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'''Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama''' ({{lang-en|Common Agricultural Policy}}, disingkat '''''CAP''''') adalah seperangkat [[Hukum Uni Eropa|undang-undang]] yang diterapkan [[Uni Eropa]] (UE) untuk menghasilkan [[kebijakan]] yang seragam dan terpadu dalam bidang [[pertanian]].{{sfnp|European Council|2018a|ps=: "''The CAP is a set of laws adopted by the EU to provide a common, unified policy on agriculture.''"|loc=Legal definition}} Kebijakan ini menerapkan sistem [[subsidi pertanian]] dan program-program lainnya,{{sfnp|Muhaimin|Dyanasari|2017|p=7}} dengan misi utama untuk menjamin kehidupan yang layak bagi [[petani]], persediaan [[pangan]] yang stabil, aman serta terjangkau.{{sfnp|European Commission|2013}}{{sfnp|European Commission|2017c|loc=''Why and how the EU supports farmers''|ps=: Pertanian tidak seperti bisnis lainnya. Meskipun pentingnya produksi pangan, pendapatan petani jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan pendapatan non-pertanian (sekitar 40%). Pertanian lebih bergantung pada cuaca dan iklim dibanding sektor lainnya. Selain itu ada kesenjangan waktu antara permintaan konsumen dan petani yang mampu memasok: menanam gandum atau menghasilkan susu pasti membutuhkan waktu.}} Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama lahir pada tahun [[1962]] dan telah mengalami beberapa kali perubahan, reformasi besar terjadi tahun [[1992]], [[2003]] dan [[2013]] sebagai upaya adaptasi terhadap perubahan-perubahan di dunia.{{sfnp|European Commission|2017a}} Reformasi 2013 difokuskan pada tiga prioritas: produksi pangan berkelanjutan, pengelolaan [[sumber daya alam]] dan [[pembangunan pedesaan]] yang berimbang di seluruh Uni Eropa.{{sfnp|European Commission|2013}}{{sfnp|European Commission|2012|p=5|loc=''A model for others''|ps=: Kebijakan Pertanian Besama (''CAP'') merupakan kebijakan Uni Eropa yang pertama dan selama bertahun-tahun menjadi satu-satunya kebijakan yang terintegrasi. ''CAP'' membuka jalan bagi pasar tunggal Uni Eropa pada tahun 1992. Sistem harga tunggal juga mengharuskan ''CAP'' untuk menciptakan mata uangnya sendiri, yaitu "''unit of account''" (''UA''), pendahulu ''[[euro]]''. Ketika diperkenalkan pada tahun 1962, satu ''UA'' bernilai satu dolar AS.}} Pada 2018 [[Komisi Eropa]] mengusulkan sistem yang lebih fleksibel, dengan menyederhanakan dan memodernisasi mekanisme kebijakan bagi petani dan negara-negara Uni Eropa.{{sfnp|European Commission|2018}}
 
== Tujuan ==
Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama merupakan kombinasi antara subsidi-subsidi pertanian dan kebijakan pembangunan pertanian lainnya, yang sejak awal bertujuan untuk menjamin [[Ketahanan pangan|keamanan pangan]] di [[Eropa]] setelah [[Perang Dunia II]].{{sfnp|Vine|2014|p=16}} Kebijakan ini mempunyai tujuan yang ditetapkan sejak 1958 sampai sekarang, antara lain:{{sfnp|Thamrin|2014}}{{sfnp|European Council|2018a}}{{sfnp|Gray|2009}}
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==== Reformasi 2003 ====
Dewan Menteri Pertanian Uni Eropa mencapai kesepakatan pada 26 Juni 2003 untuk reformasi Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama, berdasarkan proposalusulan Komisi yang dipresentasikan pada 23 Januari 2003.{{sfnp|Sertöz|2014|p=223}} Reformasi 2003 atau Reformasi Fischler ditandai dengan pemisahan pembayaran langsung dari produksi agar para petani mampu merespon kondisi pasar yang terjadi. Reformasi ini juga memperkuat kebijakan pembangunan pedesaan, termasuk pengurangan pembayaran langsung untuk mendanai pembangunan pedesaan.{{sfnp|Boulanger|Jomini|p=6|Zhang|Costa|2010}} Reformasi ini memperkenalkan skema pembayaran tunggal yang tidak terkait hasil produk tertentu (''{{Lang|en|decoupled}}''), memisahkan pembayaran langsung kepada petani dan memperkenalkan konsep 'kepatuhan silang' (''{{Lang|en|cross compliance}}''), petani akan menerima pembayaran jika mereka memperhatikan standar keamanan pangan, perlindungan lingkungan, serta standar kesehatan dan kesejahteraan hewan.{{sfnp|European Commission|2017a}}{{sfnp|European Commission|2012|p=3}} Pada tahun 2008, 'pemeriksaan kesehatan' (''{{Lang|en|health check}}'') dilakukan untuk menyesuaikan pelaksanaan reformasi 2003.{{sfnp|Boulanger|Jomini|p=3|Zhang|Costa|2010}}
[[Berkas:Common Agricultural Policy 2014-2020 meeting of Chairpersons of Agriculture Committees of the EU member states in the Polish Senate.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|Peserta pertemuan "Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama 2014-2020" Ketua Komite Pertanian anggota Uni Eropa di Senat [[Polandia]]|al=]]
 
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Reformasi 2013 sepenuhnya sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama. Reformasi ini terus berfokus pada penyediaan makanan yang aman, berkualitas tinggi dan terjangkau untuk konsumen di Uni Eropa dan global. Reformasi ini juga sepenuhnya mengakui dan menaati aturan Uni Eropa mengenai kesejahteraan hewan dan lingkungan, serta memastikan standar hidup yang adil bagi para petani Eropa.
 
<!--=== Kronologi reformasi Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama ===
* 1971: hasil dari Perencanaan Mansholt adalah penyesuaian kebijakan yang ditujukan untuk memperbaiki struktur pertanian
* 1984: penyerapan kembali surplus produksi, melalui pengaturan kuota produksi, khususnya di sektor produksi susu, serta kebijakan pengurangan jaminan harga
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* 1992: terjadi perubahan penting pada kebijakan jaminan harga, yaitu dengan diturunkannya jaminan harga mendekati nilai harga dunia. Penurunan ini diimbangi dengan pemberian bantuan langsung kepada petani
* 1999: pemberian bantuan untuk pembangunan pedesaan dan pembentukan kerangka pendanaan untuk periode 2000-2006. Reformasi ini ditujukan untuk mempersiapkan kedatangan sepuluh anggota baru yang akan bergabung. Di samping itu untuk meyesuaikan dengan peraturan [[Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia]]
* 2003: disepakati Perjanjianreformasi Luksemburg2003 yang dipimpindikepalai oleh Komisaris Eropa, Franz Fischler.
* 2013: kesepakatan anggaran untuk periode 2014-2020
-->
 
== Struktur pilar ==
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=== Pilar kedua ===
==== ''{{lang|en|Rural development}}'' ====
Pertanian tidak hanya mencakup bahan pangan dan makanan, tetapi juga mencakup penanganan daerah pedesaan dan sumber daya alam di sekitarnya. Semua negara anggota Uni Eropa menjaga daerah pedesaan dan mempertahankan cara hidup dalam masyarakat pedesaannya. Mereka beranggapan jika Uni Eropa tidak mempunyai sawah untuk bertani atau punataupun petani,  maka pasar tidak akan terjaga dan terlestarikan. Banyak pekerjaan di perdesaan Eropa yang diasosiasikan dengan pertanian sehingga petani pedesaan membutuhkan mesin pertanian, bahan bakar, bangunan, pupuk dan jaminan kesehatan hewan.{{sfnp|Thamrin|2014}} Daerah perdesaan mencakup 44% dari wilayah Uni Eropa, kawasan perantara lainnya 44%, sedangkan daerah perkotaan hanya mewakili 12%.{{sfnp|European Union|2018a|p=3|ps=: Di UE-N13, daerah pedesaan cakupan wilayahnya lebih tinggi (48,4%) sementara daerah perkotaan kurang signifikan (4,6%). Sebagian besar wilayah pedesaan mewakili sekitar 80% di Irlandia, Finlandia, Estonia, Portugal, dan Austria.}} Kebijakan pembangunan pedesaan (''{{lang|en|rural development}}'') Uni Eropa diatur dalam Regulasi (EU) No 1305/2013.{{sfnp|European Union|2013c}} Kebijakan ini merupakan instrumen penting untuk mendukung [[pembangunan berkelanjutan]] di daerah [[pedesaan]] dan pertanian, termasuk [[pertanian organik]] di Uni Eropa. Prosedur pembangunan pedesaan Uni Eropa berkontribusi untuk:{{sfnp|European Council|2018a}}
 
* modernisasi pertanian, menggalakkan penyerapan teknologi dan inovasi
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* Dukungan pada pertanian keluarga skala kecil dan menengah, serta mendorong petani muda
* Menjamin cita-cita yang lebih tinggi pada kebijakan lingkungan dan iklim, dan membantu petani yang memenuhi standar lingkungan dan keberlanjutan
* Mendorong pengembangan dinamika masyarakat pedesaan dan membantu petani memenuhi harapan publik terkait kualitas dan kesehatan pangan|loc=''Nine clear objectives shape the future CAP''}} Komisi Eropa mengusulkan sistem yang lebih fleksibel, menyederhanakan dan memodernisasi cara kerja Kebijakan bagi petani dan negara-negara Uni Eropa. Pendekatan “''{{Lang|en|one-size-fits all}}''” dari masa lalu akan diubah dengan memberikan lebih banyak kebebasan kepada negara-negara UE, membiarkan mereka memutuskan caranya sendiri untuk mencapai tujuan bersama yang ditetapkan di tingkat Uni Eropa sehingga dapat menanggapi kebutuhan petani mereka dengan sebaik-baiknya. ProposalUsulan Komisi Eropa meliputi:{{sfnp|European Commission|2018}}
 
* Satu tujuan yang ditetapkan di tingkat Uni Eropa untuk keseluruhan Kebijakan Pertanian Bersama
* Perangkat kebijakan yang lebih luas akan disetujui di tingkat Uni Eropa, menetapkan apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh negara anggota dengan dana yang dialokasikan pada mereka. Setiap negara kemudian bebas memilih kebijakan khusus yang dianggap paling efektif untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya
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▲* {{cite work|last=Cantore|first1=Nicola|last2=Page|first2=Sheila|last3=Velde|first3=Dirk Willem te|last-author-amp=yes|date=|year=2011|title=Making the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy coherent with development goals|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7279.pdf|issn=0140-8682|language=en|location=[[London]]|publisher=Overseas Development Institute (ODI)|access-date=|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite news|last=Durisin|first=Megan|last2=Almeida|first2=Isis|last3=Anguyo|first3=Innocent|last-author-amp=yes|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-27/europeans-eat-into-butter-mountain-in-sign-high-prices-to-linger|title=Europe’s Butter Mountain Has Melted Away|year=2017|website=Bloomberg|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|location=[[New York]]|language=en|access-date=14 Mei 2018|ref=harv}}
 
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▲* {{cite book|url=http://www.seerural.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/04_THE-COMMON-AGRICULTURAL-POLICY-EXPLAINED.pdf|title=The Common Agricultural Policy Explained|author=European Commission|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|year=2007|isbn=|series=|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|format=PDF|issn=|ref=harv|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite book|url=https://publications.europa.eu/s/gOWu|title=The Common Agricultural Policy – A story to be continued|author=European Commission|author-mask=|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|year=2012|isbn=978-92-79-23265-7|location=[[Luxembourg]]|page=|pages=|language=en|format=PDF|doi=10.2762/35894|doi-access=free|ref=harv|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-631_en.htm|title=The common agricultural policy (CAP) and agriculture in Europe–Frequently asked questions|year=2013|website=Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|access-date=9 Mei 2018|ref=harv|author=European Commission|author-mask=|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite book|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a4dbd4d5-b12a-4a3d-99ee-56f4bcd325b3/language-en|title=Young farmers and the CAP|author=European Commission|author-mask=|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|year=2015a|isbn=978-92-79-38499-8|location=[[Luxembourg]]|page=|pages=|language=en|format=PDF|doi=10.2762/53737|doi-access=free|ref=harv|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/cap-funding/pdf/cap-spending-09-2015_en.pdf|title=EU agriculture spending|year=2015b|website=Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|access-date=|ref=harv|author=European Commission|author-mask=|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-overview/history_en|title=The history of the common agricultural policy|year=2017a|website=Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|access-date=9 Mei 2018|ref=harv|author=European Commission|author-mask=|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-funding_en|title=Financing the Common Agricultural Policy|year=2017b|website=Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|access-date=10 Mei 2018|ref=harv|author=European Commission|author-mask=|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-overview/simplification_en|title=The common agricultural policy at a glance|year=2017c|website=Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|access-date=10 Mei 2018|ref=harv|author=European Commission|author-mask=|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support_en|title=Direct support|year=2017d|website=Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|access-date=10 Mei 2018|ref=harv|author=European Commission|author-mask=|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite book|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/541f0184-759e-11e7-b2f2-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-40843483|title=CAP Explained: Direct payments for farmers 2015-2020|year=2017e|website=|publisher=Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|doi=10.2762/572019|doi-access=free|isbn=978-92-79-67876-9|ref=harv|author=European Commission|author-mask=|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite work|url=https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/future-of-cap/future_of_food_and_farming_communication_en.pdf|title=The Future of Food and Farming|year=2017f|publisher=European Commission|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|ref=harv|author=European Commission|work=Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
* {{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/future-cap_en#proposal|title=Future of the common agricultural policy|year=2018|publisher=European Commission|location=[[Brussels]]|language=en|ref=harv|author=European Commission|access-date=10 Juni 2018|author-link=Komisi Eropa}}
 
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* {{cite journal|author=European Union|author-link=Uni Eropa|year=2013a|title=Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing rules for direct payments to farmers under support schemes within the framework of the common agricultural policy and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 637/2008 and Council Regulation (EC) No 73/2009|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R1307&from=en|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|language=en|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Publication Office of the European Union|volume=56|series=L 347|pages=608–670|doi=10.3000/19770677.L_2013.347.eng|doi-access=free|issn=1977-0677|ref=harv}}
 
* {{cite journal|author=European Union|author-link=Uni Eropa|year=2013b|title=Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R1308&from=en|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|language=en|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Publication Office of the European Union|volume=56|series=L 347|pages=671–854|doi=10.3000/19770677.L_2013.347.eng|doi-access=free|issn=1977-0677|ref=harv}}
 
* {{cite journal|author=European Union|author-link=Uni Eropa|year=2013c|title=Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R1305&from=en|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|language=en|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Publication Office of the European Union|volume=56|series=L 347|pages=487–548|doi=10.3000/19770677.L_2013.347.eng|doi-access=free|issn=1977-0677|ref=harv}}
 
* {{cite journal|author=European Union|author-link=Uni Eropa|year=2013d|title=Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 352/78, (EC) No 165/94, (EC) No 2799/98, (EC) No 814/2000, (EC) No 1290/2005 and (EC) No 485/2008|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R1306&from=en|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|language=en|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Publication Office of the European Union|volume=56|series=L 347|pages=549–607|doi=10.3000/19770677.L_2013.347.eng|doi-access=free|issn=1977-0677|ref=harv}}
 
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