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Baris 7:
Istilah "inkuisisi" berasal dari kata [[bahasa Latin Abad Pertengahan|Latin Abad Pertengahan]], ''inquisitio''. Kata ini dipakai untuk menyebut segala macam proses peradilan berasas [[hukum Romawi]] yang perlahan-lahan dihidupkan kembali pada [[Akhir Abad Pertengahan]].<ref>Peters, Edwards. "Inquisition", hlm. 12</ref> Istilah "Inkuisisi" kini digunakan sebagai sebutan bagi sejumlah lembaga penertib [[Bidaah dalam Kekristenan|bidat]] (maupun pelanggaran-pelanggaran lain terhadap [[hukum kanon]]) di dalam sistem peradilan [[Gereja Katolik Roma]]. Sekalipun jamak digunakan sebagai sebutan bagi mahkamah-mahkamah gerejawi Katolik, istilah "Inkuisisi" sebetulnya mengacu kepada suatu proses peradilan, bukan suatu organisasi. Hakim-hakimnya '...disebut "inkuisitor" karena menerapkan teknik peradilan yang disebut ''inquisitio'', artinya "wawancara" atau "pengusutan".' Teknik peradilan ini sudah jamak digunakan para pemimpin sekuler. [[Henry II dari Inggris|Raja Henry II]] menerapkannya secara ekstensif di Inggris pada abad ke-12. Di dalam proses peradilan yang menggunakan teknik ini, seorang pewawancara resmi akan meminta informasi terkait pokok persoalan tertentu dari siapa saja yang merasa memiliki sesuatu untuk disampaikan."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/inquisition1.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=Fordham.edu|access-date=13 Oktober 2017}}</ref>
Karena merupakan mahkamah gerejawi, Inkuisisi tidak berwenang mengadili [[Moor|orang Moro]] dan [[orang Yahudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/mconnell_spaninqu_dec05.asp|title=The Spanish Inquisition: Fact Versus Fiction|author=Marvin R. O'Connell|website=Ignatiusinsight.com|access-date=13 Oktober 2017|archive-date=2013-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326012643/http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/mconnell_spaninqu_dec05.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada umumnya Inkuisisi hanya menangani perilaku bidat para pemeluk atau orang-orang yang baru memeluk agama Kristen Katolik.<ref>Salomon, H. P. dan Sassoon, I. S. D., dalam Saraiva, Antonio Jose. ''The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765'' (Brill, 2001), Introduction hlm. XXX.</ref>
Hampir semua hukuman yang dijatuhkan Inkuisisi adalah laku silih, misalnya mengenakan pakaian berjahitkan tanda salib, berziarah, dan lain-lain.<ref name="Burr">{{cite web|url=http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/inquisition1.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=legacy.fordham.edu|access-date=13 Oktober 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320121109/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/inquisition1.asp|archive-date=20 Maret 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Apabila terdakwa terbukti menganut ajaran sesat tanpa merasa bersalah, majelis inkuisitor berkewajiban hukum menyerahkan yang bersangkutan kepada pengadilan negeri untuk dipidana. Pengadilan negeri selanjutnya menentukan sanksi pidana menurut hukum yang berlaku di negeri setempat.<ref>"Apabila mendapati seseorang terbukti menganut ajaran sesat dan enggan memungkiri kesesatannya, atau kembali kepada kesesatan, para inkuisitor harus menyerahkannya ke "tangan dunia", yakni kepada pihak berwenang sekuler, untuk dijatuhi ''animadversio debita'', yakni hukuman yang sudah ditetapkan di dalam undang-undang negara setempat, biasanya hukuman bakar hidup-hidup." (Peters, Edwards. "Inquisition", hlm. 67.)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lea|first=Henry Charles|title=A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages|access-date=07 Oktober 2009|volume=1|chapter=Bab VII. The Inquisition Founded|chapter-url=http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/mm/inquisition/Chapter7.htm|quote=Para ahli bidat yang tegar tengkuk, yang enggan memungkiri kesesatan dan kembali ke pangkuan Gereja dengan laku silih yang setimpal, dan orang-orang yang sudah memungkiri tetapi kemudian kembali kepada kesesatan, harus diserahkan sepenuhnya ke tangan dunia untuk dijatuhi hukuman yang setimpal.|isbn=1-152-29621-3|archive-date=2007-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013221638/http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/mm/inquisition/Chapter7.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Undang-undang mencakup larangan-larangan terhadap tindak pidana keagamaan (bidat dan sebagainya) dengan ancaman [[eksekusi pembakaran|bakar hidup-hidup]] sebagai salah satu bentuk hukuman, kendati hukuman yang biasa dijatuhkan adalah pidana buang atau pidana kurungan seumur hidup, yang biasanya diringankan dengan pengurangan masa hukuman sesudah beberapa tahun dijalani. Oleh karena itu para inkuisitor pada umumnya mengetahui nasib seperti apa yang kelak menimpa para terdakwa yang sedang ditahan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirsch|first=Jonathan|title=The Grand Inquisitors Manual: A History of Terror in the Name of God|date=9 September 2008|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0-06-081699-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/grandinquisi_kirs_2008_000_8670472}}</ref>
Baris 139:
With the [[Protestant Reformation]], Catholic authorities became much more ready to suspect heresy in any new ideas,<ref>{{cite book|last= Stokes|first=Adrian Durham|author-link= Adrian Stokes (critic)|title=Michelangelo: a study in the nature of art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E7epqLi2CwC|access-date= 2009-11-26|edition=2|series=Routledge classics|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26765-6|page=39|quote=Ludovico is so immediately settled in heaven by the poet that some commentators have divined that Michelangelo is voicing heresy, that is to say, the denial of purgatory.}}</ref>
including those of [[Renaissance humanism]],<ref>Erasmus, the arch-Humanist of the Renaissance, came under suspicion of heresy, see
{{cite book|last=Olney|first=Warren|title=Desiderius Erasmus; Paper Read Before the Berkeley Club, March 18, 1920.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdsdOSs6VRgC|access-date=2009-11-26|year=2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-113-40503-6|page=15|quote=Thomas More, in an elaborate defense of his friend, written to a cleric who accused Erasmus of heresy, seems to admit that Erasmus was probably the author of ''Julius''.}}</ref> previously strongly supported by many at the top of the Church hierarchy. The extirpation of heretics became a much broader and more complex enterprise, complicated by the politics of territorial Protestant powers, especially in northern Europe. The Catholic Church could no longer exercise direct influence in the politics and justice-systems of lands that officially adopted Protestantism. Thus war (the [[French Wars of Religion]], the [[Thirty Years' War]]), massacre (the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]]) and the missional<ref>{{cite book|last=Vidmar|first=John C.|author-link=John Vidmar|title=The Catholic Church Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchth0000vidm|year= 2005|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8091-4234-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchth0000vidm/page/241 241]}}</ref> and propaganda work (by the ''[[Sacra congregatio de propaganda fide]]'')<ref>{{cite book|last=Soergel|first=Philip M.|title=Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria|url=https://archive.org/details/wondrousinhissai0000soer|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-08047-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wondrousinhissai0000soer/page/239 239]}}</ref> of the [[Counter-Reformation]] came to play larger roles in these circumstances, and the [[Roman law]] type of a "judicial" approach to heresy represented by the Inquisition became less important overall.
In 1542 [[Pope Paul III]] established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a permanent congregation staffed with [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] and other officials. It had the tasks of maintaining and defending the integrity of the faith and of examining and proscribing errors and false doctrines; it thus became the supervisory body of local Inquisitions.<ref>
[http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/inquisition.html "Christianity | The Inquisition".] The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2012-08-26</ref> Arguably the most famous case tried by the Roman Inquisition was that of [[Galileo affair|Galileo Galilei in 1633]].
Baris 165:
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: "Inkuisisi"]
* [http://www.pbs.org/inquisition/ Arsip Rahasia Inkuisisi. PBS]
* [http://ic.net/~erasmus/RAZ247.HTM Inkuisisi Protestan: "Reformasi" Intoleransi dan Penganiayaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516070550/http://ic.net/~erasmus/RAZ247.HTM |date=2008-05-16 }} oleh [[Dave Armstrong]]
* [http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0503/shea.html "The Immeasurable Curiousity of Edward Peters", p.4 as found in the Pennsylvania Gazzette, a publication of the University of Pennsylvania]
* [http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/column3.html "One Cheer for the Inquisition" online copy of the Catholic Dossier article by Gerard Bradley, Professor of Law, University of Notre Dame.]
Baris 175:
* [http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/inquisition.html Galileo Project: Christianity: Inquisition]
* [http://www.gabrielbernat.es/espana/inquisicion/index.html Inkuisisi Spanyol (1478-1813) (dalam [[Bahasa Spanyol]])]
* [http://ttonline.iantt.pt/dserve.exe?dsqServer=calm6&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=overview.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo='PT-TT-TSO') Indeks jalannya acara pengadilan dan dokumen-dokumen lain dari Inkuisisi Portugis (dalam [[Bahasa Portugis]])]
* [http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=1976&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008 Yudaisme Bawah Tanah dalam Bayang-Bayang Inkuisisi,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041808/http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=1976&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008 |date=2007-10-27 }} Dr. Rivkah Shafek Lissak
* [http://www.chemins-cathares.eu/index_uk.php Jalan Kaum Cathar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927095200/http://www.chemins-cathares.eu/index_uk.php |date=2007-09-27 }} oleh filsuf Yves Maris.
* [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-6682(192410)2:15:2%3C213:TDOTI%3E2.0.CO;2-X L. D. Barnett, "Dua dokumen Inkuisisi", dalam ''The Jewish Quarterly Review'', New Ser., Jilid 15, No. 2 (Okt., 1924), hal. 213-239]
* [http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/k/inquisition/EncJud/index.html Inkuisisi atas umat Yahudi 1481-1834] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912013859/http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/k/inquisition/EncJud/index.html |date=2011-09-12 }} (dari Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971)
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