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{{Kotak info danau
{{Infobox_lake
|lake_name = '''Danau Peipsi-Pihkva '''<br> /><small>Peipsi-Pihkva järv <br />Чудско-Псковское озеро</small>
|image_lake = Lake PeipsiPeipus, Landsat2000LandSat-8, 2016-10-20.jpegjpg
|image-width_lake = 300px
|caption_lake = Citra satelit Landsat
|caption_lake = Danau Peipsi-Pihkva<br />(hasil citra [[satelit]] [[Program Landsat|Landsat]])
|image_bathymetry =
|image_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|image-width_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|location = [[Estonia]], [[Rusia]]
|coords = {{Coord|58|41|N|27|29|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
|type =
|inflow = [[Sungai Ema|Ema]], [[Sungai Velikaya|Velikaya]]
|outflow = [[Sungai Narva|Narva]]
|catchment = {{convert|47800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|basin_countries = [[Estonia]], [[Rusia]], [[Latvia]], [[Belarus]]
|length =
|width =
|area = {{convert|3555|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|depth = {{convert|7.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}
Baris 23 ⟶ 25:
|cities = [[Mustvee]], [[Kallaste]]
}}
'''Danau Peipsi-Pihkva''',<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448876/Lake-Peipus Lake Peipus | lake, Europe | Britannica<!-- Judul otomatis yang dihasilkan bot -->]</ref> ({{lang-et|Peipsi järv, Pihkva järv}}; {{lang-ru|Чудско-Псковское озеро}} (Chudsko-Pskovskoe ozero), {{lang-de|Peipussee}}, {{lang-en|Peipus}}) adalah danau [[perairan internasional|lintas perbatasan]] terbesar di [[Eropa]] pada perbatasan antara [[Estonia]] (bagian [[Uni Eropa]]) dan [[Rusia]].
 
Danau ini adalah yang terbesar kelima di Eropa setelah [[Danau Ladoga]] dan [[Danau Onega]] di Rusia (di sebelah utara [[St. Petersburg]]), [[Vänern|Danau Vänern]] di [[Swedia]], dan [[Danau Saimaa]] di [[Finlandia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v28/v28-25.pdf |title=The Roles of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors of Ecological State in the Lake Peipus |accessdate=2008-10-15 |last=Kapanen |first=Galya |coauthors=Jaan–Mati Punning, Irina Blinova, and Külli Kangur |year=2008 |publisher=International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology |archive-date=2013-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915112532/http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v28/v28-25.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Danau Peipsi-Pihkva adalah sisa badan air yang lebih besar yang pernah terwujud di kawasan ini pada [[Zaman es]]. Danau ini seluas 3.555&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, dan memiliki rerata kedalaman 7,1 meter, titik terdalamnya adalah 15 meter.<ref name=bse>{{cite web|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00089/94700.htm|title=Chudsko-Pskovskoe ozero|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2011-10-28|archive-date=2008-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205182705/http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00089/94700.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Bolshie Lake Rossii">[http://geo.1september.ru/2006/04/31.gif Russia Lakes area of more than 350 km<sup>2</sup>]</ref> Danau ini memiliki beberapa pulau dan terdiri dari tiga bagian:
 
* '''Danau Peipsi/Chudskoe''' ({{lang-et|[[:et:Peipsi järv|Peipsi järv]]}}, {{lang-ru|[[:ru:Чудское озеро|Чудское озеро]]}}), yakni bagian utara danau, seluas 2.611&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> atau 73%.
* '''Danau Pihkva/Pskovskoe''' ({{lang-et|[[:et:Pihkva järv|Pihkva järv]]}}, {{lang-ru|[[:ru:Псковское озеро|Псковское озеро]]}}), yakni bagian selatan danau, seluas 708&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> atau 20%.
 
* '''Danau PihkvaLämmijärv/PskovskoeTeploe''' ({{lang-et|[[:et:Pihkva järvLämmijärv|Pihkva järvLämmijärv]]}}, {{lang-ru|[[:ru:ПсковскоеТёплое озеро|ПсковскоеТёплое озеро]]}}), yakniadalah selat yang menghubungkan bagian utara dan selatan danau, seluas 708236&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> atau 207%.
 
*'''Danau Lämmijärv/Teploe''' ({{lang-et|[[:et:Lämmijärv|Lämmijärv]]}}, {{lang-ru|[[:ru:Тёплое озеро|Тёплое озеро]]}}) adalah selat yang menghubungkan bagian utara dan selatan danau, seluas 236&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> atau 7%.
 
Danau ini dipergunakan untuk memancing dan rekreasi, tetapi menderita kerusakan lingkungan sejak periode pertanian [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]]. Ada 30 sungai dan riam yang bermuara di Danau Peipsi. Sungai terbesar adalah [[Sungai Ema|Ema]] dan [[Sungai Velikaya|Velikaya]]. Yang menjadi saluran pembuangan danau ini adalah [[Sungai Narva]].
Baris 40:
 
== Pembentukan ==
Danau ini adalah sisa dari badan air yang lebih besar yang pernah terwujud di kawasan ini pada [[Zamanzaman es]].<ref name="GES">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Geography: Geographical names - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983, p. 488.</ref> Pada zaman [[Palezoikum]], 300–400 juta tahun lalu, seluruh wilayah yang kini menjadi [[Teluk Finlandia]] diliputi oleh laut. Relief modern terbentuk sebagai hasil dari kegiatan [[gletser]], hingga [[periode glasial terakhir]] yang berakhir pada 12.000 tahun lalu.
 
== Topografi dan hidrografi ==
Tepi Danau Peipsi memiliki kontur yang halus dan hanya membentuk satu teluk yang luas – Teluk Raskopelsky. Tepi danau yang landai sebagian besar terdiri dari [[gambut]] dan dibatasi oleh daratan rendah yang luas dan [[paya]] yang terbiasa mengalami banjir pada [[musim semi]] hingga meliputi 1.000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR">Sokolov AA ''[http://abratsev.narod.ru/biblio/sokolov/p1ch17d.html Hidrografi Uni Soviet]'' L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1952</ref> Tepi barat Danau Pihkva lebih tinggi dan curam; tepi barat Danau Peipsi lebih rendah dan berawa lumpur, dan tepi timurnya lebih halus. Terdapat bukit pasir dan bebukitan, ditumbuhi hutan [[pinus]]. Di sepanjang tepian berpasir terdapat perairan dangkal selebar 200–300 meter.<ref name="Entsiklopediya turista">[http://www.outdoors.ru/abc/abc2139.php Tourist Encyclopedia. Peipsi-Pskov Lake]</ref>
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The banks of Lake Peipus have smooth contours and form only one large bay – Raskopelsky Bay. The low shores of the lake mostly consist of [[peat]] and are bordered by vast lowland and [[marsh]]es which are flooded in the Spring with the flooding area reaching up to 1000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR">Sokolov AA ''[http://abratsev.narod.ru/biblio/sokolov/p1ch17d.html Hydrography of the USSR]'' L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1952</ref> The west bank of the Pihkva Lake is high and steep; the west bank of Peipus Lake is low and boggy, and the east bank is more sublime. There are sand dunes and hills, covered with pine forests. Along the sandy shores there is a 200–300 m wide stretch of shallow waters.<ref name="Entsiklopediya turista">[http://www.outdoors.ru/abc/abc2139.php Tourist Encyclopedia. Peipsi-Pskov Lake]</ref>
 
<div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;">
{| Class = "wikitable"
|+ WaterNeraca balanceair ofDanau Lake PeipusPeipsi-Pihkva<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" />
!
! Neraca air
! Water balance
! Volume
|-
| Rowspan = "2"|InflowAsupan|| Precipitation Presipitasi|| 560&nbsp;mm (1.,9&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>)
|-
| [[SurfaceAir waterpermukaan|SurfacePermukaan]] anddan [[groundwaterair tanah]]|| 31503.150&nbsp;mm (11.,2&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>)
|-
| Rowspan = "2"|OutflowKeluaran|| [[StreamflowDebit sungai]]|| 33903.390&nbsp;mm (12&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>)
|-
| [[EvaporationPenguapan]] || 320&nbsp;mm (1.1&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>)
|-
|}
</div>
The relief of the bottom is uniform and flat, gradually rising near the shores and covered with [[silt]], and in some places with sand.<ref name="iss"/> The deepest point of 15.3 m is located in the Teploe Lake, 300 m from the coast.<ref name="Ozera and Rivers South Estonii">[http://www.gid.ee/link/o-54.html lakes and rivers south of Estonia, the islands]</ref>
 
Relief bagian bawah relatif datar dan seragam, secara bertahap menaik di dekat tepian dan diliputi oleh [[lanau]], dan di beberapa tempat oleh [[pasir]].<ref name="iss"/> Titik terdalam adalah 15,3 meter yang terletak di Danau Teploe, 300 meter dari pantai.<ref name="Ozera and Rivers South Estonii">[http://www.gid.ee/link/o-54.html danau dan sungai di selatan Estonia, kepulauan]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The lake is well-flowing, with the annual inflow of water equal to about half of the total water volume.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" />
 
Danau mengalir dengan baik, di mana asupan air tahunan sama dengan setengah volume keseluruhan air.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" />
The lake water is fresh, with a low transparency of about 2.5 m due to [[plankton]] and suspended [[sediment]]s caused by the river flow.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" /> Water currents are weak (5–9&nbsp;cm/s); they are induced by the wind and stop when it ceases. However, during the spring flood, there is a constant surface current from south to north.<ref name="iss">[http://arhiv.ivangorod.ru/econ/SuPortNet/str01.htm study the situation of the ports on the Narva River]</ref>
 
Air danau begitu segar dan bersih, dengan kedalaman transparensi (tembus pandang) hingga 2,5 meter karena [[plankton]] dan [[sedimen]] yang tertumpuk karena aliran sungai.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" /> Laju air relatif lamban (5–9&nbsp;cm/detik); mereka diimbasi oleh angin dan kembali tenang ketika angin tiada. Tetapi, selama banjir musim semi, terdapat arus permukaan konstan dari selatan ke utara.<ref name="iss">{{Cite web |url=http://arhiv.ivangorod.ru/econ/SuPortNet/str01.htm |title=kajian situasi pelabuhan di Sungai Narva |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221740/http://arhiv.ivangorod.ru/econ/SuPortNet/str01.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Because of the shallow depth, the lake quickly warms up and cools down. Water temperature reaches 25–26 °C in July.<ref name="Ozera and Rivers South Estonii" /> The lakes freeze in late November – early December and thaws in late April – early May, first lakes Teploe and Pihkva and then lake Peipus.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" />
 
{| Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
Karena kedalaman yang dangkal, danau secara cepat menghangat, secara cepat pula mendingin. Suhu air mencapai 25–26&nbsp;°C pada bulan Juli.<ref name="Ozera and Rivers South Estonii" /> Danau membeku pada akhir bulan November – awal bulan Desember dan melebur pada akhir bulan April – awal bulan Mei, danau pertama Teploe dan Pihkva dan kemudian danau Peipus.<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" />
 
<center>
{| Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
|Width = "25 %"|[[FileBerkas:Kallaste-Peipussee.JPG|centerpus|195px]]
|Width = "25 %"|[[FileBerkas:LakePeipus01.JPG|centerpus|195px]]
|Width = "25 %"|[[FileBerkas:Ranna-Peipussee.JPG|centerpus|195px]]
|Width = "25 %"|[[FileBerkas:LakePeipus02.JPG|centerpus|195px]]
|-
|[[Kallaste]]
|Dermaga Mustvee
|Mustvee harbor
|[[Ranna, Estonia|Ranna]]
|ShorelineTepian atDanau di [[Mustvee]]
|}
</center>
 
[[FileBerkas:Narva basin map.svg|thumbjmpl|300px|Mapka|Peta of pools ofTelaga [[Narva]] anddan LakeDanau Peipsi-Pihkva.]]
-->
== Cekungan dan pulau-pulau ==
<!--
About 30 rivers flow into the lake.<ref name="PO PSKOVSKO-CHUDSKOMU VODOEMU">[http://www.zachetka.ru/referat/preview.aspx?docid=34571&page=3 By Peipus pond]</ref> The largest are [[Velikaya River|Velikaya]] and [[Emajõgi]], smaller rivers include Zadubka, Cherma, Gdovka, Kuna, Torohovka, Remda, Rovya, Chernaya, Lipenka, Startseva, Borovka, Abija, Obdeh, [[Piusa River|Piusa]], [[Võhandu River|Võhandu]], Kodza, Kargaya, Omedu, Tagajõgi and Alajõgi. The lake is drained by only one river, the [[Narva (river)|Narva]] into the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=bse/>
 
The lake contains 29 islands with a total area of 25.8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, with 40 more islands located within the delta of the [[Velikaya River]].<ref name="Ozera and Rivers South Estonii" /> The islands are low wetlands, elevated above the lake surface on average by only 1–2 m (maximum 4.5 m) and therefore suffer from floods. The largest islands are [[Piirissaar]] (area 7.39&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, located in the southern part of Lake Peipus), [[Kolpino (Island)|Kolpino]] (area 11&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, in the Pihkva Lake) and Kamenka (area 6&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). In the center of Pihkva Lake there is a group of Talabski Islands (Belova, Zalita and Talavenets).<ref name="Gidrografiya SSSR" />
-->
== Flora dan fauna ==
<!--
The lake hosts 54 species of coastal aquatic flora, including [[cane]], [[Acorus calamus|calamus]], [[Scirpus|bulrush]], [[Butomus|grass rush]], [[Typha angustifolia|Lesser Bulrush]] and [[Sium latifolium|water parsnip]]. Floating plants are rare and are of only three types: [[Sagittaria|arrowhead]], [[Nuphar lutea|yellow water-lily]] and [[Persicaria amphibia|water knotweed]].<ref name="Ryby Pskov oblasti">[http://pskovfish.ru/ozera.htm Fish and Lake Pskov region. Lakes]</ref> The wetlands of the coastal strip of the lake are important resting and feeding grounds for swans, geese and ducks migrating between the [[White Sea]] and [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name="iss" /><ref name="svali.ru">[http://www.svali.ru/catalog~0~26258~index.htm Tourist portal svali.ru]</ref> The lake is home to [[European perch|perch]], [[Sander (genus)|pike-perch]], [[Carp bream|bream]], [[Rutilus|roaches]], [[Coregonus|whitefishes]], [[European smelt|smelt]] and other fish species.<ref name = bse />
-->
== Ekologi==
<!--
The ecological condition of the lake basin is, in general, satisfactory – water is mostly of grades I and II (clean), and is of grade III in some rivers due to the high content of [[phosphorus]]. The water condition of the rivers has improved since 2001–2007, but there is an increase in population of [[Cyanobacteria|blue-green algae]]. The main problem of Lake Peipus is its [[eutrophication]].<ref name="Sovmestnoy Rossiysko-Estonskoy commission for the protection and rational use of transboundary vod">[http://www.ravnopravie.com/Site/News/FederalNews.aspx?id=185&type=3 Minutes of the eleventh meeting of the Joint Russian-Estonian commission for the protection and rational use of transboundary waters]</ref>
 
{| Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
|Width = "25 %"|[[File:PercaFluviatilisMediumSize.JPG|center|180px]]
|Width = "25 %"|[[File:AbramisBramaCarpBream.JPG|center|210px]]
|Width = "25 %"|[[File:Blausteinsee Tierwelt 03.jpg|center|180px]]
|Width = "25 %"|[[File:Walleye painting.jpg|center|210px]]
|-
|[[European perch]]
|[[Carp bream]]
|[[Rutilus|roach]]
|[[Sander (genus)|Pike-perch]]
|}
-->
== Ekonomi ==
<!--
The towns standing on the banks are relatively small and include [[Mustvee]] (population 1,610), [[Kallaste]] (population 1,260) and [[Gdov]] (population 4,400). The largest city, [[Pskov]] (population 202,000) stands on the [[Velikaya River]], 10&nbsp;km from the lake.<ref name="Entsiklopediya turista" /> Ship navigation is well developed and serves fishery, transport of goods and passengers and tourist tours.<ref name="svali.ru" /><ref name="TrevelTurs">[http://www.traveltours.ru/spb/articles/countries/russia/resorts/lenobl/ivangorod/narva/ TrevelTurs. Peipsi-Pskov lake system]</ref><ref name="Transport Pskov oblasti">[http://www.all-transport.info/regions/ru60.html#pskov Transport of Pskov Oblast]</ref> The picturesque shores of the lake are a popular destination for tourism and recreation at several tourist camps and sanatoriums.<ref>[http://www.noveltour.ru/places/pskov/Recreation Pskov region. Peipsi and Lake Pskov]</ref><ref>[http://www.megatis.ru/news/55/2002/08/08/3_14452.html More and more foreigners resting on Lake Peipus]</ref><ref>[http://vladsc.narod.ru/library/enc_tur/k.htm Tourist Encyclopedia]</ref>
-->
== Sejarah ==
<!--
In 1242, the southern part of Lake Peipus hosted a major historical battle where [[Teutonic Knights]] were defeated by the Russian troops from [[Novgorod]] led by [[Alexander Nevsky]]. The battle is remarkable in that it was mostly fought on the frozen surface of the lake and is therefore called the [[Battle on Lake Peipus|Battle on the Ice]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA564|page=564|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=0313335389}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XKWRct15XfkC&pg=PA299|page=299|author=Toivo Miljan|title=Historical dictionary of Estonia|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=0810849046}}</ref>
 
The largest city on the lake, [[Pskov]], is also one of the oldest cities in Russia, known from at least 903 AD from a record in the [[Primary Chronicle]] of the [[Laurentian Codex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00063/74100.htm|title=Pskov|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA114|page=114|author=Wladyslaw Duczko|title=Viking Rus: studies on the presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe|publisher=BRILL|year=2004|isbn=9004138749}}</ref> Several historical buildings remain in the city, including [[Mirozhsky Monastery]] (1156, which contains famous frescoes of 14–17th centuries), [[Pskov Kremlin]] (14–17th centuries) with the five-domed Trinity Cathedral (1682–1699), churches of Ivanovo (until 1243), [[Snetogorsky monastery]] (13th century), Church of Basil (1413), Church of Cosmas and Damian (1462), Church of St. George (1494) and others.<ref name="Drevny city Pskov">[http://www.old-pskov.ru/ ancient city of Pskov]</ref>
 
[[Gdov]] was founded in 1431 as a fortress and became a city in 1780;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00017/09000.htm|title=Gdov|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> the only remains of the historical [[Gdov Kremlin]] are three fortress walls.<ref name="Moy Gdov">[http://mygdov.ru/history My Gdov]</ref> [[Kallaste]] was founded in the 18th century by the [[Old Believers]] who had fled from the [[Novgorod]] area,<ref name="Kallaste. Few istorii">[http://www.moles.ee/00/Jun/28/4-2.html Kallaste. A bit of history]</ref><ref name="Staroobryadcheskaya community Kallaste">[http://www.starover.ee/ru/kirikud/kallaste.html Old Believer community Kallaste]</ref> and there is still a functional [[Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church]] in the town. Near Kallaste, there is one of the largest surfacings of [[Devonian]] [[sandstone]] with a length of 930 m and a maximum height of 8 m, as well as several caves and one of the largest in Estonia colonies of [[swallow]]s.<ref name="Russkoyazychny site about the city Kallaste">[http://kallaste.ucoz.org/index/0-2 Russian site about the city Kallaste]</ref>
 
{| Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
|Width = "50 %"|[[File:Mirozh02.JPG|center|390px]]
|Width = "50 %"|[[File:Kremlin of Pskov-2008-1.jpg|center|390px]]
|-
|[[Mirozhsky Monastery]]
|Pskov Kremlin
|}
-->
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|2}}
Baris 138 ⟶ 93:
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Lake Peipus}}
* [http://www.peipsi.ee/ Peipsi Infokeskus] Situs web informasi pariwisata Estonia
 
[[Kategori:Danau di Eropa]]
[[Kategori:Danau di Rusia]]
[[Kategori:Danau di Estonia]]
 
{{Link GA|ru}}
 
[[als:Peipussee]]
[[be:Чудска-Пскоўскае возера]]
[[be-x-old:Чудзка-Пскоўскае возера]]
[[ca:Peipus]]
[[cs:Čudsko-pskovské jezero]]
[[cy:Llyn Peipus]]
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[[et:Peipsi-Pihkva järv]]
[[en:Lake Peipus]]
[[el:Πέιπους (λίμνη)]]
[[es:Lago Peipus]]
[[eo:Peipsi]]
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[[fr:Lac Peïpous]]
[[ga:Loch Peipus]]
[[ko:페이푸스 호]]
[[it:Lago dei Ciudi]]
[[he:אגם פייפסי]]
[[ka:ჩუდ-ფსკოვის ტბა]]
[[la:Lacus Peipus]]
[[lv:Peipusa ezers]]
[[lt:Peipaus-Pskovo ežeras]]
[[hu:Peipus-tó]]
[[mk:Пеипус (езеро)]]
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[[ja:ペイプシ湖]]
[[no:Peipus]]
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[[pl:Pejpus]]
[[pt:Lago Peipus]]
[[ru:Чудско-Псковское озеро]]
[[simple:Lake Peipus]]
[[sk:Čudské jazero]]
[[sl:Čudsko jezero]]
[[sr:Језеро Пеипус]]
[[fi:Peipsijärvi]]
[[sv:Peipus]]
[[tr:Peipus Gölü]]
[[uk:Чудсько-Псковське озеро]]
[[zh:楚德湖]]
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