Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Politics of the European Union}}
'''Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama''' ({{lang-en|Common Agricultural Policy}}, disingkat '''''CAP''''') adalah seperangkat [[Hukum Uni Eropa|undang-undang]] yang diterapkan [[Uni Eropa]] (UE) untuk menghasilkan [[kebijakan]] yang seragam dan terpadu dalam bidang [[pertanian]].{{sfnp|European Council|2018a|ps=: "''The CAP is a set of laws adopted by the EU to provide a common, unified policy on agriculture.''"|loc=Legal definition}} Kebijakan ini menerapkan sistem [[subsidi pertanian]] dan program-program lainnya,{{sfnp|Muhaimin|Dyanasari|2017|p=7}} dengan misi utama untuk menjamin kehidupan yang layak bagi [[petani]],
== Tujuan ==
Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama merupakan kombinasi antara subsidi-subsidi pertanian dan kebijakan pembangunan pertanian lainnya, yang sejak awal bertujuan untuk menjamin [[Ketahanan pangan|keamanan pangan]] di [[Eropa]] setelah [[Perang Dunia II]].{{sfnp|Vine|2014|p=16}} Kebijakan ini mempunyai tujuan yang ditetapkan sejak 1958 sampai sekarang, antara lain:{{sfnp|Thamrin|2014}}{{sfnp|European Council|2018a}}{{sfnp|Gray|2009}}
Baris 21 ⟶ 22:
== Sejarah ==
[[Sejarah]] Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama (''{{lang|en|CAP}}'') Uni Eropa bermula di [[Eropa Barat]] pada 1950-an paska [[Perang Dunia II]], kondisi sektor pertanian di Eropa setelah perang mengalami kelumpuhan dan kekurangan
Pada bulan Juni [[1960]], [[Komisi Eropa]] melontarkan pandangan dalam rangka mewujudkan kebijakan pertanian bersama. Komisaris Eropa [[Sicco Mansholt]],{{sfnp|European Commission|2012|p=5|loc=''Sicco Mansholt : father of the CAP''|ps=: Sicco Mansholt adalah perencana utama kebijakan pertanian Eropa. Dia yang merencanakan unsur-unsur utama Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama, seperti jaminan harga dan pendanaan bersama antara negara-negara anggota dalam perundingan [[maraton]] yang diakhiri pada 1962.}} seorang petani dan politisi [[Belanda]], merupakan pencetus utama yang memprakarsai kebijakan pertanian di Eropa.{{sfnp|European Commission|2017a}} Kebijakan ini digadang-gadang sebagai kebijakan tunggal yang bertujuan untuk menyediakan pangan yang terjangkau dan standar hidup yang adil bagi petani di Eropa.{{sfnp|Gray|2009|p=19}}{{sfnp|European Commission|2012|p=3}} Kebijakan pertanian ini mula-mula difokuskan untuk mendorong produktivitas pertanian sehingga konsumen memiliki persediaan pangan yang stabil, sekaligus memastikan Uni Eropa memiliki sektor pertanian yang berkelanjutan. Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama memberikan subsidi dan sistem jaminan harga bagi petani, juga memberikan insentif bagi mereka agar meningkatkan produktivitasnya.{{sfnp|European Commission|2007}}{{sfnp|Knott|James|2015}}[[Berkas:Directorate-General_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_in_Brussels.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|Direktorat Jenderal Pertanian dan Pembangunan Pedesaan (''{{lang|en|Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development}}'') di Brussels. Departemen Komisi ini bertanggung jawab untuk kebijakan Uni Eropa terkait pertanian dan pembangunan pedesaan serta berurusan dengan semua aspek Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama (''{{lang|en|CAP}}'').]]
Baris 85 ⟶ 86:
=== Reformasi kebijakan ===
Uni Eropa memulai kebijakan-kebijakan khusus untuk menyelaraskan produksi dengan kebutuhan pasar.{{sfnp|European Commission|2012|p=3}} Meskipun perdebatan tentang reformasi Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama sudah dimulai pada awal tahun 1970,{{sfnp|Weyerbrock|1998|p=380}} kebijakan-kebijakan untuk pengendalian produksi baru dimulai pada tahun 1980-an.{{sfnp|European Commission|2012|p=4}} Sejak awal, CAP telah berevolusi dari program yang berfokus pada komoditas dengan tujuan spesifik untuk memastikan keamanan pangan dan mendukung pendapatan pertanian di Eropa, menjadi sistem mekanisme bantuan dengan tujuan yang sangat beragam.{{sfnp|Boulanger|Jomini|p=3|Zhang|Costa|2010}} Mereka memulai transisi dan perubahan secara sistematis untuk mengatasi masalah kelebihan produksi, dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan ''[[dumping]]''.{{sfnp|Delayen|2007|p=1}} Tindakan struktural diterapkan untuk mengendalikan kapasitas produksi agar
==== Penetapan kuota susu (1984) ====
Baris 104 ⟶ 105:
==== Reformasi 2003 ====
Dewan Menteri Pertanian Uni Eropa mencapai kesepakatan pada 26 Juni 2003 untuk reformasi Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama, berdasarkan
[[Berkas:Common Agricultural Policy 2014-2020 meeting of Chairpersons of Agriculture Committees of the EU member states in the Polish Senate.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|Peserta pertemuan "Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama 2014-2020" Ketua Komite Pertanian anggota Uni Eropa di Senat [[Polandia]]|al=]]
Baris 111 ⟶ 112:
Reformasi 2013 sepenuhnya sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama. Reformasi ini terus berfokus pada penyediaan makanan yang aman, berkualitas tinggi dan terjangkau untuk konsumen di Uni Eropa dan global. Reformasi ini juga sepenuhnya mengakui dan menaati aturan Uni Eropa mengenai kesejahteraan hewan dan lingkungan, serta memastikan standar hidup yang adil bagi para petani Eropa.
<!--=== Kronologi reformasi Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama ===
* 1971: hasil dari Perencanaan Mansholt adalah penyesuaian kebijakan yang ditujukan untuk memperbaiki struktur pertanian
* 1984: penyerapan kembali surplus produksi, melalui pengaturan kuota produksi, khususnya di sektor produksi susu, serta kebijakan pengurangan jaminan harga
* 1988: penetapan nilai anggaran maksimal untuk pengeluaran tahunan
* 1992: terjadi perubahan penting pada kebijakan jaminan harga, yaitu dengan diturunkannya jaminan harga mendekati nilai harga dunia. Penurunan ini diimbangi dengan pemberian bantuan langsung kepada petani
* 1999: pemberian bantuan untuk pembangunan pedesaan dan pembentukan kerangka pendanaan untuk periode 2000-2006. Reformasi ini ditujukan untuk mempersiapkan kedatangan sepuluh anggota baru yang akan bergabung. Di samping itu untuk meyesuaikan dengan peraturan [[Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia]]
* 2003: disepakati reformasi 2003 yang dikepalai oleh Komisaris Eropa, Franz Fischler.
* 2013: kesepakatan anggaran untuk periode 2014-2020
-->
== Struktur pilar ==
Baris 151 ⟶ 162:
=== Pilar kedua ===
==== ''{{lang|en|Rural development}}'' ====
Pertanian tidak hanya mencakup bahan pangan dan makanan, tetapi juga mencakup penanganan daerah pedesaan dan sumber daya alam di sekitarnya. Semua negara anggota Uni Eropa menjaga daerah pedesaan dan mempertahankan cara hidup dalam masyarakat pedesaannya. Mereka beranggapan jika Uni Eropa tidak mempunyai sawah untuk bertani
* modernisasi pertanian, menggalakkan penyerapan teknologi dan inovasi
Baris 200 ⟶ 211:
* Dukungan pada pertanian keluarga skala kecil dan menengah, serta mendorong petani muda
* Menjamin cita-cita yang lebih tinggi pada kebijakan lingkungan dan iklim, dan membantu petani yang memenuhi standar lingkungan dan keberlanjutan
* Mendorong pengembangan dinamika masyarakat pedesaan dan membantu petani memenuhi harapan publik terkait kualitas dan kesehatan pangan|loc=''Nine clear objectives shape the future CAP''}} Komisi Eropa mengusulkan sistem yang lebih fleksibel, menyederhanakan dan memodernisasi cara kerja Kebijakan bagi petani dan negara-negara Uni Eropa. Pendekatan “''{{Lang|en|one-size-fits all}}''” dari masa lalu akan diubah dengan memberikan lebih banyak kebebasan kepada negara-negara UE, membiarkan mereka memutuskan caranya sendiri untuk mencapai tujuan bersama yang ditetapkan di tingkat Uni Eropa sehingga dapat menanggapi kebutuhan petani mereka dengan sebaik-baiknya.
* Satu tujuan yang ditetapkan di tingkat Uni Eropa untuk keseluruhan Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama
* Perangkat kebijakan yang lebih luas akan disetujui di tingkat Uni Eropa, menetapkan apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh negara anggota dengan dana yang dialokasikan pada mereka. Setiap negara kemudian bebas memilih kebijakan khusus yang dianggap paling efektif untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya
Baris 253 ⟶ 263:
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