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'''Winnipeg''' adalah [[ibu kota]] provinsi [[Manitoba]], [[Kanada]]. Penduduknya berjumlah 630705.000244 jiwa ([[2004]]2016). Winnipeg ialah tempat tinggal berbagai bangsa dan budaya, yang sebagian besar merupakan imigran dari berbagai negara di dunia. Setiap tahun, di Winnipeg diperingati ''Festival du Voyageur'', yaitu festival musim salju yang menggambarkan budaya masyarakat keturunan PerancisPrancis di kota ini. [[Sam Katz]] adalah WalikotaWali Kota Winnipeg. Ia juga seorang pemilik tim [[baseball]] semi-pro lokal yang bernama [[Goldeyes]].
[[Berkas:Winnipeg Portage St looking east.jpg|rightka|thumbjmpl|325px| Pemandangan di jalan ''Portage Avenue'', pusat kota Winnipeg]]
== Sejarah ==
Winnipeg bermula dari suatu daerah pemukimanpermukiman yang terletak diantaradi antara pertemuan aliran dua sungai, yaitu [[Sungai Assiniboine]] and [[Sungai Merah]] (''Red River''). Daerah ini juga dikenal dengan nama [[The Forks, Winnipeg, Manitoba|The Forks]], yang merupakan tempat pertemuan dari berbagai rute sungai yang dilalui oleh kano-kano penduduk asli sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu. Nama ''Winnipeg'' berasal dari kata dari suku [[Cree]] Barat, yang berarti "Air Berlumpur".
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=== Trading Posts ===
[[Berkas:UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Upper Fort Garry in the early 1870s]]
In 1738, the [[Sieur de la Vérendrye]] built the first trading post on the site, [[Fort Rouge (the fort)|Fort Rouge]], which was ultimately abandoned.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/mb/forks/natcul/contact_e.asp |title = Parks Canada |author = The Forks National Historic Site of Canada |accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref> Other posts were built in the Red River region. [[Fort Gibraltar]] was built by the [[North West Company]] in 1809 and [[Fort Douglas (Canada)|Fort Douglas]] was built by the [[Hudsons Bay Company|Hudson's Bay Company]] in 1812. The two companies fought fiercely over trade in the area with each destroying the other's fort over the course of several battles. In 1821, the Hudson Bay Company and North West Company ended their long rivalry with a merger.
[[Fort Gibraltar]], a post of the North West Company on the site of present-day Winnipeg, was renamed [[Fort Garry]] in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the [[Hudson Bay Company]]. Fort Garry was destroyed in an 1826 flood, and rebuilt in 1835. It played a small role in fur trading, but housed the residence of the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company for many years.
=== Red River Rebellion ===
In 1869-1870, Winnipeg was the site of the [[Red River Rebellion]], a conflict between the local [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] people led by [[Louis Riel]] and newcomers from eastern Canada. This rebellion led directly to the entry of Manitoba into Confederation as Canada's fifth province in 1870. On [[November 8]], [[1873]], Winnipeg was incorporated as a city. In 1876, the [[post office]] officially adopted the name "Winnipeg," three years after the city's incorporation.
=== Pre-Panama Canal Boom ===
Winnipeg experienced a boom during the 1890s and the first two decades of the twentieth century, and the city's population grew from 25,000 in 1891 to more than 200,000 in 1921. The Manitoba [http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/homepage.html Provincial Legislature Building] reflects the optimism of the boom years. Built of [[Tyndall Stone]] in 1920, the highest point, the top of the dome, has a giant statue finished in gold leaf titled "Eternal Youth" but commonly known as the "[[Golden Boy (Manitoba)|Golden Boy]]". The [[Manitoba Legislative Building]] was elaborately designed based on [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] art, architecture, and the revival of classical philosophy and ideas. It has more recently been identified as incorporating extensive Masonic symbolism.
Winnipeg's growth slowed considerably after the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] in 1914. The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade, and the increase in ship traffic helped [[Vancouver]] surpass Winnipeg to become Canada's third-largest city in the 1920s.
=== Winnipeg General Strike ===
As a result of appalling labour conditions following [[World War I]], 35,000 Winnipeggers walked off the job in May 1919, in what came to be known as the [[Winnipeg General Strike of 1919]]. The government defeated the strike through arrests, deportation and violence. The strike ended in June of 1919, with the reading of the [[Riot Act]] and the death of two strikers and injuring at least 30 others, and was known as ''[[Bloody Saturday]]''. The lasting effect was a polarized population. One of the leaders of the strike, [[J.S. Woodsworth]], went on to found Canada's first socialist party, the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|CCF]], which would later become the [[New Democratic Party]].
[[Berkas:WinnipegGeneralStrike.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Crowd gathered outside old City Hall during the Winnipeg General Strike, [[June 21]], 1919]]
=== The Depression ===
The stock market crash in 1929 only hastened an already steep decline in Winnipeg. The [[Great Depression]] resulted in massive unemployment, which was worsened by drought and depressed agricultural prices. By 1937, city officials told a federal commission that they could no longer function without assistance.
=== World War II ===
The Depression ended when [[World War II]] broke out in 1939. Thousands of Canadians volunteered to join the forces. In Winnipeg, the old established armouries of Minto, Tuxedo (Fort Osborne) and McGregor were so crowded that the military had to take over other buildings to handle the capacity.
Winnipeg played a large part in the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] (BCATP). The mandate of the BCATP was to train flight crews away from the battle zone in Europe. Pilots, navigators, bomb aimers, wireless operators, air gunners, and flight engineers all passed through Winnipeg on their way to the various air schools across Western Canada. Winnipeg headquartered Command No. 2. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://canadawiki.org/index.php/World_War_II | title= World War II | publisher= Canadawiki | accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref>
=== Post-WWII and 1950 Flood ===
The end of World War II brought a new sense of optimism in Winnipeg. Pent-up demand brought a boom in housing development, but the building activity came to a halt in 1950 when city was swamped in the [[Winnipeg Flood]]. The largest flood since 1861 held waters above flood stage for 51 days. On [[May 8]], [[1950]], eight dikes collapsed and four of the city's eleven bridges were destroyed. Nearly 70,000 people had to be evacuated. Premier [[Douglas Lloyd Campbell|Douglas Campbell]] called for federal assistance and Canadian Prime Minister [[Louis St. Laurent]] declared a state of emergency. Soldiers from the [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]] regiment staffed the relief effort for the duration of the flood. Total damages exceeded $1 billion.
=== Red River Floodway ===
To prevent future floods, the Red River Basin Investigation recommended a system of flood control measures, including a multiple diking systems and a floodway to divert the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] around Winnipeg. The project, which included the [[Shellmouth Reservoir]] on the upper [[Assiniboine River]], the [[Portage Diversion]] channel and the Fairford River Water Control Structure, cost $99,200,000 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]. The [[Red River Floodway]] alone cost $62,700,000 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]. Premier [[Duff Roblin]] reached a cost-sharing agreement with the federal government, with construction beginning in October 1962 and ending in 1968. For many years, both critics and supporters called the floodway "Duff's Ditch."
Recently the [[1997 Red River Flood]] resulted in water levels that took the existing floodway to the limits of its design. Soon after, various levels of government commissioned engineering studies for a major increase in flood protection for the City of Winnipeg. Work began in late 2005 under a [[Province|provincial]] [[collective bargaining]] agreement and is slated to include modifications to rail and road crossings as well as [[transmission line]] spans, upgrades to inlet control structures and fire protection, increased elevation of existing dikes, and the widening of the entire floodway channel itself. Completion of the [[Red River Floodway]] Expansion is slated for late 2010 at a final cost of more than $665,000,000 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]].
Winter recreational activities are popular in and around the Red River Floodway. Skiing at the Spring Hill Winter Sports Park, located on the northern section of the floodway, as well as cross-country skiing and snowmobiling are among the most popular activities.
===Amalgamation as Unicity===
The current city of Winnipeg was created when the [[City of Winnipeg Act]] was amended to form [[Unicity]] in 1971. The municipalities of [[St. James-Assiniboia]], [[St. Boniface, Manitoba|St. Boniface]], [[Transcona, Manitoba|Transcona]], [[St. Vital, Manitoba|St. Vital]], [[West Kildonan]], [[East Kildonan, Manitoba|East Kildonan]], [[Tuxedo, Manitoba|Tuxedo]], [[Old Kildonan]], [[North Kildonan]], [[Fort Garry, Manitoba|Fort Garry]], and [[Charleswood, Manitoba|Charleswood]] were amalgamated with the Old City of Winnipeg.
Small portions of the city have since seceded, but the vast majority of the populated area of the city remains within one single municipality. In order to prevent urban sprawl, the city restricted development to inside an urban limit line and in most cases left several kilometres of open space between the municipal boundary and suburban developments. Surrounding municipalities have a combined population of less than 100,000.
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== Iklim ==
Winnipeg terkenal oleh musim saljunya yang berkepanjangan dan musim panasnya yang sangat pendek. Karena letak geografisnya di tengah benua [[Amerika Utara]] dan tanah [[Prairie Kanada|padang rumput]] (''prairie''), angin dingin (''windchill'') berhembus melalui Winnipeg setiap musim dingin. Hal ini menyebabkan [[iklim]] pada musim dingin di Winnipeg dapat jatuh ke tingkat yang ekstrimekstrem. Tingkat terendah bahkan sampai -60 derajat Celcius, meskipun pada umumnya berkisar antara -10 C sampai -35 C. Winnipeg mungkin termasuk sebagai salah-satu kota yang terdingin di muka bumi.
== Perekonomian ==
Kota Winnipeg berdasarkan sensus tahun 2001 berpenduduk sebanyak 619.544 orang, yang merupakan 54% dari total penduduk Manitoba. Penduduk Winnipeg bertambah sebanyak 12.000 jiwa antara tahun 1996 sampai 2001. Tingkat pertumbuhan total tahunan Winnipeg sebesar 0.5% telah terjadi sejak tahun 1971. Sebagian besar pertumbuhan tersebut berasal dari imigrasi dan ''in-migrasi'', yaitu migrasi dari daerah-daerah rural sekitarnya dan dari komunitas-komunitas aborigin (''[[Suku Indian|Native American]]'').
[[Calgary]] dan [[Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton]], yang dahulunya adalah kota-kota tetangga yang lebih kecil, telah tumbuh masing-masing sebesar 4.5% dan 3.0% per tahun pada periode yang sama dan masing-masing saat ini telah memiliki populasi metropolitan di atas 1 juta orang penduduk. Winnipeg yang pernah menjadi kota ketiga terbesar Kanada (sampai dengan tahun 1930-an), akan tetapi pada awal tahun 1970-an, perekonomian Kanada berkembang menjauh dari industri rural berbasis pertanian. Demikian pula pola perdagangan Kanada berubah dari timur-barat menjadi utara-selatan, yang kesemuanya mengakibatkan berhentinya pertumbuhan Winnipeg dan ia turun menjadi kota terbesar ke-6 pada tahun 2004.
Winnipeg Metropolitan Area berada pada urutan ke-8 dalam hal populasi di Kanada, sedikit di belakang [[Quebec City, Quebec]], dan [[Hamilton, Ontario]]. Tingkat pertumbuhan Winnipeg telah meningkat pada tahun-tahun terakhir ini dan Metropolitan Winnipeg kemungkinan akan dapat melampaui Quebec City dan Hamilton kembali pada masa yang tidak lama lagi.
Berdasarkan sensus tahun 2001:
* 25.7% dari populasi berusia 19 atau lebih muda
* 29.4% dari populasi berusia antara 20 dan 39
* 31.6% dari populasi berusia antara 40 dan 64
* 13.3% dari populasi berusia 65 atau lebih tua
== Komposisi Etnis, Agama dan Bahasa ==
'''Kelompok Etnis'''
Sensus [[Statistics Canada]] menanyakan kepada responden apakah mereka keturunan aborigin dan apakah termasuk keturunan kelompok minoritas (''visible minority''). Berdasarkan data tahun 2001:<ref name="statcan2001" />
* Kaukasia: 78.0%
* Total kelompok minoritas: 13.4%, dengan pembagian:
'''Afilisasi Keagamaan'''
* [[Katolik Roma]]: 29.8%
* [[United Church of Canada]]: 12.7%
* [[Gereja Anglikan|Kristen Anglikan]]: 7.0%
* [[Gereja Lutheran|Kristen Lutheran]]: 4.4%
* [[Gereja Katolik-Yunani Ukraina|Katolik Ukraina]]: 2.7%
* [[Gereja Menonit|Kristen Mennonite]]: 2.6%
* [[Yahudi]]: 2.1%
* [[Gereja Baptis|Kristen Baptis]]: 2.1%
* [[Gereja Pentakosta|Kristen Pentakosta]]: 1.1%
* [[Buddha]]: 0.9%
* [[Sikh]]: 0.9%
* [[Islam]]: 0.8%
* [[Kristen Ortodoks|Ortodoks Yunani]]: 0.7%
* [[Gereja Presbyterian|Kristen Presbyterian]]: 0.7%
* [[Hindu]]: 0.6%
* [[Kristen]] (tidak termasuk lain-lain): 3.6%
* [[Kristen Protestan|Protestan]] (tidak termasuk lain-lain): 1.9%
* [[Atheis]] (tidak beragama): 21.0%
Afiliasi keagamaan yang kurang dari 0.5% tidak dicantumkan. Unit tampilan adalah persentase populasi. 1.4% dari populasi tidak menjawab.
:''<small>Sumber: Statistics Canada (Census 2001)</small>''.<ref name="statcan2001" />
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'''Penggunaan Bahasa'''
Bahasa yang paling umum digunakan oleh penduduk Winnipeg: [[Bahasa Inggris]] (99.0%), [[Bahasa PerancisPrancis]] (11.1%), [[Bahasa Jerman]] (4.1%), [[Bahasa Tagalog]] (3.8%), [[Bahasa Ukraina]] (3.1%), [[Bahasa Spanyol]] (1.7%), [[Bahasa Mandarin]] (1.7%), [[Bahasa Polandia]] (1.7%), [[Bahasa Portugis]] (1.3%), [[Bahasa Italia]] (1.1%), [[Bahasa Punjabi]] (1.0%), [[Bahasa Vietnam]] (0.6%), [[Bahasa Ojibway]] (0.6%), [[Bahasa Hindi]] (0.5%), [[Bahasa Russia]] (0.5%), [[Bahasa Cree]] (0.5%), [[Bahasa Belanda]] (0.4%), [[Bahasa Isyarat]] (0.3%), [[Bahasa Arab]] (0.3%), [[Bahasa Kroasia]] (0.3%), [[Bahasa Yunani]] (0.3%), [[Bahasa Hungaria]] (0.3%), [[Bahasa Jepang]] (0.2%), [[Bahasa Kreol]] (0.1%), [[Bahasa Denmark]] (0.1%), [[Bahasa Gaelic]]s (0.0%), [[Bahasa Inuktitut]] (0.0%), [[Bahasa Micmac]] (0.0%).
Penggunaan [[bahasa resmi]] Kanada oleh penduduk Winnipeg: 88.0% hanya Bahasa Inggris, 11.0% Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa PerancisPrancis, 0.9% tidak menggunakan Bahasa Inggris atau Bahasa PerancisPrancis, dan 0.1% hanya Bahasa PerancisPrancis.
:''<small>Sumber: Statistics Canada (Census 2001)</small>''<ref name="statcan2001" />
:''<small>Sumber: Winnipeg 2001 census summary</small>''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/Census/2001/City%20of%20Winnipeg/City%20of%20Winnipeg/City%20of%20Winnipeg.pdf|title=Winnipeg 2001 census summary|author=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
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