Nihilisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Nihilisme''' ({{etymology|la|nihil|tidak ada}}) adalah pandangan filosofi, aliran, atau [[Mazhab pemikiran|mazhab]] dalam filsafat, yang menolak aspek umum dan fundamental dari eksistensi manusia,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Crosby|first=Donald A.|title=Nihilism|year=1998|doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1|encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9780415250696|quote=As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nietzsche and Philosophy|last=Deleuze|first=Gilles|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=1962|isbn=978-0-231-13877-2|location=London|translator-last=Tomlinson|translator-first=Hugh|publication-date=1983|quote=Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.}}</ref> seperti [[kebenaran]] objektif, [[pengetahuan]], [[moralitas]], [[nilai]], atau [[makna kehidupan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Veit|first=Walter|date=2018|title=Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem|url=https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804|journal=Journal of Camus Studies|volume=|pages=211–236|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804|via=}}</ref><ref>{{unbulleted list|{{cite encyclopedia|last=Crosby|first=Donald A.|title=Nihilism|year=1998|doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1|encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9780415250696|quote=As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.}}|{{cite encyclopedia|last=Pratt|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Pratt|title=Nihilism|encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm|archive-date=2010-04-12|quote=Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.}}|{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nihilism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism |quote=In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe.}}|{{OEtymD|nihilism|nihil}}}}</ref> BeberapaPara nihilis menyatakanmemiliki pandanganpemahaman mereka secarayang berbeda dalam mengungkapkan pandangan mereka, tetapi pada intinya tetap serupa, yaitu bahwa nilai-nilai manusia tidak berdasar, bahwa hidup tidak berartibermakna, bahwa pengetahuan adalah kemustahilan,. atauMereka juga percaya bahwa beberapa [[entitas]] tidak ada, tidak berarti, atau tidak ada gunanya.<ref name="IEP">[[Alan Pratt|Pratt, Alan]]. "[https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/ Nihilism]." ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2007-01-16 |archive-date=2010-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |date=2010dead-04-12url=unfit }}</ref><ref name="SEP">{{cite web |title=The Meaning of Life#Nihilism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/#Nih |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

Para penganut nihilisme mungkin menganggap nihilisme hanya sebagai label yang diterapkan pada beberapa pandangan filsafat,.<ref name=terBorg1988>{{cite journal|last=ter Borg|first=Meerten B.|year=1988|title=The Problem of Nihilism: A Sociological Approach|journal=Sociological Analysis|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|jstor=3711099|doi=10.2307/3711099}}</ref> atauAda juga yang menganggapnya sebagai konsep sejarah berbeda yang berkembang dari nominalisme, skeptisisme, dan pesimisme filosofis, sertaatau mungkin jugaberkembang dari agama Kristen itu sendiri.<ref name="Nihilism Before Nietzsche">{{unbulleted list|{{cite book|title=Nihilism Before Nietzsche|url=https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill|first=Michael Allen|last=Gillespie|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226293486}}|{{cite book|title=Nietzsche and Philosophy|last=Deleuze|first=Gilles|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-231-13877-2|location=London|translator-last=Tomlinson|translator-first=Hugh|orig-year=1962}}}}</ref> Pemahaman kontemporer tentang gagasan tersebut sebagian besar berasal dari 'krisis nihilisme' Nietzschean, yang darinya muncul dua konsep sentral nihilisme: penghancuran nilai-nilai yang lebih tinggi dan penentangan terhadap kebermaknaanafirmasi hidup.<ref name="IEP" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Nihilism Before Nietzsche|url=https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill|first=Michael Allen|last=Gillespie|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226293486}}</ref><ref name="IEP" /> Bentuk-bentuk awal nihilisme sebelum [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], mungkin lebih selektif dalam meniadakan hegemoni tertentu dari pemikiran sosial, moral, politik dan estetika.<ref>{{unbulleted list|{{cite book|title=Nihilism Before Nietzsche|url=https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill|first=Michael Allen|last=Gillespie|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226293486}}|{{cite journal|title='Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation|first=Kristian|last=Petrov|year=2019|journal=Stud East Eur Thought|volume=71|issue=2|pages=73–97|doi=10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4|s2cid=150893870|doi-access=free}}}}</ref>

Istilah ini kadang-kadang digunakan dalam kaitannya dengan [[anomie]] untuk menjelaskanmenggambarkan suasana umum keputusasaan pada ketidakberartian eksistensi atau menggambarkan kesewenang-wenangan dalam prinsip-prinsip yang dipegang manusia dan lembaga-lembaga sosialsosialnya. Nihilisme juga telah digambarkan sebagai ciri dari periode sejarah tertentu. Misalnya,<ref>Cited in Woodward, Ashley. 2002. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100405130305/http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html Nihilism and the Postmodern in Vattimo's Nietzsche]." ''Minerva'' 6. {{ISSN|1393-614X}}. Archived from the [http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html original] on 2010-04-05. fn 1.</ref> [[Jean Baudrillard]]<ref>[[Jean Baudrillard|Baudrillard, Jean]]. 1993. "Game with Vestiges." In ''Baudrillard Live'', edited by M. Gane.</ref><ref>[[Jean Baudrillard|Baudrillard, Jean]]. [1981] 1994. "On Nihilism." In ''[[Simulacra and Simulation]]'', translated by S. F. Glasser.</ref> telah mencirikan postmodernitas sebagai zaman<ref>See: {{unbulleted list|[[Arnold J. Toynbee|Toynbee, Arnold J.]] 1963. ''[[A Study of History]]'' VIII & IX;|[[C. Wright Mills|Mills, C. Wright]]. 1959. ''[[The Sociological Imagination]]'';|[[Daniel Bell|Bell, Daniel]]. 1976. ''The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism''.}}</ref> atau cara berpikir nihilistik.<ref>see: [[Gillian Rose|Rose, Gillian]]. 1984. ''Dialectic of Nihilism''; [[Karen L. Carr|Carr, Karen L.]] 1988. ''The Banalization of Nihilism''; [[Pope John Paul II|Pope John-Paul II]]. 1995. ''Evangelium vitae: Il valore e l'inviolabilita delta vita umana''. Milan: Paoline Editoriale Libri."</ref> Demikian pula beberapa teolog dan tokoh agama telah menyatakan bahwa postmodernitasposmodernitas<ref>{{cite web|last=Leffel|first=Jim|author2=Dennis McCallum|title=The Postmodern Challenge: Facing the Spirit of the Age|url=http://www.equip.org/free/DP321.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819165839/http://www.equip.org/free/DP321.htm|archive-date=2006-08-19|publisher=Christian Research Institute|quote=...the nihilism and loneliness of postmodern culture...}}</ref> dan banyak aspek modernitas<ref name="phillips">{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Robert|year=1999|title=Deconstructing the Mass|url=http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_1999_WI_Phillips.html|url-status=dead|journal=Latin Mass Magazine|issue=Winter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040417084147/http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_1999_WI_Phillips.html|archive-date=2004-04-17|quote=For deconstructionists, not only is there no truth to know, there is no self to know it and so there is no soul to save or lose." and "In following the Enlightenment to its logical end, deconstruction reaches nihilism. The meaning of human life is reduced to whatever happens to interest us at the moment...}}</ref> mewakili nihilisme dengan menentang prinsip-prinsip agama. Meskipun demikian, nihilisme secara luas dianggap berasal dari sudut pandang religius maupun non-religius.<ref name="Nihilism Before Nietzsche"/>

Dalam budaya populer, istilah ini umumnya mengacu pada bentuk-bentuk [[nihilisme eksistensial]], yang menganggap kehidupan sebagai sesuatutak tanpamemiliki nilai intrinsik, makna, atau tujuan.<ref>[[Alan Pratt|Pratt, Alan]]. "[https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/#H3 Existential Nihilism | Nihilism]." ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2007-01-16 |archive-date=2010-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |datedead-url=2010-04-12unfit }}: Existential nihilism is "the notion that life has no intrinsic meaning or value, and it is, no doubt, the most commonly used and understood sense of the word today."</ref> Pandangan utama lainnya dalam nihilisme termasuk penolakan terhadap semua pandangan normatif dan etis (nihilisme moral), penolakan terhadap semua institusi sosial dan politik (nihilisme politik), pandangan bahwa pengetahuan itu tidak ada (nihilisme epistemologis), dan sejumlah padangan metafisik yang menegaskan bahwa objek non-abstrak itu tidak ada (nihilisme metafisik), bahwa objek komposit tidak ada (nihilisme mereologis), atau bahkan [[kehidupan]] itu sendiri tidak ada.

*[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm "Nihilism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |date=2010-04-12 }} in the ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''