disebut ''inquisitio'', artinya "wawancara" atau "pengusutan".' Teknik peradilan ini sudah jamak digunakan para pemimpin sekuler. [[Henry II dari Inggris|Raja Henry II]] menerapkannya secara ekstensif di Inggris pada abad ke-12. Di dalam proses peradilan yang menggunakan teknik ini, seorang pewawancara resmi akan meminta informasi terkait pokok persoalan tertentu dari siapa saja yang merasa memiliki sesuatu untuk disampaikan."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/inquisition1.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=Fordham.edu|access-date=13 Oktober 2017}}</ref>
Karena merupakan mahkamah gerejawi, Inkuisisi tidak berwenang mengadili [[Moor|orang Moro]] dan [[orang Yahudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/mconnell_spaninqu_dec05.asp|title=The Spanish Inquisition: Fact Versus Fiction|author=Marvin R. O'Connell|website=Ignatiusinsight.com|access-date=13 Oktober 2017|archive-date=2013-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326012643/http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/mconnell_spaninqu_dec05.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada umumnya Inkuisisi hanya menangani perilaku bidat para pemeluk atau orang-orang yang baru memeluk agama Kristen Katolik.<ref>Salomon, H. P. dan Sassoon, I. S. D., dalam Saraiva, Antonio Jose. ''The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765'' (Brill, 2001), Introduction hlm. XXX.</ref>
Hampir semua hukuman yang dijatuhkan Inkuisisi adalah laku silih, misalnya mengenakan pakaian berjahitkan tanda salib, berziarah, dan lain-lain.<ref name="Burr">{{cite web|url=http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/inquisition1.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=legacy.fordham.edu|access-date=13 Oktober 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320121109/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/inquisition1.asp|archive-date=20 Maret 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Apabila terdakwa terbukti menganut ajaran sesat tanpa merasa bersalah, majelis inkuisitor berkewajiban hukum menyerahkan yang bersangkutan kepada pengadilan negeri untuk dipidana. Pengadilan negeri selanjutnya menentukan sanksi pidana menurut hukum yang berlaku di negeri setempat.<ref>"Apabila mendapati seseorang terbukti menganut ajaran sesat dan enggan memungkiri kesesatannya, atau kembali kepada kesesatan, para inkuisitor harus menyerahkannya ke "tangan dunia", yakni kepada pihak berwenang sekuler, untuk dijatuhi ''animadversio debita'', yakni hukuman yang sudah ditetapkan di dalam undang-undang negara setempat, biasanya hukuman bakar hidup-hidup." (Peters, Edwards. "Inquisition", hlm. 67.)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lea|first=Henry Charles|title=A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages|access-date=07 Oktober 2009
''[[Directorium Inquisitorum]]'' (buku panduan pokok inkuisitor) edisi 1578 menjabarkan tujuan pemidanaan sebagai berikut:
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dan jarang sekali berbuntut hukuman mati.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Foxe
|first=John
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|chapter-url=http://www.jesus.org.uk/vault/library/foxes_book_of_martyrs.pdf
|access-date=2021-04-16
|archive-date=2012-11-26
</ref><ref>▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126164105/http://www.jesus.org.uk/vault/library/foxes_book_of_martyrs.pdf
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{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Blötzer
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== Inkuisisi Abad Pertengahan ==
{{Main|Inkuisisi Abad Pertengahan|Ad extirpanda}}
Istilah "Inkuisisi Abad Pertengahan" digunakan para sejarawan untuk menyifatkan berbagai macam inkuisisi yang dibentuk sekitar tahun 1184, termasuk Inkuisisi Keuskupan (tahun 1184–1230-an) dan Inkuisisi Kepausan (tahun 1230-an). Inkuisisi-inkuisisi tersebut dibentuk guna menyikapi gerakan-gerakan rakyat berskala besar di seluruh Eropa yang dianggap sebagai gerakan [[murtad]] atau bidat, khususnya gerakan [[Katarisme]] di kawasan selatan Prancis serta gerakan [[Waldens
Pada abad ke-13, [[Paus Gregorius IX]] (menjabat tahun 1227–1241) menyerahkan tugas pelaksanaan inkuisisi kepada [[Dominikan|tarekat Dominikan]] dan [[Fransiskan|tarekat Fransiskan]]. Pada Akhir Abad Pertengahan, hanya [[Inggris]] dan [[Mahkota Kastila|Kastila]] negara-negara besar di Dunia Barat tanpa Inkuisisi Kepausan.
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Kepercayaan akan adanya [[ilmu sihir|sihir]], dan tindakan-tindakan persekusi terhadap tukang sihir maupun yang dipicu alasan sihir, menyebar luas di Eropa sebelum masuknya agama Kristen, bahkan diatur di dalam [[Hukum Jermani perdana|hukum suku bangsa Jermani]]. Meskipun demikian, pengaruh Gereja pada [[Awal Abad Pertengahan]] membuat hukum-hukum semacam ini dibatalkan di berbagai tempat, sehingga mengakhiri adat berburu tukang sihir.<ref>Hutton, Ronald. ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. Oxford, Inggris dan Cambridge, Amerika Serikat: Blackwell, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-631-17288-8}}. hlm. 257</ref> Sepanjang Abad Pertengahan, ajaran Kristen arus utama menyangkal keberadaan tukang sihir maupun ilmu sihir, dan mengecamnya sebagai takhayul pagan,<ref>Behringer, ''Witches and Witch-hunts: A Global History'', hlm. 31 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> sayangnya pengaruh agama Kristen tidak mampu menghapus secara tuntas kepercayaan masyarakat akan adanya tukang sihir dan ''maleficium'' (malapetaka akibat sihir).
Kecaman maupun persekusi masyarakat terhadap para terdakwa pengamal sihir yang menjadi ciri khas kezaliman berburu tukang sihir tidak umum terjadi dalam kurun waktu seribu tiga ratus tahun pertama zaman Kristen.<ref name="Thurston">Thurston, Herbert.[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm "Witchcraft."] ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', Jld. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 Juli 2015</ref> Gereja pada Abad Pertengahan membedakan sihir "putih" dari sihir "hitam", sementara masyarakat Eropa
Sihir hitam adalah sihir yang digunakan untuk mendatangkan malapetaka, dan pada umumnya ditanggulangi melalui pengakuan dosa, pertobatan, dan karya amal kasih sebagai laku silih.<ref>Del Rio, Martin Antoine, & Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. ''Investigations Into Magic'', Manchester University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|9780719049767}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2iCYDHYbycC&pg=PR7 hlm. 7]</ref> Di dalam kitab hukum kanon Irlandia yang terdahulu, sihir digolongkan sebagai tindak kejahatan yang diancam dengan hukuman [[ekskomunikasi|pengucilan]] sampai pelakunya melaksanakan laku silih yang setimpal. Pada tahun 1258, [[Paus Aleksander IV]] mengesahkan aturan yang mewajibkan para inkuisitor membatasi diri pada penanganan perkara-perkara yang jelas mengarah kepada dugaan bidat.
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{{see also |Inkuisisi Meksiko|Inkuisisi Peru}}
Pada tahun 1569, [[Felipe II dari Spanyol|Raja Felipe II]] membentuk tiga pengadilan inkuisisi (masing-masing bernama resmi ''Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición'', "Pengadilan Jawatan Suci Inkuisisi") di Benua Amerika, masing-masing di [[Inkuisisi Meksiko|Meksiko]], [[Cartagena de Indias]] (sekarang Kolombia), dan [[Peru]]. Pengadilan inkuisisi di Meksiko membawahi [[Audiencia Real Meksiko|Meksiko]] (kawasan tengah dan tenggara Meksiko), [[Nueva Galicia]] (kawasan utara dan barat Meksiko), wilayah kewenangan ''[[Audiencia Real
=== Inkuisisi Portugis ===
{{Main|Inkuisisi Portugis}}
[[File:1685 - Inquisição Portugal.jpg|thumb|"Die Inquisition in Portugall", gambar gravir tembaga dari tahun 1685]]
▲The Portuguese Inquisition formally started in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King [[João III]]. [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] had asked [[Pope Leo X]] for the installation of the Inquisition in 1515, but only after his death in 1521 did [[Pope Paul III]] acquiesce. At its head stood a ''Grande Inquisidor'', or General Inquisitor, named by the Pope but selected by the Crown, and always from within the royal family.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} The Portuguese Inquisition principally focused upon the [[Sephardi Jews]], whom the state forced to convert to Christianity. Spain had [[Alhambra decree|expelled its Sephardi population in 1492]]; many of these Spanish Jews left Spain for Portugal but eventually were subject to inquisition there as well.
The Portuguese Inquisition held its first ''auto-da-fé'' in 1540. The Portuguese inquisitors mostly focused upon the [[Jew]]ish [[New Christians]] (i.e. ''[[conversos]]'' or ''[[marranos]]''). The Portuguese Inquisition expanded its scope of operations from Portugal to its colonial possessions, including Brazil, [[Cape Verde]], and [[Goa Inquisition|Goa]]. In the colonies, it continued as a religious court, investigating and trying cases of breaches of the tenets of orthodox Roman Catholicism until 1821. King [[John III of Portugal|João III]] (reigned 1521–57) extended the activity of the courts to cover [[censorship]], [[divination]], [[witchcraft]], and [[bigamy]]. Originally oriented for a religious action, the Inquisition exerted an influence over almost every aspect of Portuguese society: political, cultural, and social.
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With the [[Protestant Reformation]], Catholic authorities became much more ready to suspect heresy in any new ideas,<ref>{{cite book|last= Stokes|first=Adrian Durham|author-link= Adrian Stokes (critic)|title=Michelangelo: a study in the nature of art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E7epqLi2CwC|access-date= 2009-11-26|edition=2|series=Routledge classics|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26765-6|page=39|quote=Ludovico is so immediately settled in heaven by the poet that some commentators have divined that Michelangelo is voicing heresy, that is to say, the denial of purgatory.}}</ref>
including those of [[Renaissance humanism]],<ref>Erasmus, the arch-Humanist of the Renaissance, came under suspicion of heresy, see
{{cite book|last=Olney|first=Warren|title=Desiderius Erasmus; Paper Read Before the Berkeley Club, March 18, 1920.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdsdOSs6VRgC|access-date=2009-11-26|year=2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-113-40503-6|page=15|quote=Thomas More, in an elaborate defense of his friend, written to a cleric who accused Erasmus of heresy, seems to admit that Erasmus was probably the author of ''Julius''.}}</ref> previously strongly supported by many at the top of the Church hierarchy. The extirpation of heretics became a much broader and more complex enterprise, complicated by the politics of territorial Protestant powers, especially in northern Europe. The Catholic Church could no longer exercise direct influence in the politics and justice-systems of lands that officially adopted Protestantism. Thus war (the [[French Wars of Religion]], the [[Thirty Years' War]]), massacre (the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]]) and the missional<ref>{{cite book|last=Vidmar|first=John C.|author-link=John Vidmar|title=The Catholic Church Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchth0000vidm|year= 2005|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8091-4234-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchth0000vidm/page/241 241]}}</ref> and propaganda work (by the ''[[Sacra congregatio de propaganda fide]]'')<ref>{{cite book|last=Soergel|first=Philip M.|title=Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria|url=https://archive.org/details/wondrousinhissai0000soer|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-08047-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wondrousinhissai0000soer/page/239 239]}}</ref> of the [[Counter-Reformation]] came to play larger roles in these circumstances, and the [[Roman law]] type of a "judicial" approach to heresy represented by the Inquisition became less important overall.
In 1542 [[Pope Paul III]] established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a permanent congregation staffed with [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] and other officials. It had the tasks of maintaining and defending the integrity of the faith and of examining and proscribing errors and false doctrines; it thus became the supervisory body of local Inquisitions.<ref>
[http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/inquisition.html "Christianity | The Inquisition".] The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2012-08-26</ref> Arguably the most famous case tried by the Roman Inquisition was that of [[Galileo affair|Galileo Galilei in 1633]].
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== Pranala luar ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Inquisition.html Inquisisi] oleh Jewish Virtual Library
* [http://www.bede.org.uk/inquisition.htm FAQ mengenai Inkuisisi] oleh James Hannam
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: "Inkuisisi"]
* [http://www.pbs.org/inquisition/ Arsip Rahasia Inkuisisi. PBS]
* [http://ic.net/~erasmus/RAZ247.HTM Inkuisisi Protestan: "Reformasi" Intoleransi dan Penganiayaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516070550/http://ic.net/~erasmus/RAZ247.HTM |date=2008-05-16 }} oleh [[Dave Armstrong]]
* [http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0503/shea.html "The Immeasurable Curiousity of Edward Peters", p.4 as found in the Pennsylvania Gazzette, a publication of the University of Pennsylvania]
* [http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/column3.html "One Cheer for the Inquisition" online copy of the Catholic Dossier article by Gerard Bradley, Professor of Law, University of Notre Dame.]
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* [http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/inquisition.html Galileo Project: Christianity: Inquisition]
* [http://www.gabrielbernat.es/espana/inquisicion/index.html Inkuisisi Spanyol (1478-1813) (dalam [[Bahasa Spanyol]])]
* [http://ttonline.iantt.pt/dserve.exe?dsqServer=calm6&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=overview.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo='PT-TT-TSO') Indeks jalannya acara pengadilan dan dokumen-dokumen lain dari Inkuisisi Portugis (dalam [[Bahasa Portugis]])]
* [http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=1976&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008 Yudaisme Bawah Tanah dalam Bayang-Bayang Inkuisisi,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041808/http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=1976&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008 |date=2007-10-27 }} Dr. Rivkah Shafek Lissak
* [http://www.chemins-cathares.eu/index_uk.php Jalan Kaum Cathar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927095200/http://www.chemins-cathares.eu/index_uk.php |date=2007-09-27 }} oleh filsuf Yves Maris.
* [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-6682(192410)2:15:2%3C213:TDOTI%3E2.0.CO;2-X L. D. Barnett, "Dua dokumen Inkuisisi", dalam ''The Jewish Quarterly Review'', New Ser., Jilid 15, No. 2 (Okt., 1924), hal. 213-239]
* [http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/k/inquisition/EncJud/index.html Inkuisisi atas umat Yahudi 1481-1834] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912013859/http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/k/inquisition/EncJud/index.html |date=2011-09-12 }} (dari Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971)
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