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'''Nihilisme''' ({{etymology|la|nihil|tidak ada}}) adalah pandangan filosofi, aliran, atau [[Mazhab pemikiran|mazhab]] dalam filsafat, yang menolak aspek umum dan fundamental dari eksistensi manusia,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Crosby|first=Donald A.|title=Nihilism|year=1998|doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1|encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9780415250696|quote=As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nietzsche and Philosophy|last=Deleuze|first=Gilles|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=1962|isbn=978-0-231-13877-2|location=London|translator-last=Tomlinson|translator-first=Hugh|publication-date=1983|quote=Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.}}</ref> seperti [[kebenaran]] objektif, [[pengetahuan]], [[moralitas]], [[nilai]], atau [[makna kehidupan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Veit|first=Walter|date=2018|title=Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem|url=https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804|journal=Journal of Camus Studies|volume=|pages=211–236|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804|via=}}</ref><ref>{{unbulleted list|{{cite encyclopedia|last=Crosby|first=Donald A.|title=Nihilism|year=1998|doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1|encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9780415250696|quote=As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.}}|{{cite encyclopedia|last=Pratt|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Pratt|title=Nihilism|encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm|archive-date=2010-04-12|quote=Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.}}|{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nihilism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism |quote=In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe.}}|{{OEtymD|nihilism|nihil}}}}</ref> Para nihilis memiliki pemahaman yang berbeda dalam mengungkapkan pandangan mereka, tetapi pada intinya tetap serupa, yaitu bahwa nilai-nilai manusia tidak berdasar, bahwa hidup tidak bermakna, bahwa pengetahuan adalah kemustahilan. Mereka juga percaya bahwa beberapa [[entitas]] tidak ada, tidak berarti, atau tidak ada gunanya.<ref name="IEP">[[Alan Pratt|Pratt, Alan]]. "[https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/ Nihilism]." ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. {{Cite web |url=http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2007-01-16 |archive-date=2010-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |dead-url=unfit }}</ref><ref name="SEP">{{cite web |title=The Meaning of Life#Nihilism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/#Nih |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
Para penganut nihilisme mungkin menganggap nihilisme hanya sebagai label yang diterapkan pada beberapa pandangan filsafat.<ref name=terBorg1988>{{cite journal|last=ter Borg|first=Meerten B.|year=1988|title=The Problem of Nihilism: A Sociological Approach|journal=Sociological Analysis|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|jstor=3711099|doi=10.2307/3711099}}</ref> Ada juga yang menganggapnya sebagai konsep sejarah berbeda yang berkembang dari nominalisme, skeptisisme, pesimisme filosofis, atau berkembang dari agama Kristen itu sendiri.<ref name="Nihilism Before Nietzsche">{{unbulleted list|{{cite book|title=Nihilism Before Nietzsche|url=https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill|first=Michael Allen|last=Gillespie|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226293486}}|{{cite book|title=Nietzsche and Philosophy|last=Deleuze|first=Gilles|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-231-13877-2|location=London|translator-last=Tomlinson|translator-first=Hugh|orig-year=1962}}}}</ref> Pemahaman kontemporer tentang gagasan tersebut sebagian besar berasal dari 'krisis nihilisme' Nietzschean, yang darinya muncul dua konsep sentral nihilisme: penghancuran nilai-nilai yang lebih tinggi dan penentangan terhadap afirmasi hidup.<ref name="IEP" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Nihilism Before Nietzsche|url=https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill|first=Michael Allen|last=Gillespie|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226293486}}</ref> Bentuk-bentuk awal nihilisme sebelum [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], mungkin lebih selektif dalam meniadakan hegemoni tertentu dari pemikiran sosial, moral, politik dan estetika.<ref>{{unbulleted list|{{cite book|title=Nihilism Before Nietzsche|url=https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill|first=Michael Allen|last=Gillespie|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226293486}}|{{cite journal|title='Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation|first=Kristian|last=Petrov|year=2019|journal=Stud East Eur Thought|volume=71|issue=2|pages=73–97|doi=10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4|s2cid=150893870|doi-access=free}}}}</ref>
Istilah ini kadang-kadang digunakan dalam kaitannya dengan [[anomie]] untuk menggambarkan suasana umum keputusasaan pada ketidakberartian eksistensi atau menggambarkan kesewenang-wenangan dalam prinsip-prinsip yang dipegang manusia dan lembaga-lembaga sosialnya. Nihilisme juga telah digambarkan sebagai ciri dari periode sejarah tertentu. Misalnya,<ref>Cited in Woodward, Ashley. 2002. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100405130305/http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html Nihilism and the Postmodern in Vattimo's Nietzsche]." ''Minerva'' 6. {{ISSN|1393-614X}}. Archived from the [http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html original] on 2010-04-05. fn 1.</ref> [[Jean Baudrillard]]<ref>[[Jean Baudrillard|Baudrillard, Jean]]. 1993. "Game with Vestiges." In ''Baudrillard Live'', edited by M. Gane.</ref><ref>[[Jean Baudrillard|Baudrillard, Jean]]. [1981] 1994. "On Nihilism." In ''[[Simulacra and Simulation]]'', translated by S. F. Glasser.</ref> telah mencirikan postmodernitas sebagai zaman<ref>See: {{unbulleted list|[[Arnold J. Toynbee|Toynbee, Arnold J.]] 1963. ''[[A Study of History]]'' VIII & IX;|[[C. Wright Mills|Mills, C. Wright]]. 1959. ''[[The Sociological Imagination]]'';|[[Daniel Bell|Bell, Daniel]]. 1976. ''The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism''.}}</ref> atau cara berpikir nihilistik.<ref>see: [[Gillian Rose|Rose, Gillian]]. 1984. ''Dialectic of Nihilism''; [[Karen L. Carr|Carr, Karen L.]] 1988. ''The Banalization of Nihilism''; [[Pope John Paul II|Pope John-Paul II]]. 1995. ''Evangelium vitae: Il valore e l'inviolabilita delta vita umana''. Milan: Paoline Editoriale Libri."</ref> Demikian pula beberapa teolog dan tokoh agama telah menyatakan bahwa posmodernitas<ref>{{cite web|last=Leffel|first=Jim|author2=Dennis McCallum|title=The Postmodern Challenge: Facing the Spirit of the Age|url=http://www.equip.org/free/DP321.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819165839/http://www.equip.org/free/DP321.htm|archive-date=2006-08-19|publisher=Christian Research Institute|quote=...the nihilism and loneliness of postmodern culture...}}</ref> dan banyak aspek modernitas<ref name="phillips">{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Robert|year=1999|title=Deconstructing the Mass|url=http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_1999_WI_Phillips.html|url-status=dead|journal=Latin Mass Magazine|issue=Winter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040417084147/http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_1999_WI_Phillips.html|archive-date=2004-04-17|quote=For deconstructionists, not only is there no truth to know, there is no self to know it and so there is no soul to save or lose." and "In following the Enlightenment to its logical end, deconstruction reaches nihilism. The meaning of human life is reduced to whatever happens to interest us at the moment...}}</ref> mewakili nihilisme dengan menentang prinsip-prinsip agama. Meskipun demikian, nihilisme secara luas dianggap berasal dari sudut pandang religius maupun non-religius.<ref name="Nihilism Before Nietzsche"/>
Dalam budaya populer, istilah ini umumnya mengacu pada bentuk-bentuk [[nihilisme eksistensial]], yang menganggap kehidupan tak memiliki nilai intrinsik, makna, atau tujuan.<ref>[[Alan Pratt|Pratt, Alan]]. "[https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/#H3 Existential Nihilism | Nihilism]." ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. {{Cite web |url=http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2007-01-16 |archive-date=2010-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm |dead-url=unfit }}: Existential nihilism is "the notion that life has no intrinsic meaning or value, and it is, no doubt, the most commonly used and understood sense of the word today."</ref> Pandangan utama lainnya dalam nihilisme termasuk penolakan terhadap semua pandangan normatif dan etis (nihilisme moral), penolakan terhadap semua institusi sosial dan politik (nihilisme politik), pandangan bahwa pengetahuan itu tidak ada (nihilisme epistemologis), dan sejumlah padangan metafisik yang menegaskan bahwa objek non-abstrak itu tidak ada (nihilisme metafisik), bahwa objek komposit tidak ada (nihilisme mereologis), atau bahkan [[kehidupan]] itu sendiri tidak ada.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Atheisme]]
* [[Edvard Munch]]
* [[Ivan Turgenev]]
* [[Luigi Pirandello]]
* [[Max Stirner]]
* [[Skeptisisme]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Sumber rujukan lain ==
{{refbegin|}}
=== Teks primer===
* [[Ray Brassier|Brassier, Ray]] (2007) ''Nihil Unbound: Enlightenment and Extinction'', New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]].
* [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi|Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich]], ''Jacobi an Fichte'' (1799/1816), German Text (1799/1816), Appendix with Jacobi's and Fichte's complementary Texts, critical Apparatus, Commentary, and Italian Translation, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Naples 2011, {{ISBN|978-88-905957-5-2|}}.
* [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger, Martin]] (1982), ''Nietzsche, Vols. I-IV'', trans. F.A. Capuzzi, San Francisco: [[Harper & Row]].
* [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard, Søren]] (1998/1854), ''The Moment and Late Writings: Kierkegaard's Writings, Vol. 23'', ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, Princeton, N.J: [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-691-03226-9|}}.
* Kierkegaard, Søren (1978/1846), ''[[Two Ages: A Literary Review|The Two Ages : Kierkegaard's Writings, Vol 14]]'', ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong, and Edna H. Hong, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-07226-5|}}.
* —— (1995/1850), ''[[Works of Love|Works of Love : Kierkegaard's Writings, Vol 16]]'', ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-03792-9|}}.
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche, Friedrich]] (2005/1886), [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19634 ''Beyond Good and Evil''], trans. [[Helen Zimmern]].
* —— (1974/1887), ''[[The Gay Science]]'', trans. [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufman]], [[Vintage Books|Vintage]], {{ISBN|0-394-71985-9|}}.
* —— (1980), ''Sämtliche Werken. Kritische Studienausgabe'', ed. [[Giorgio Colli|C. Colli]] and [[Mazzino Montinari|M. Montinari]], [[Walter de Gruyter]]. {{ISBN|3-11-007680-2|}}.
* —— (2008/1885), [https://web.archive.org/web/20031204010935/http://ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext99/spzar10.txt ''Thus Spake Zarathustra''], trans. [[Thomas Common]].
* Tartaglia, James (2016), ''Philosophy in a Meaningless Life: A System of Nihilism, Consciousness and Reality'', London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing]].
=== Teks sekunder ===
* Arena, Leonardo Vittorio (1997), ''Del nonsense: tra Oriente e Occidente'', Urbino: Quattroventi.
* —— (2012), ''Nonsense as the Meaning'', ebook.
* —— (2015), ''On Nudity. An Introduction to Nonsense'', Mimesis International.
* Barnett, Christopher (2011), ''Kierkegaard, pietism and holiness'', Ashgate Publishing.
* Carr, Karen (1992), ''The Banalisation of Nihilism'', State University of New York Press.
* Cattarini, L.S. (2018), ''Beyond Sartre and Sterility: Surviving Existentialism'' (Montreal: contact argobookshop.ca)
* Cunningham, Conor (2002), ''Genealogy of Nihilism: Philosophies of Nothing & the Difference of Theology'', New York, NY: Routledge.
* Dent, G., Wallace, M., & Dia Center for the Arts. (1992). "Black popular culture" (Discussions in contemporary culture ; no. 8). Seattle: Bay Press.
* Dod, Elmar (2013), ''Der unheimlichste Gast. Die Philosophie des Nihilismus.'' Marburg: Tectum 2013.
* Dreyfus, Hubert L. (2004), ''[http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~hdreyfus/html/paper_kierkegaard.html Kierkegaard on the Internet: Anonymity vs. Commitment in the Present Age]''. Retrieved at December 1, 2009.
* Fraser, John (2001), "[http://www.jottings.ca/john/preface.html Nihilism, Modernisn and Value]", retrieved at December 2, 2009.
* Galimberti, Umberto (2008), ''L'ospite inquietante. Il nichilismo e i giovani'', Milano: Feltrinelli. {{ISBN|9788807171437|}}.
* Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996), ''Nihilism Before Nietzsche'', Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
* Giovanni, George di (2008), "[http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/friedrich-jacobi/ Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved on December 1, 2009.
* Harper, Douglas, "[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=nihilism&searchmode=none Nihilism]", in: ''Online Etymology Dictionary'', retrieved at December 2, 2009.
* Harries, Karsten (2010), ''Between nihilism and faith: a commentary on Either/or'', Walter de Gruyter Press.
* Hibbs, Thomas S. (2000), ''Shows About Nothing: Nihilism in Popular Culture from The Exorcist to Seinfeld'', Dallas, TX: Spence Publishing Company.
* [[Mario Kopić|Kopić, Mario]] (2001), ''S Nietzscheom o Europi'', Zagreb: Jesenski i Turk.
* Korab-Karpowicz, W. J. (2005), "[http://www.iep.utm.edu/heidegge/ Martin Heidegger (1889—1976)]", in: ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', retrieved at December 2, 2009.
* Kuhn, Elisabeth (1992), ''Friedrich Nietzsches Philosophie des europäischen Nihilismus'', Walter de Gruyter.
* Irti, Natalino (2004), ''Nichilismo giuridico'', Laterza, Roma-Bari.
* Löwith, Karl (1995), ''Martin Heidegger and European Nihilism'', New York, NY: Columbia UP.
* Marmysz, John (2003), ''Laughing at Nothing: Humor as a Response to Nihilism'', Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
* [[Wolfgang Müller-Lauter|Müller-Lauter, Wolfgang]] (2000), ''Heidegger und Nietzsche. Nietzsche-Interpretationen III'', Berlin-New York.
* Parvez Manzoor, S. (2003), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040220014244/http://www.pmanzoor.info/MWBR-Modernity-Nihilism.htm Modernity and Nihilism. Secular History and Loss of Meaning]", retrieved at December 2, 2009.
* Rose, Eugene Fr. Seraphim (1995), ''Nihilism, The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age'', Forestville, CA: Fr. Seraphim Rose Foundation.
* Rosen, Stanley (2000), ''Nihilism: A Philosophical Essay'', South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press (2nd Edition).
* Severino, Emanuele (1982), ''Essenza del nichilismo'', Milano: Adelphi. {{ISBN|9788845904899|}}.
* Slocombe, Will (2006), ''Nihilism and the Sublime Postmodern: The (Hi)Story of a Difficult Relationship'', New York, NY: Routledge.
* Tigani, Francesco (2010), ''Rappresentare Medea. Dal mito al nichilismo'', Roma: Aracne. {{ISBN|978-88-548-3256-5|}}.
* —— (2014), ''Lo spettro del nulla e il corpo del nichilismo'', in ''La nave di Teseo. Saggi sull'Essere, il mito e il potere'', Napoli: Guida. {{ISBN|9788868660499|}}.
* Villet, Charles (2009), ''Towards Ethical Nihilism: The Possibility of Nietzschean Hope'', Saarbrücken: [[Verlag Dr. Müller]].
* Williams, Peter S. (2005), ''I Wish I Could Believe in Meaning: A Response to Nihilism'', Damaris Publishing.
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary|nihilism}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://abissonichilista.altervista.org/ Nihilist Abyss] {{in lang|it}}
* Friedrich Nietzsche, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904082736/http://philosophy.eserver.org/nietzsche-zarathustra.txt ''Thus Spake Zarathustra''], translated by Thomas Common
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/ist/fas.htm Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev, the first novel about Nihilism.]▼
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*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-moral/#3.4 "Moral Skepticism", section "Skeptical Hypotheses"] in the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Nihilism|year=1905|short=x}}
*[http://www.radiolab.org/story/dust-planet/ "In the Dust of This Planet"], ''[[Radiolab]]'' podcast on nihilism and popular culture
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546y5 "Nihilism"], ''[[In Our Time (radio series)|In Our Time]]'', [[BBC Radio 4]] discussion with Rob Hopkins, Raymond Tallis and Catherine Belsey (Nov. 16, 2000)
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