Muhacir: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Muhajir.jpg|thumbjmpl|250px|Muhacir tiba di [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]], pada tahun 1912.]]

'''Muhacir''', '''Macırlar''', atau '''Muhajir''', adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada sekitar 10 juta [[Muslim]] [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]] (termasuk [[bangsa Turki|orang Turki]], [[bangsa Albania|Albania]], [[Bosniak]], [[Adighe]], [[Tatar Krimea]] dan [[Pomak]]) yang beremigrasibermigrasi ke [[Anatolia]] dari akhir abad ke-18 hingga abad ke-20.

Pada awalnya, sekitar 5-7 juta pendatang Muslim dari wilayah asing tiba di [[Anatolia]] dari tahun 1783 hingga 1914. Migrasi pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 disebabkan oleh kekalahan Utsmaniyah dalam [[Perang Balkan Pertama|Perang Balkan 1912-13]] dan [[Perang Dunia I]] yang membuat mereka kehilangan banyak wilayah.<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=612">{{Harvnb|Karpat|2004|loc=612}}.</ref> Para pengungsi yang disebut Muhacir ini menganggap Kesultanan Utsmaniyah (dan kemudian [[Republik Turki]]) sebagai "tanah air" yang akan melindungi mereka.<ref name="Armstrong 2012 loc=134">{{Harvnb|Armstrong|2012|loc=134}}.</ref> Banyak Muhacir yang melarikan diri ke Anatolia akibat [[penindasan Muslim Utsmaniyah|penindasan]] di bekas wilayah Utsmaniyah selama tahun-tahun terakhir Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Setelah pendirian Republik Turki pada tahun 1923, banyak orang Turki dan Muslim lainnya yangberdatangan dalam jumlah datangbesar dari [[Balkan]], pesisir [[Laut Hitam]], [[Kaukasus]], [[Kepulauan Aegea]], [[Siprus]], [[Sanjak Alexandretta]] ([[Provinsi Hatay|Hatay]]), [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Uni Soviet]]; sebagian besar bermukim di wilayah perkotaan di Anatolia barat laut.<ref name="Çaǧaptay 2006 loc=82">{{Harvnb|Çaǧaptay|2006|loc=82}}.</ref><ref name="Bosma et al 2012 loc=17">{{Harvnb|Bosma|Lucassen|Oostindie|2012|loc=17}}</ref> Pada tahun 1930-an, jumlah orang bermigrasi semakin bertambah dengan kedatangan dua juta imigran Muslim. Sebagian besar dari imigran tersebut merupakan orang Turki di Balkan yang didiskriminasi dan ditindas di tempat asal mereka.<ref name="Çaǧaptay 2006 loc=82"/> Setelah itu datang gelombang orang Turki dan Muslim lainnya yang diusir dari [[Bulgaria]] dan [[Yugoslavia]] antara tahun 1951 hingga 1953, dan kemudian terdapat perpindahan besar lain dari Bulgaria pada tahun 1983-89, sehingga secara keseluruhan jumlah Muhacir mencapai sepuluh juta.<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=612"/> Kini, sekitar sepertiga atau seperempat warga Turki merupakan keturunan para Muhacir.<ref name="Bosma et al 2012 loc=17"/>

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