|
|place=[[Lapangan udara Maaten al-Sarra]], [[Libya]]
|result=Kemenangan Chad
|combatant1 ={{Flagicon|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|1977|23px}} [[Jamahiriya Arab Libya|Libya]]
|combatant1={{negaranama|Libya}}
|combatant2={{negaranama|Chad}}
|commander1=[[Muammar Gaddafi]]
|commander2=[[Hassan Djamous]]<ref name=Pollack396>K. Pollack, ''Arabs at War'', 396</ref>
|strength1=2.500<ref name=Pollack396/>
|strength2=2.000<ref name=Greenwald>{{Citation| author =Greenwald, John| title =Disputes Raiders of the Armed Toyotas| newspaper =[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date =[[1987-09-21]]| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965563,00.html| accessdate =2007-09-23| archive-date =2011-05-24| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110524014107/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965563,00.html| dead-url =yes}}</ref>
|casualties1=1.000<ref name=Azevedo125>M. Azevedo, ''Roots of Violence'', 125</ref><ref name=Collelo>T. Collelo, ''Chad''</ref>–1–1,713<ref>{{Citation| title =CHAD; NDJAMENA SENDS TROOPS INTO LIBYA| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]| date =[[1987-09-13]]| url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED81131F930A2575AC0A961948260}}</ref> killed<br />300 tahanan perang<br />70 [[tank]]<br />30 [[pengangkut personel lapis baja]]<br />26<ref name=Pollack3967>K. Pollack, 396–397396–397</ref>–32–32<ref name=Collelo/> pesawat tempur
|casualties2=65 terbunuh<br />112 woundedterluka<ref name=Pollack397>K. Pollack, 397</ref>
|notes=
}}
'''Pertempuran Maaten al-Sarra''' adalah sebuah petempuran yang terjadi antara [[Chad]] dan [[Libya]] pada tanggal [[5 September]] [[1987]] selama [[Perang Toyota]]. Pertempuran ini merupakan serangan kejutan Chad atas Libya di [[lapangan udara Maaten al-Sarra]] untuk menghilangkan kekuatan udara Libya yang telah merintangi serangan Chad di [[Jalur Aouzou]] pada bulan [[Agustus]]. Pertempuran ini adalah satu-satunya pertempuran dimanayang dilakukanberlangsung di teritoriwilayah Libya selama [[konflik Chad-Libya]].]<ref name=Greenwald/> Serangan ini berhasil dan menyebabkan jumlah kerugian Libya yang besar di pihak Libya dan pendandatanganan gencatan senjata pada tanggal [[11 September]] di antara negara-negara yang berperang.<ref name=Pollack3967/>
|place=[[Maaten al-Sarra Air Base]], [[Libya]]
* {{cite book|author=[[Mario Azevedo|Azevedo, Mario J.]]|title=Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1998|id=ISBN 90-5699-582-0}} ▼|result=Decisive Chadian victory
* {{cite book|author=Collelo, Thomas|title=Chad|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|US GPO]]|year=1990|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html|id=ISBN 0- 160216- 4770024770-5}} ▼|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Libya.svg|25px]] [[Libya]]
* {{cite book|author=[[Sam Nolutshungu|Nolutshungu, Sam C.]]|title=Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad|publisher=University of Virginia Press|year=1995|id=ISBN 0-8139-1628-3}} ▼|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Chad.svg|25px]] [[Chad]]
* {{cite book|author=[[Kenneth Pollack|Pollack, Kenneth M.]]|title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–19911948–1991|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-8032-3733-2}} ▼|commander1=Uknown
* {{cite book|author=Popper, Steven W.|title=The Economic Cost of Soviet Military Manpower Requirements |url=https://archive.org/details/economiccostofso0000popp|publisher=[[RAND]]|year=1989|id=ISBN 0-8330-0934-6}} ▼|commander2=[[Hassan Djamous]]<ref name=Pollack396>K. Pollack, ''Arabs at War'', 396</ref>
* {{cite book|author=Vanderwalle, Dirk J.|title=A History of Modern Libya|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|id=ISBN 0- 5218521- 504885048-7}} ▼|strength1=2,500<ref name=Pollack396/>
|strength2=2,000<ref name=Greenwald>{{Citation| author =Greenwald, John| title =Disputes Raiders of the Armed Toyotas| newspaper =[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date =[[1987-09-21]]| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965563,00.html}}</ref>
|casualties1=1,000<ref name=Azevedo125>M. Azevedo, ''Roots of Violence'', 125</ref><ref name=Collelo>T. Collelo, ''Chad''</ref>–1,713<ref>{{Citation| title =CHAD; NDJAMENA SENDS TROOPS INTO LIBYA| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]| date =[[1987-09-13]]| url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED81131F930A2575AC0A961948260}}</ref> killed<br>300 [[Prisoner of war|PoW]]<br>70 [[tank]]s<br>30 [[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]]<br>26<ref name=Pollack3967>K. Pollack, 396–397</ref>–32<ref name=Collelo/> [[aircraft]]
|casualties2=65 killed<br>112 wounded<ref name=Pollack397>K. Pollack, 397</ref>
|notes=
}}
The '''battle of Maaten al-Sarra''' was a battle fought between [[Chad]] and [[Libya]] on [[September 5]] [[1987]] during the [[Toyota War]]. The battle took the form of a surprise Chadian raid against the Libyan [[Maaten al-Sarra Air Base]], meant to remove the threat of Libyan airpower, that had already thwarted the Chadian attack on the [[Aouzou Strip]] in August. The first clash ever held in Libyan territory since the beginning of the [[Chadian-Libyan conflict]]<ref name=Greenwald/>, the attack was fully successful, causing a high number of Libyan casualties and contributing to the definitive [[ceasefire]] signed on [[September 11]] among the warring countries.<ref name=Pollack3967/>
==Background==
Since [[1983]] Libyan troops had invaded Chad in support of the rebel [[Transitional Government of National Unity]] (GUNT) fighting against the Chadian government led by [[Hissène Habré]]. French military interventions had limited the Libyan-GUNT advance to the 16th parallel (the so-called Red Line), freezing the situation on the ground till [[1986]], when the bulk of the GUNT forces turned against their Libyan patrons, an opportunity that was immediately taken by Habré, that in December gave orders to his troops to attack Libyan positions in Northern Chad.<ref>K. Pollack, 382–390</ref> Starting with [[battle of Fada|Fada]] and continuing with [[battle of B'ir Kora|B'ir Kora]] and [[battle of Ouadi Doum|Ouadi Doum]], the [[Chadian National Armed Forces]]' (FANT) commander-in-chief Hassan Djamous reported a series of victories that forced Libyan forces to fall back on the Aouzou Strip.<ref>K. Pollack, 390–394</ref>
Ignoring French pleas for restraint, Habré assumed a militant attitude towards the Libyan occupation of the Aouzou Strip; his troops successfully took [[Aouzou, Chad|Aouzou]] on [[August 8]], but were repulsed on [[August 28]], partly due to French refusal to provide air cover for Habré's attempt to regain Aouzou.<ref name=Popper147>S. Popper, ''The Economic Cost of Soviet Military Manpower Requirements'', 147</ref><ref name=Nolutshungu222>S. Nolutshungu, ''Limits of Anarchy'', 222</ref>
==Attack==
Already before the final Libyan assault Habré had withdrawn Djamous and most of his veteran troops projecting to let them repose for a new offensive that would secure once and for all the Strip. Habré, judging by the decisive role played in the setback at Aouzou by close-range Libyan air strikes<ref name=Collelo/>, concluded that Libya's greatest advantage was its ability to conduct endless airstrikes. To remove this asset Habré ordered Djamous to destroy with 2,000 troops the main Libyan airbase in southern Libya, Maaten al-Sarra, 60 miles north of the Chadian-Libyan border.<ref name=Pollack396/><ref name=Vanderwalle>D. Vanderwalle, ''A History of Modern Libya'', 148</ref> Habré may also have been encouraged in his raid by [[French President]] [[François Mitterrand]]'s public declaration on [[September 3]] that the Red Line was obsolete and thus [[Operation Epervier|French troops in Chad]] would not be binded by it any more.<ref>S. Nolutshungu, 224–225</ref>
Chadian military preparations were made for what was taken for an attempt to retake Aouzou once again; instead, encouraged by the [[United States]] that supplied [[GEOINT|satellite intelligence]], the FANT attacked on [[September 5]] Maaten al-Sarra, taking completely by surprise the Libyans, and apparently also the French, that reacted by refusing to provide [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] or [[Military logistics|logistic]] support.<ref name=Nolutshungu222/><ref name=Popper147/> Djamous' troops were careful to follow the [[wadi]]s, thus avoiding to expose themselves, and also took advantage of Libyan carelessness in patrolling and security, consenting to take the airbase's garrison and its defenders by surprise.<ref name=Pollack396/> To majorly confuse the Libyans the FANT forces had first proceeded north and northwest in Libyan territory, in a second moment turning left and descending over Maaten al-Sarra; as a result, the Libyan officers took them for reinforcements and attempted to join them.<ref name=Azevedo125/>
Nowithstanding its 2,500-strong garrison, brigade of tanks, artillery and extensive fortifications, the Chadian troops rapidly overcame the Libyan forces and assumed control of the base, starkly revealing the professional incompetence of the [[Military of Libya|Libyan military]].<ref name=Vanderwalle/> While the FANT's losses were minor, Libya suffered staggering casulties, with 1,713 Libyans killed, 300 taken prisoners and hundreds of others were forced to flee into the surrounding desert. The Chadians then proceeded to demolish all the equipment they could not bring with them, such as 70 tanks, 30 APCs, 8 [[radar]] stations, a radar scrambling device, numerous [[Surface-to-air missile|SAMs]], 26 aircraft - including 3 [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|Mig-23]], 1 [[Mil Mi-24|Mi-24]], 4 [[Dassault Mirage III|Mirages]], and made unoperative the base's two [[runway]]s.<ref name=Azevedo125/><ref name=Pollack3967/> Then, traveling without lights beneath the moon and stars, the FANT column withdrew to Chadian soil on [[September 6]], while the Chadian government declared that the battle "must be written in gold letters in the great book of victories."<ref name=Greenwald/>
==Reactions==
Gaddafi's first reaction was to place the blame for the defeat on the French, challenging their position in Chad.<ref name=Popper147/> A couple of days after Djamous' raid on Maaten two [[Tu-22]] were dispatched against [[N'Djamena]], the Chadian capital, and other two towards [[Abéché]]; the air raid was unsuccessful, as the Tupolev attacking the capital was shot down by a [[French Army]] [[MIM-23 Hawk|Hawk]] [[surface-to-air missile|SAM]] [[Artillery battery|battery]], while the second plane was forced to return to Libya without dropping its bombs. Libya's reaction to the downing was to publicly accuse the Maaten raid of being a "combined Franco-American military action", and added that France and the United States were "behind the aggression against Libya."<ref name=Greenwald/>
While the United States did not conceal its satisfaction for the Libyan defeat, a US official adding that "We basically jump for joy every time the Chadians ding the Libyans", France reacted differently, with the [[Defence Minister]] [[Andre Giraud]] expressing "deepest regrets" over the escalation.<ref name=Greenwald/> The French appeared to have judged the battle of Maaten al-Sarra even too successful for Habré, giving way to concerns that the battle was only the first stage of a general invasion of Libya, a thing that France wanted to avoid at all costs; therefore, on [[September 11]] Mitterrand pressed Habré in agreeing to a [[ceasefire]] with Gaddafi<ref name=Pollack397/>, the Libyan leader accepting due to internal demoralization and foreign hostility. While the ceasefire was subject to many minor violations, it substantially resisted, thus putting an end to the Chadian-Libyan conflict.<ref>S. Nolutshungu, 222–223</ref>
▲*{{cite book|author=[[Mario Azevedo|Azevedo, Mario J.]]|title=Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1998|id=ISBN 90-5699-582-0}}
▲*{{cite book|author=Collelo, Thomas|title=Chad|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|US GPO]]|year=1990|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html|id=ISBN 0-1602-4770-5}}
▲*{{cite book|author=[[Sam Nolutshungu|Nolutshungu, Sam C.]]|title=Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad|publisher=University of Virginia Press|year=1995|id=ISBN 0-8139-1628-3}}
▲*{{cite book|author=[[Kenneth Pollack|Pollack, Kenneth M.]]|title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-8032-3733-2}}
▲*{{cite book|author=Popper, Steven W.|title=The Economic Cost of Soviet Military Manpower Requirements|publisher=[[RAND]]|year=1989|id=ISBN 0-8330-0934-6}}
▲*{{cite book|author=Vanderwalle, Dirk J.|title=A History of Modern Libya|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|id=ISBN 0-5218-5048-7}}
== Catatan kaki ==
{{reflist}}
[[Kategori:Konflik Chad-Libya]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Libya]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Chad]]
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