Makam Humayun: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Humayun's Tomb, MausoleumDelhi, India 2019.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|300px|Makam Humayun.]]

'''Makam Humayun''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''ہمایوں کا مقبرہ'''}}}} ''Humayun ka [[Maqbara]]'') adalah [[makam]] [[Daftar Kaisar Mughal|Maharaja Mughal]] [[Humayun]] di [[Delhi]], [[India]]. Pembangunan makam ini dilancarkan oleh istri pertama Humayun [[Bega Begum]] (Haji Begum)<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=S. M.|title=Akbar, the Greatest Mogul|year=1989|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=191|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=DFAqUcrNKoiErQem24GIDg&id=nEtuAAAAMAAJ&dq=.+Akbar%2C+the+greatest+Mogul.&q=haji#search_anchor}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=The Mughal World : Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780143102625|page=[https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/369 369]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar: The Great Mogul 1542-1605|year=1919|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=eds.: Chahryar Adle|title=Development in Contrast : From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century|year=2003|publisher=UNESCO Publications|isbn=9789231038761|page=512}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Carol E.|title=Culture and Customs of India|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000hend|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313305139|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000hend/page/90 90]}}</ref><ref name=mau>{{cite news|title=Mausoleum that Humayun never built|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|accessdate=24 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 April 2003|archive-date=2007-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206210414/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> pada tahun 1569-70. Bangunan ini dirancang oleh Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, seorang arsitek [[Persia]] yang dipilih oleh Bega Begum.<ref name=Cherry>{{cite book|last=Cherry|first=edited by Deborah|title=Local/global : Women Artists in the Nineteenth Century|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=9780754631972|page=70|author2=Helland, Janice}}</ref><ref name=asi/> Kompleks ini merupakan makam-kebun pertama di [[anak benua India]].<ref name=uno>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 Humayun's Tomb, Delhi] [[World Heritage Committee]], [[UNESCO]].</ref> Makam Humayun persisnya terletak di [[Nizamuddin Timur]], di dekat ''[[Dina-panah]]'' yang juga dikenal dengan nama ''[[Purana Qila, Delhi|Purana Qila]]'' (yang didirikan oleh Humayun pada tahun 1533). Makam Humayun merupakan struktur pertama yang menggunakan batu pasir merah dengan skala sebesar ini.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/humayunstomb.php Humayun's Tomb] [[Govt. of India]] Portal.</ref><ref>[[:File:HTSign.jpg|Plaque at Humayun's Tomb Site]].</ref> Maka ini dinyatakan sebagai [[Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO]] pada tahun 1993,<ref name=uno/> dan semenjak itu telah direstorasi.<ref>{{cite news |title = Facelift for Humayun|newspaper = The Indian Express|date = Sep 19, 2013|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/facelift-for-humayun/1170991/|accessdate =Sep 23, 2013 }}</ref> Selain makam Humayun, terdapat beberapa monumen yang lebih kecil di jalan menuju makam, termasuk yang sudah dibangun dua puluh tahun lebih awal, seperti kompleks makam [[Isa Khan Niyazi]], seorang bangsawan [[Pashtun|Afghan]] di istana [[Sher Shah Suri]] dari [[dinasti Suri]] yang bertempur melawan Mughal.

Kompleks ini terdiri dari makam utama Maharaja Humayun, yang juga menyimpan makam Bega Begum, Hamida Begum, dan juga [[Dara Shikoh]], putra Maharaja [[Shah Jahan]], dan juga beberapa Maharaja Mughal lainnya, seperti [[Jahandar Shah]], [[Farrukhsiyar]], [[Rafi ud-Darajat|Rafi Ul-Darjat]], [[Shah Jahan II|Rafi Ud-Daulat]], dan [[Alamgir II]].<ref name="del">[http://books.google.com/books?id=rrdm_XMAiIYC&pg=PA29&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&lr=&as_brr=0 Delhi - Humayun's Tomb and Adjacent Building]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Delhi Through Ages'', by S. R. Bakshi. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1995. ISBN 81-7488-138-7. ''Page 29-35''.</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/m/019addor0001809u00000000.html Mausoleum of Humayun, Delhi] [[British Library]].</ref> Bangunan ini merupakan lompatan bagi [[arsitektur Mughal]], dan menjadi teladan bagi arsitektur Mughal berikutnya. Gayanya dianggap menyimpang dari mausoleum ayahnya yang cenderung sederhana, ''[[Bagh-e Babur]]'' di [[Kabul]] (Afganistan), walaupun ayahnya merupakan maharaja pertama yang memulai tradisi dikubur di [[kebun surgawi]].<ref name=gar>[http://www.archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/9361/doc/DPC1436.pdf A Tomb Brought to Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226221514/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/9361/doc/DPC1436.pdf |date=2006-02-26 }} by [[Ratish Nanda]] ''Historic Gardens Review'' Number 13. London: The Historic Gardens Foundation, 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho000000052u00018000.html Humayun's Tomb and gateway] [[British Library]].</ref> Bangunan ini didasarkan pada ''[[Gur-e Amir]]'' (makam [[Tamerlane]] yang merupakan nenek moyang Humayun) di [[Samarkand]].<ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8 Humayun's Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417204750/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8 |date=2010-04-17 }} archnet.org.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&pg=PA315&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&as_brr=0#PPA316,M1 Humayun's Tomb] ''Frommer's India'', by Pippa De Bruyn, Keith Bain, Niloufer Venkatraman, Shonar Joshi. Published by Frommer's, 2008. ISBN 0-470-16908-7. ''Page 316''.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=iFILG_V4hOMC&pg=RA1-PA106&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&lr=&as_brr=0#PRA1-PA105,M1 The Monuments at Delhi] ''World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India'', by Ali Javid, Tabassum Javeed. Published by Algora Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0-87586-482-1. ''pp 105-106''.</ref>

* [http://www.nri-connect.com/IndiaTravelTourism/Heritage-Indian-Sites.htm Compilation of Indian Heritage Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044737/http://www.nri-connect.com/IndiaTravelTourism/Heritage-Indian-Sites.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}

* [http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html AKTC revitalisation of the Humayun’s Tomb Gardens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204213614/http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html |date=2004-12-04 }}

* [http://www.delhi-tourism-india.com/forts-monuments/humayu-tomb.htm Humayun's Tomb on Delhi-Tourism-India.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091920/http://www.delhi-tourism-india.com/forts-monuments/humayu-tomb.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}

* [http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/india/new-delhi/humayun-s-tomb/inside/sphere-quicktime.html Panoramic view on Humayun's Tomb at WHTour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503074921/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/india/new-delhi/humayun-s-tomb/inside/sphere-quicktime.html |date=2008-05-03 }}