Alfabet fonetik NATO: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika |
Membalikkan revisi 22990019 oleh 182.1.177.86 (bicara) Tag: Pembatalan halaman dengan galat kutipan |
||
| (45 revisi perantara oleh 21 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{distinguish|Alfabet Fonetik Internasional}}
[[Berkas:FAA Phonetic and Morse Chart2.svg|jmpl|350px|ka|Alfabet radiotelefoni FAA dan tabel [[kode Morse]]]]{{listen|filename=NATO_Phonetic_Alphabet_reading.ogg|title=ICAO phonetic alphabet|description=rekaman suara: alfabet fonetik ICAO}}
'''International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet''', biasa disebut '''alfabet fonetik [[ICAO]]''', dan kadang juga ditulis '''alfabet fonetik dan kode angka ITU''' dan '''alfabet fonetik [[NATO]]''', adalah [[alfabet eja]] radiotelepon yang paling banyak digunakan. Meski sering disebut "alfabet fonetik", alfabet eja tidak sama dengan sistem [[transkripsi fonetik]] seperti [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. Alfabet [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) adalah kode [[akrofoni]] yang disesuaikan dengan huruf-huruf [[alfabet Inggris]], jadi huruf dan angkanya harus bisa diucapkan dan dipahami oleh orang-orang yang bertukar pesan suara lewat radio atau telepon tanpa memandang bahasa ibu atau kualitas saluran komunikasinya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icao.int/Pages/AlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-27 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320140711/http://www.icao.int/Pages/AlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx |archivedate=20 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Berikut adalah 26 kode dalam alfabet fonetik internasional yang disesuaikan dengan 26 huruf alfabet Inggris dalam [[urutan abjad]]: Alfa<!--Apparent misspelling only. The most common spelling is Alfa, not Alpha. Chosen by ICAO to facilitate English pronunciation for Spanish speakers because they would take ph as simply a p with a silent h.-->, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett<!--Apparent misspelling only. The most common spelling is Juliett, not Juliet. Chosen by ICAO to facilitate English pronunciation for French speakers because they might take a single final t as silent.-->, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.
== Adopsi internasional ==
Setelah alfabet fonetik dikembangkan oleh International Civil Aviation Organization ([[ICAO]])<ref>[http://owenspencer-thomas.com/journalism/media-tips/spelling-out-words Spelling out words] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717091146/http://www.owenspencer-thomas.com/journalism/media-tips/spelling-out-words |date=17 July 2015 }} Accessed 20 July 2015</ref> (lihat [[#Sejarah|sejarah]] di bawah), alfabet ini diadopsi oleh berbagai organisasi internasional dan nasional, termasuk [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO), [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA), [[International Amateur Radio Union]] (IARU), [[American Radio Relay League]] (ARRL), [[Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International]] (APCO); dan berbagai organisasi militer seperti [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara]] (NATO) dan [[Pakta Pertahanan Asia Tenggara]] (SEATO; sudah bubar).
Kode alfabet yang sama digunakan oleh semua lembaga, tetapi setiap lembaga memilih satu atau dua set kode angka yang berbeda. NATO memakai kata bilangan biasa dalam bahasa Inggris (Zero, One, dan beberapa pengucapan alternatif), sedangkan IMO memakai kata bilangan majemuk (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). Kenyataannya, kata bilangan majemuk jarang sekali dipakai karena membingungkan penutur bahasa yang berbeda.
== Penggunaan ==
Alfabet eja dipakai untuk mengeja bagian pesan yang mengandung huruf dan angka agar menghindari kebingungan karena banyak huruf yang terdengar sama, misalnya "n" dan "m" atau "f" dan "s"; potensi kebingungan meningkat apabila suara kabur atau tidak jelas. Contohnya, pesan "proceed to map grid DH98" bisa terdengar "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Mengucapkan "Delta" alih-alih "D" menghindari kebingungan antara "DH98" dan "BH98" atau "TH98". Pengucapan beberapa angka yang tidak lazim memang sengaja dirancang untuk mencegah kebingungan.
Selain militer, industri sipil menggunakan alfabet ini untuk menghindari permasalahan serupa dalam pertukaran pesan lewat sistem telepon. Contohnya, alfabet ini sering digunakan di industri ritel yang informasi pelanggan atau situsnya disampaikan lewat telepon (membuktikan transaksi kredit atau mengonfirmasi kode stok), tetapi kode buatan sendiri pun sering dipakai juga. Alfabet ini sering digunakan oleh pekerja teknologi informasi untuk menyampaikan kode seri/referensi (biasanya sangat panjang) atau informasi khusus lainnya lewat suara. Sebagian besar maskapai penerbangan dunia menggunakan alfabet ini untuk mengeja [[Passenger Name Record]] (PNR) secara internal dan kadang-kadang memberitahunya kepada penumpang. Alfabet ini juga sering digunakan di dunia kedokteran untuk menghindari kebingungan saat mengirim informasi.
Sejumlah kode huruf dan singkatan yang memakai alfabet eja ini menjadi populer, misalnya [[Bravo Zulu]] (kode huruf BZ) yang berarti "kerja bagus",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/questions/bzulu.html|title=Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?|date=6 March 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306051400/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/questions/bzulu.html|archivedate=6 March 2005|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> [[Checkpoint Charlie]] (Checkpoint C) di Berlin, dan [[Zulu Time]] untuk [[Greenwich Mean Time]] atau [[Coordinated Universal Time]]. Pada masa [[Perang Vietnam]], pemerintah A.S. menyebut kelompok gerilya [[Viet Cong]] dengan singkatan VC, atau Victor Charlie; nama "Charlie" pun sinonim dengan Viet Cong.
== Pengucapan kode ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Simbol!! style="text-align:left;" | Kode
!'''Pengucapan''' ([[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|AFI]])<ref>DIN 5009:2022-06, Anhang B: Buchstabiertafel der ICAO („Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet“)</ref>
|-
! align="center" | [[A]]
| '''Alfa'''<!--Apparent misspelling only. The correct spelling is Alfa, not Alpha. Chosen by ICAO to facilitate English pronunciation for non-English speakers.-->
| {{IPA|ˈalfa}}
|-
! align="center" | [[B]]
|'''Bravo'''
| {{IPA|ˈbravo}}
|-
! align="center" | [[C]]
|'''Charlie'''
| {{IPA|ˈtʃali}} ''atau'' {{IPA|ˈʃali}}
|-
! align="center" | [[D]]
|'''Delta'''
| {{IPA|ˈdɛlta}}
|-
! align="center" | [[E]]
|'''Echo'''
| {{IPA|ˈɛko}}
|-
! align="center" | [[F]]
|'''Foxtrot'''
| {{IPA|ˈfɔks.trɔt}}
|-
! align="center" | [[G]]
|'''Golf'''
| {{IPA|ˈɡɔlf}}
|-
! align="center" | [[H]]
|'''Hotel'''
| {{IPA|hoˈtɛl}}
|-
! align="center" | [[I]]
|<!--Do not change; it's India, not indigo-->'''India'''
| {{IPA|ˈɪndia}}
|-
! align="center" | [[J]]
| '''Juliett'''<!--Apparent misspelling only. Chosen by ICAO to facilitate English pronunciation for non-English speakers.-->
| {{IPA|ˈdʒuliˈɛt}}
|-
! align="center" | [[K]]
|'''Kilo'''
| {{IPA|ˈkilo}}
|-
! align="center" | [[L]]
|'''Lima'''
| {{IPA|ˈlima}}
|-
! align="center" | [[M]]
|'''Mike'''
| {{IPA|ˈmai̯k}}
|-
! align="center" | [[N]]
|'''November'''
| {{IPA|noˈvɛmba}}
|-
! align="center" | [[O]]
|'''Oscar'''
| {{IPA|ˈɔska}}
|-
! align="center" | [[P]]
|'''Papa'''
| {{IPA|paˈpa}}
|-
! align="center" | [[Q]]
|'''Quebec'''
| {{IPA|keˈbɛk}}
|-
! align="center" | [[R]]
|'''Romeo'''
| {{IPA|ˈromio}}
|-
! align="center" | [[S]]
| '''Sierra'''
| {{IPA|siˈɛrɑ}}
|-
! align="center" | [[T]]
|'''Tango'''
| {{IPA|ˈtaŋɡo}}
|-
! align="center" | [[U]]
|'''Uniform'''
| {{IPA|ˈjunifɔm}} ''atau'' {{IPA|ˈunifɔm}}
|-
! align="center" | [[V]]
|'''Victor'''
| {{IPA|ˈvɪkta}}
|-
! align="center" | [[W]]
|'''Whiskey'''
| {{IPA|ˈwɪski}}
|-
! align="center" | [[X]]
|'''Xray''' atau '''x-ray'''
| {{IPA|ˈɛksrei̯}}
|-
! align="center" | [[Y]]
|'''Yankee'''
| {{IPA|ˈjaŋki}}
|-
! align="center" | [[Z]]
|'''Zulu'''
| {{IPA|ˈzulu}}
|-
![[0]]
|Zero
| {{IPA|ˈziro}}
|-
![[1]]
|One
| {{IPA|ˈwan}}
|-
![[2]]
|Two
| {{IPA|ˈtu}}
|-
![[3]]
|Three
| {{IPA|ˈtri}}
|-
![[4]]
|Four
| {{IPA|ˈfoa}}
|-
![[5]]
|Five
| {{IPA|ˈfai̯f}}
|-
![[6]]
|Six
| {{IPA|ˈsɪks}}
|-
![[7]]
|Seven
| {{IPA|ˈsɛvən}}
|-
![[8]]
|Eight
| {{IPA|ˈei̯t}}
|-
![[9]]
|Nine
| {{IPA|ˈnai̯na}}
|-
! ([[pemisah desimal]])
|Decimal
| {{IPA|ˈdeˈsiˈmal}}
|-
!00
|Hundred
| {{IPA|ˈhandrɛd}}
|-
!000
|Thousand
| {{IPA|ˈtau̯ˈzand}}
|-
! align="center" | [[Tanda hubung|-]]
|Hyphen
| {{IPA|ˈhai̯fən}}
|-
! . ([[tanda titik]])
|Stop
| {{IPA|ˈstɔp}}
|}
== Sejarah ==
Alfabet ini didefinisikan oleh berbagai konvensi radio internasional, termasuk:
* Universal Electrical Communications Union, Washington, D.C., Desember 1920<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVgNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101|title=Draft of Convention and Regulations, Washington, D.C., December, 1920|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
* International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927 (pembentukan CCIR)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/RadioConferences.aspx?conf=4.39|title=International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
* General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://handle.itu.int/11.1004/020.1000/4.41.43.en.101|title=General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref>
* Instructions for the International Telephone Service, 1932 (ITU-T E.141; dicabut tahun 1993)
* General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Kairo, 1938)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/TelegraphAndTelephoneConferences.aspx?conf=4.29|title=General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2017-10-30}}</ref>
* Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://handle.itu.int/11.1004/020.1000/4.62.43.en.100|title=Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947)|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref> where "it was decided that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication. However, ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals."
* 1959 Administrative Radio Conference (Jenewa, 1959)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000014502PDFE.pdf|title=Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)|accessdate=26 April 2015|archive-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215192629/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000014502PDFE.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[ITU-R|International Telecommunications Union, Radio]]
* Final Acts of WARC-79 (Jenewa, 1979).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S02010000394002PDFE.PDF|title=Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979)|accessdate=26 April 2015|archive-date=2014-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108170745/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S02010000394002PDFE.PDF|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Here the alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code".
* International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (direvisi 2003)<ref>{{citation|title=International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003)|url=http://www.seasources.net/PDF/PUB102.pdf|year=1969|ref=CITEREFICS1969}} <!-- Another possible link for pub102:
{{cite web
|url=http://www.dr-belair.com/dic/Defence/Sea-Forces/Sea-flags/ICOSbook.pdf
|title=Archived copy
|accessdate=2015-04-26
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204210900/http://www.dr-belair.com/dic/Defence/Sea-Forces/Sea-flags/ICOSbook.pdf
|archivedate=2012-12-04
|df=
}}
--></ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Garis waktu perkembangan alfabet eja radiotelefoni ICAO/ITU-R
!Huruf
!UECU 1920<ref name=":1" />
!International Radiotelegraph Convention (CCIR) 1927 (Washington, D.C.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/5.20.61.en.100.pdf|title=Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN) 1932<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2012/media/NovDec2012Translation.pdf|title=(Don't Get) Lost in Translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.qsl.net/wd8das/RadioCodes.pdf|title=Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords And Abbreviations|last=Alcorn|first=John|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603053050/http://www.qsl.net/wd8das/RadioCodes.pdf|archive-date=2016-06-03|dead-url=yes|access-date=}}</ref>
!Kode International Radiocommunication Conference 1938 (Kairo)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.50.43.en.100.pdf|title=General Radiocommunication Regulations (Revision of Cairo, 1938; Additional Radiocommunication regulations (revision of Cairo, 1938); Additional Protocol.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!International Radio Conference 1947 (Atlantic City)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.62.43.en.100.pdf|title=Radio Regulations Annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention (Atlantic City, 1947)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!ICAO Second Session of the Communications Division 1946 (sama seperti [[Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet|Joint Army/Navy]])<ref name=":32" />
!ICAO 1947 (sama seperti 1943 US-UK)
<ref name=":0" />
<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=CCBP 3-2: Combined Radiotelephone (R/T) Procedure|last=Myers, Capt., U.S.N.|first=G. B.|last2=Charles, Cdr., R.N.V.R.|first2=B. P.|date=1945-02-14|publisher=Combined Communications Board|year=1945|isbn=|location=Washington 25, D. C.|pages=1, 2}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.n7cfo.com/tgph/Dwnlds/sigcorps/FM24-12.pdf|title=FM 24-12,:Army Extract of Combined Operating Signals (CCBP 2-2)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!Alfabet ICAO 1947 (diadopsi dari ARRL)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/09/Friedman_Collection_Guide_September_2014.pdf|title=Item 48 in the Friedman Collection: Letter from Everett Conder to William F. Friedman, February 11, 1952.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106201729/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/09/Friedman_Collection_Guide_September_2014.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-06|dead-url=yes|access-date=}}</ref>
!ICAO Amerika Latin/Karibia 1947<ref name=":32" />
!Proposal IATA ke ICAO 1947<ref name=":32" />
!Kode ICAO 1949<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=http://www.governmentattic.org/4docs/ICAO-WordSpellingAlphabet_1959.pdf|title=The Evolution and Rationale of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Word-Spelling Alphabet, July 1959|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>
!Kode ICAO 1951<ref name=":4" />
!Kode final ICAO 1956<ref name=":3" />
!Kode Administrative Radio Conference 1959 (Jenewa)<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.85.43.en.100.pdf|title=Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!Ejaan ulang 1959<ref name=":7" />
!Kode ICAO 2008–sekarang<ref name=":3" />
!Ejaan ulang ICAO 2008–sekarang<ref name=":3" />
|-
|A
|Argentine
|Amsterdam
|Amsterdam
|Amsterdam
|Amsterdam
|Able
|ABLE
|ADAM
|ANA
|ALPHA
|Alfa
|Alfa
|Alfa
|Alfa
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|Alfa
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|-
|B
|Brussels
|Baltimore
|Baltimore
|Baltimore
|Baltimore
|Baker
|BAKER
|BAKER
|BRAZIL
|BETA
|Beta
|Bravo
|Bravo
|Bravo
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH
|Bravo
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH
|-
|C
|Canada
|Canada
|Casablanca
|Casablanca
|Casablanca
|Charlie
|CHARLIE
|CHARLIE
|COCO
|CHARLIE
|Coca
|Coca
|Charlie
|Charlie
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE atau <u>SHAR</u> LEE
|Charlie
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE atau <u>SHAR</u> LEE
|-
|D
|Damascus
|Denmark
|Danemark
|Danemark
|Danemark
|Dog
|DOG
|DAVID
|DADO
|DELTA
|Delta
|Delta
|Delta
|Delta
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|Delta
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|-
|E
|Ecuador
|Eddystone
|Edison
|Edison
|Edison
|Easy
|EASY
|EDWARD
|ELSA
|EDWARD
|Echo
|Echo
|Echo
|Echo
|<u>ECK</u> OH
|Echo
|<u>ECK</u> OH
|-
|F
|France
|Francisco
|Florida
|Florida
|Florida
|Fox
|FOX
|FREDDIE
|FIESTA
|FOX
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|<u>FOKS</u> TROT
|Foxtrot
|<u>FOKS</u> TROT
|-
|G
|Greece
|Gibraltar
|Gallipoli
|Gallipoli
|Gallipoli
|George
|GEORGE
|GEORGE
|GATO
|GRAMMA
|Golf
|Gold
|Golf
|Golf
|GOLF
|Golf
|GOLF
|-
|H
|Hanover
|Hanover
|Havana
|Havana
|Havana
|How
|HOW
|HARRY
|HOMBRE
|HAVANA
|Hotel
|Hotel
|Hotel
|Hotel
|HOH <u>TELL</u>
|Hotel
|HOH <u>TELL</u>
|-
|I
|Italy
|Italy
|Italia
|Italia
|Italia
|Item
|ITEM
|IDA
|INDIA
|ITALY
|India
|India
|India
|India
|<u>IN</u> DEE AH
|India
|<u>IN</u> DEE AH
|-
|J
|Japan
|Jerusalem
|Jérusalem
|Jérusalem
|Jerusalem
|Jig
|JIG
|JOHN
|JULIO
|JUPITER
|Julietta
|Juliett
|Juliett
|Juliett
|<u>JEW</u> LEE <u>ETT</u>
|Juliett
|<u>JEW</u> LEE <u>ETT</u>
|-
|K
|Khartoum
|Kimberley
|Kilogramme
|Kilogramme
|Kilogramme
|King
|KING
|KING
|KILO
|KILO
|Kilo
|Kilo
|Kilo
|Kilo
|<u>KEY</u> LOH
|Kilo
|<u>KEY</u> LOH
|-
|L
|Lima
|Liverpool
|Liverpool
|Liverpool
|Liverpool
|Love
|LOVE
|LEWIS
|LUIS
|LITER
|Lima
|Lima
|Lima
|Lima
|<u>LEE</u> MAH
|Lima
|<u>LEE</u> MAH
|-
|M
|Madrid
|Madagascar
|Madagascar
|Madagascar
|Madagascar
|Mike
|MIKE
|MARY
|MAMA
|MAESTRO
|Metro
|Metro
|Mike
|Mike
|MIKE
|Mike
|MIKE
|-
|N
|Nancy
|Neufchatel
|New York
|New-York
|New York
|Nan (later Nickel)
|NAN
|NANCY
|NORMA
|NORMA
|Nectar
|Nectar
|November
|November
|NO <u>VEM</u> BER
|November
|NO <u>VEM</u> BER
|-
|O
|Ostend
|Ontario
|Oslo
|Oslo
|Oslo
|Oboe
|OBOE
|OTTO
|OPERA
|OPERA
|Oscar
|Oscar
|Oscar
|Oscar
|<u>OSS</u> CAH
|Oscar
|<u>OSS</u> CAH
|-
|P
|Paris
|Portugal
|Paris
|Paris
|Paris
|Peter
|PETER
|PETER
|PERU
|PERU
|Polka
|Papa
|Papa
|Papa
|PAH <u>PAH</u>
|Papa
|PAH <u>PAH</u>
|-
|Q
|Quebec
|Quebec
|Québec
|Québec
|Quebec
|Queen
|QUEEN
|QUEEN
|QUEBEC
|QUEBEC
|Quebec
|Quebec
|Quebec
|Quebec
|KEH <u>BECK</u>
|Quebec
|KEH <u>BECK</u>
|-
|R
|Rome
|Rivoli
|Roma
|Roma
|Roma
|Roger
|ROGER
|ROBERT
|ROSA
|ROGER
|Romeo
|Romeo
|Romeo
|Romeo
|<u>ROW</u> ME OH
|Romeo
|<u>ROW</u> ME OH
|-
|S
|Sardinia
|Santiago
|Santiago
|Santiago
|Santiago
|Sail/Sugar
|SUGAR
|SUSAN
|SARA
|SANTA
|Sierra
|Sierra
|Sierra
|Sierra
|SEE <u>AIR</u> RAH
|Sierra
|SEE <u>AIR</u> RAH
|-
|T
|Tokio
|Tokio
|Tripoli
|Tripoli
|Tripoli
|Tare
|TARE
|THOMAS
|TOMAS
|THOMAS
|Tango
|Tango
|Tango
|Tango
|<u>TANG</u> GO
|Tango
|<u>TANG</u> OH
|-
|U
|Uruguay
|Uruguay
|Upsala
|Upsala
|Upsala
|Uncle
|UNCLE
|UNION
|URUGUAY
|URSULA
|Union
|Union
|Uniform
|Uniform
|{{nowrap|<u>YOU</u> NEE FORM</u>}} ''or'' <br> <u>OO</u> NEE FORM
|Uniform
|<u>YOU</u> NEE FORM atau <u>OO</u> NEE FORM
|-
|V
|Victoria
|Victoria
|Valencia
|Valencia
|Valencia
|Victor
|VICTOR
|VICTOR
|VICTOR
|VICTOR
|Victor
|Victor
|Victor
|Victor
|<u>VIK</u> TAH
|Victor
|<u>VIK</u> TAH
|-
|W
|Washington
|Washington
|Washington
|Washington
|Washington
|William
|WILLIAM
|WILLIAM
|WHISKEY
|WHISKEY
|Whiskey
|Whiskey
|Whiskey
|Whiskey
|<u>WISS</u> KEY
|Whiskey
|<u>WISS</u> KEY
|-
|X
|Xaintrie
|Xantippe
|Xanthippe
|Xanthippe
|Xanthippe
|X-ray
|XRAY
|X-RAY
|XQUIS
|X-RAY
|Zebra
|eXtra
|X-ray
|X-ray
|<u>ECKS</u> <u>RAY</u>
|X-ray
|<u>ECKS</u> <u>RAY</u>
|-
|Y
|Yokohama
|Yokohama
|Yokohama
|Yokohama
|Yokohama
|Yoke
|YOKE
|YOUNG
|YOLANDA
|YORK
|Yankey
|Yankee
|Yankee
|Yankee
|<u>YANG</u> KEY
|Yankee
|<u>YANG</u> KEY
|-
|Z
|Zanzibar
|Zululand
|Zürich
|Zurich
|Zurich
|Zebra
|ZEBRA
|ZEBRA
|ZETA
|?
|Zebra
|Zulu
|Zulu
|Zulu
|<u>ZOO</u> LOO
|Zulu
|<u>ZOO</u> LOO
|-
|0
|
|
|
|Zero
|Zero<ref group="Note" name=":0">Each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by "as a number" spoken twice.</ref>
|Zero
|Zero
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Zero
|(proposal A: ZE-RO; proposal B: ZERO)
|Zero
|ZE-RO
|-
|1
|
|
|
|One
|One<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|One
|Wun
|
|
|
|
|
|
|One<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: WUN; proposal B: WUN)
|Wun
|WUN
|-
|2
|
|
|
|Two
|Two<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Two
|Too
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Two<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: TOO; proposal B: BIS)
|Too
|TOO
|-
|3
|
|
|
|Three
|Three<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Three
|Thuh-ree
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Three<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: TREE; proposal B: TER)
|Tree
|TREE
|-
|4
|
|
|
|Four
|Four<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Four
|Fo-wer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Four<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: FOW-ER; proposal B: QUARTO)
|Fower
|FOW-er
|-
|5
|
|
|
|Five
|Five<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Five
|Fi-yiv
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Five<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: FIFE; proposal B: PENTA)
|Fife
|FIFE
|-
|6
|
|
|
|Six
|Six<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Six
|Six
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Six<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: SIX; proposal B: SAXO)
|Six
|SIX
|-
|7
|
|
|
|Seven
|Seven<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Seven
|Seven
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Seven<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: SEV-EN; proposal B: SETTE)
|Seven
|SEV-en
|-
|8
|
|
|
|Eight
|Eight<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Eight
|Ate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Eight<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: AIT; proposal B: OCTO)
|Eight
|AIT
|-
|9
|
|
|
|Nine
|Nine<ref group="Note" name=":0" />
|Nine
|Niner
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Nine<ref name=":0" group="Note" />
|(proposal A: NIN-ER; proposal B: NONA)
|Niner
|NIN-er
|-
|.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Point (proposal A: DAY-SEE-MAL; proposal B: DECIMAL)
|Decimal
|DAY-SEE-MAL
|-
|Hundred
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Hundred
|HUN-dred
|-
|Thousand
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|(Proposal A: TOUS-AND)
|Thousand
|TOU-SAND
|-
|,
|
|
|
|Comma
|Comma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Comma
|Comma
|
|
|-
|/
|
|
|
|Fraction bar
|Fraction bar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Fraction bar
|Fraction bar
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Break signal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Break signal
|Break signal
|
|
|-
|.
|
|
|
|Full stop
|Full stop (period)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Full stop (period)
|Full stop (period)
|
|
|}
Untuk fonetik 1938 dan 1947, setiap pengucapan angka didahului dan diikuti oleh pengucapan "as a number" sebanyak dua kali.
ITU mengadopsi alfabet eja fonetik [[International Maritime Organization]] pada tahun 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S020100004B4804PDFE.PDF|title=Documents of the World Administrative Radio Conference to deal with matters relating to the maritime mobile service (WARC Mar) (Geneva, 1967)|accessdate=26 April 2015|archive-date=2015-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710081939/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/01/S020100004B4804PDFE.PDF|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tahun 1969, ITU menyatakan alasannya "untuk diterapkan pada komunikasi laut saja".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/0A/S020A0000765302PDFE.PDF|title=Report on the Activities of The International Telecommunication Union in 1967|accessdate=26 April 2015|archive-date=2015-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710081915/http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/0A/S020A0000765302PDFE.PDF|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Pengucapan tidak ditetapkan sebelum 1959. Untuk fonetik 1959–sekarang, suku kata bergaris bawah di setiap kata-huruf harus dipertegas dan setiap suku kata kode angka (1969–sekarang) juga harus dipertegas.
=== Komunikasi penerbangan internasional ===
[[Alfabet eja ICAO|ICAO Radiotelephony Alphabet]] digunakan oleh [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] untuk komunikasi penerbangan internasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icao.int/Pages/AlphabetRadiotelephony.aspx|title=Alphabet - Radiotelephony|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icao.int/Meetings/anconf12/Document%20Archive/AN10_V2_cons%5B1%5D.pdf|title=Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS Status|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref><!--
See also [http://www.skiba.com.au/data/resources/av_art/alpha.pdf International Phonetic Alphabet], [http://blog.privatefly.com/history-of-the-nato-phonetic-alphabet HISTORY OF THE NATO PHONETIC ALPHABET] and [http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:nato-phonetic-alphabet What is the phonetic alphabet?] -->
{| class="wikitable"
!Huruf
!General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (CCIR/ICAN) 1932<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" />
!ICAO Second Session of the Communications Division 1946 (sama seperti [[Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet|Joint Army/Navy]])<ref name=":32" />
!ICAO 1947 (sama seperti 1943 US-UK)
<ref name=":0" />
<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":5" />
!Alfabet ICAO 1947 (diadopsi dari ARRL)<ref name=":2" />
!ICAO Amerika Latin/Karibia 1947<ref name=":32" />
!Proposal IATA ke ICAO 1947<ref name=":32" />
!Kode ICAO 1949<ref name=":32" />
!Kode ICAO 1951<ref name=":4" />
!Kode ICAO 1956–sekarang<ref name=":3" />
|-
|A
|Amsterdam
|Able
|ABLE
|ADAM
|ANA
|ALPHA
|Alfa
|Alfa
|Alfa
|-
|B
|Baltimore
|Baker
|BAKER
|BAKER
|BRAZIL
|BETA
|Beta
|Bravo
|Bravo
|-
|C
|Casablanca
|Charlie
|CHARLIE
|CHARLIE
|COCO
|CHARLIE
|Coca
|Coca
|Charlie
|-
|D
|Danemark
|Dog
|DOG
|DAVID
|DADO
|DELTA
|Delta
|Delta
|Delta
|-
|E
|Edison
|Easy
|EASY
|EDWARD
|ELSA
|EDWARD
|Echo
|Echo
|Echo
|-
|F
|Florida
|Fox
|FOX
|FREDDIE
|FIESTA
|FOX
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|-
|G
|Gallipoli
|George
|GEORGE
|GEORGE
|GATO
|GRAMMA
|Golf
|Gold
|Golf
|-
|H
|Havana
|How
|HOW
|HARRY
|HOMBRE
|HAVANA
|Hotel
|Hotel
|Hotel
|-
|I
|Italia
|Item
|ITEM
|IDA
|INDIA
|ITALY
|India
|India
|India
|-
|J
|Jérusalem
|Jig
|JIG
|JOHN
|JULIO
|JUPITER
|Julietta
|Juliett
|Juliett
|-
|K
|Kilogramme
|King
|KING
|KING
|KILO
|KILO
|Kilo
|Kilo
|Kilo
|-
|L
|Liverpool
|Love
|LOVE
|LEWIS
|LUIS
|LITER
|Lima
|Lima
|Lima
|-
|M
|Madagascar
|Mike
|MIKE
|MARY
|MAMA
|MAESTRO
|Metro
|Metro
|Mike
|-
|N
|New York
|Nan (later Nickel)
|NAN
|NANCY
|NORMA
|NORMA
|Nectar
|Nectar
|November
|-
|O
|Oslo
|Oboe
|OBOE
|OTTO
|OPERA
|OPERA
|Oscar
|Oscar
|Oscar
|-
|P
|Paris
|Peter
|PETER
|PETER
|PERU
|PERU
|Polka
|Papa
|Papa
|-
|Q
|Québec
|Queen
|QUEEN
|QUEEN
|QUEBEC
|QUEBEC
|Quebec
|Quebec
|Quebec
|-
|R
|Roma
|Roger
|ROGER
|ROBERT
|ROSA
|ROGER
|Romeo
|Romeo
|Romeo
|-
|S
|Santiago
|Sail/Sugar
|SUGAR
|SUSAN
|SARA
|SANTA
|Sierra
|Sierra
|Sierra
|-
|T
|Tripoli
|Tare
|TARE
|THOMAS
|TOMAS
|THOMAS
|Tango
|Tango
|Tango
|-
|U
|Upsala
|Uncle
|UNCLE
|UNION
|URUGUAY
|URSULA
|Union
|Union
|Uniform
|-
|V
|Valencia
|Victor
|VICTOR
|VICTOR
|VICTOR
|VICTOR
|Victor
|Victor
|Victor
|-
|W
|Washington
|William
|WILLIAM
|WILLIAM
|WHISKEY
|WHISKEY
|Whiskey
|Whiskey
|Whisky
|-
|X
|Xanthippe
|X-ray
|XRAY
|X-RAY
|XQUIS
|X-RAY
|X-RAY
|eXtra
|X-ray
|-
|Y
|Yokohama
|Yoke
|YOKE
|YOUNG
|YOLANDA
|YORK
|Yankey
|Yankee
|Yankee
|-
|Z
|Zürich
|Zebra
|ZEBRA
|ZEBRA
|ZETA
|?
|Zebra
|Zulu
|Zulu
|-
|0
|
|Zero
|Zero
|
|
|
|
|
|Zero
|-
|1
|
|One
|Wun
|
|
|
|
|
|One
|-
|2
|
|Two
|Too
|
|
|
|
|
|Two
|-
|3
|
|Three
|Thuh-ree
|
|
|
|
|
|Three
|-
|4
|
|Four
|Fo-wer
|
|
|
|
|
|Four
|-
|5
|
|Five
|Fi-yiv
|
|
|
|
|
|Five
|-
|6
|
|Six
|Six
|
|
|
|
|
|Six
|-
|7
|
|Seven
|Seven
|
|
|
|
|
|Seven
|-
|8
|
|Eight
|Ate
|
|
|
|
|
|Eight
|-
|9
|
|Nine
|Niner
|
|
|
|
|
|Niner
|-
|.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Decimal
|-
|100
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Hundred
|-
|1000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Thousand
|}
=== Komunikasi laut internasional ===
ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet digunakan oleh [[International Maritime Organization]] untuk komunikasi laut internasional.<!--
See also [http://www.skiba.com.au/data/resources/av_art/alpha.pdf International Phonetic Alphabet], [http://blog.privatefly.com/history-of-the-nato-phonetic-alphabet HISTORY OF THE NATO PHONETIC ALPHABET] and [http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:nato-phonetic-alphabet What is the phonetic alphabet?] -->
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Kode IMO 1932–1965{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
!Kode IMO 1965–sekarang (WRC-03)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.segeln.co.at/media/pdf/smcp.pdf|title=IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref>
!1967 WARC code words<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.94.43.en.100.pdf|title=Final Acts of the World Administrative Radio Conference to Deal with Matters Relating to the Maritime Mobile Service.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
!Ejaan ulang WARC 1967<ref name=":8" />
!Ejaan ulang ITU-R 2007–sekarang<ref name="ITU" />
|-
|A
|Amsterdam
|Alfa
|Alfa
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|<u>AL</u> FAH
|-
|B
|Baltimore
|Bravo
|Bravo
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH
|<u>BRAH</u> VOH
|-
|C
|Casablanca
|Charlie
|Charlie
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE atau <u>SHAR</u> LEE
|<u>CHAR</u> LEE atau <u>SHAR</u> LEE
|-
|D
|Danemark
|Delta
|Delta
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|<u>DELL</u> TAH
|-
|E
|Edison
|Echo
|Echo
|<u>ECK</u> OH
|<u>ECK</u> OH
|-
|F
|Florida
|Foxtrot
|Foxtrot
|<u>FOKS</u> TROT
|<u>FOKS</u> TROT
|-
|G
|Gallipoli
|Golf
|Golf
|GOLF
|GOLF
|-
|H
|Havana
|Hotel
|Hotel
|HOH <u>TELL</u>
|HOH <u>TELL</u>
|-
|I
|Italia
|India
|India
|<u>IN</u> DEE AH
|<u>IN</u> DEE AH
|-
|J
|Jérusalem
|Juliett
|Juliett
|<u>JEW</u> LEE <u>ETT</u>
|<u>JEW</u> LEE <u>ETT</u>
|-
|K
|Kilogramme
|Kilo
|Kilo
|<u>KEY</u> LOH
|<u>KEY</u> LOH
|-
|L
|Liverpool
|Lima
|Lima
|<u>LEE</u> MAH
|<u>LEE</u> MAH
|-
|M
|Madagascar
|Mike
|Mike
|MIKE
|MIKE
|-
|N
|New-York
|November
|November
|NO <u>VEM</u> BER
|NO <u>VEM</u> BER
|-
|O
|Oslo
|Oscar
|Oscar
|<u>OSS</u> CAH
|<u>OSS</u> CAH
|-
|P
|Paris
|Papa
|Papa
|PAH <u>PAH</u>
|PAH <u>PAH</u>
|-
|Q
|Québec
|Quebec
|Quebec
|KEH <u>BECK</u>
|KEH <u>BECK</u>
|-
|R
|Roma
|Romeo
|Romeo
|<u>ROW</u> ME OH
|<u>ROW</u> ME OH
|-
|S
|Santiago
|Sierra
|Sierra
|SEE <u>AIR</u> RAH
|SEE <u>AIR</u> RAH
|-
|T
|Tripoli
|Tango
|Tango
|<u>TANG</u> GO
|<u>TANG</u> GO
|-
|U
|Upsala
|Uniform
|Uniform
|{{nowrap|<u>YOU</u> NEE FORM</u>}} ''or'' <br> <u>OO</u> NEE FORM
|{{nowrap|<u>YOU</u> NEE FORM</u>}} atau <br> <u>OO</u> NEE FORM
|-
|V
|Valencia
|Victor
|Victor
|<u>VIK</u> TAH
|<u>VIK</u> TAH
|-
|W
|Washington
|Whisky
|Whisky
|<u>WISS</u> KEY
|<u>WISS</u> KEY
|-
|X
|Xanthippe
|X-ray
|X-ray
|<u>ECKS</u> <u>RAY</u>
|<u>ECKS</u> <u>RAY</u>
|-
|Y
|Yokohama
|Yankee
|Yankee
|<u>YANG</u> KEY
|<u>YANG</u> KEY
|-
|Z
|Zurich
|Zulu
|Zulu
|<u>ZOO</u> LOO
|<u>ZOO</u> LOO
|-
|0
|Zero
|<u>ZEE</u>RO
|NADAZERO
|NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
|NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
|-
|1
|One
|<u>WUN</u>
|UNAONE
|OO-NAH-WUN
|OO-NAH-WUN
|-
|2
|Two
|<u>TOO</u>
|BISSOTWO
|BEES-SOH-TOO
|BEES-SOH-TOO
|-
|3
|Three
|<u>'''TREE'''</u>
|TERRATHREE
|TAY-RAH-TREE
|TAY-RAH-TREE
|-
|4
|Four
|'''<u>FOW</u>ER'''
|KARTEFOUR
|KAR-TAY-FOWER
|KAR-TAY-FOWER
|-
|5
|Five
|<u>FIFE</u>
|PANTAFIVE
|PAN-TAH-FIVE
|PAN-TAH-FIVE
|-
|6
|Six
|SIX
|SOXISIX
|SOK-SEE-SIX
|SOK-SEE-SIX
|-
|7
|Seven
|<u>SE</u>VEN
|SETTESEVEN
|SAY-TAY-SEVEN
|SAY-TAY-SEVEN
|-
|8
|Eight
|AIT
|OKTOEIGHT
|OK-TOH-AIT
|OK-TOH-AIT
|-
|9
|Nine
|'''<u>NI</u>NER'''
|NOVENINE
|NO-VAY-NINER
|NO-VAY-NINER
|-
|.
|
|
|DECIMAL
|DAY-SEE-MAL
|DAY-SEE-MAL
|-
|.
|
|
|STOP
|STOP
|STOP
|-
|1000
|
|<u>'''TOU'''</u>'''SAND'''
|
|
|
|}
== Varian ==
=== Penerbangan ===
* "Delta" diganti dengan "Data", "Dixie", atau "David" di bandara yang sering dikunjungi maskapai [[Delta Air Lines]] seperti [[Bandar Udara Internasional Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta]] agar tidak membingungkan karena "Delta" juga merupakan kode panggil Delta.<ref>Civil Aviation Authority, [http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP704.pdf "Aircraft Call Sign Confusion Evaluation Safety Study"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224034105/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP704.pdf |date=24 December 2004 }}, April 2000</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[International Code of Signals]]
* [[Alfabet eja]]
* [[Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet]]
* [[Alfabet eja telefoni APCO]]
* Alfabet eja spesifik
** [[Alfabet radio angkatan bersenjata Finlandia|Alfabet eja Finlandia]]
** [[Alfabet eja Yunani]]
** [[Alfabet eja Jerman]]
** [[Alfabet eja Rusia]]
* [[Prosedur suara]]
** [[Kata prosedur]]
** [[Kode ringkas]]
*** [[Ten-code]]
* [[Kode Q]]
* [[Daftar zona waktu militer]]
* [[Daftar kata PGP]]
== Catatan ==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary|ICAO spelling alphabet}}
* [http://www.icao.int/ Public ICAO site]
* {{Web cite|url=http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136216.htm/|title=NATO Declassified - The NATO Phonetic Alphabet|publisher=North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
* [http://militarytimechart.com/military-phonetic-alphabet/ The Military Alphabet (Phonetic from Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta to Zulu)]
[[Kategori:Radio amatir]]
[[Kategori:International Civil Aviation Organization]]
[[Kategori:Penerbangan umum]]
[[Kategori:Representasi aksara Latin]]
[[Kategori:Komunikasi militer]]
[[Kategori:NATO]]
[[Kategori:Alfabet eja]]
[[Kategori:Peluncuran telekomunikasi tahun 1956]]
| |||