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'''Sejarah Afrika''' dimulai dari [[Afrika]] [[prasejarah]] dan berlanjut hingga terbentuknya negara-negara modern. Sejarah mula-mula peradaban Afrika dimulai di Lembah Sungai Nil dengan [[
The '''history of Africa''' begins with the [[prehistory]] of [[Africa]] and the emergence of ''[[archaic Homo sapiens|Homo sapiens]]'' in [[East Africa]], continuing into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. Agriculture began about 10,000 BCE and metallurgy in about 4000 BCE. The [[history]] of early civilization arose in [[Egypt]] and later in the [[Maghreb]] and the [[Horn of Africa]]. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Islam]] spread through the regions. Crossing the Maghreb and the [[Sahel]], a major centre of Muslim culture was at [[Timbuktu]]. States and polities subsequently formed throughout the continent.
From the late 15th century, Europeans and Arabs took [[slave]]s from [[West Africa|West]], [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[East Africa|Southeast Africa]] overseas in the [[African slave trade]]. European colonization of Africa developed rapidly in the [[Scramble for Africa]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Following independence and struggles in many parts of the continent, [[decolonization]] took place after the [[Second World War]].
Africa's history has been a challenge for researchers in the field of [[African studies]] because of the scarcity of written sources in large parts of [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. Scholarly techniques such as the recording of [[oral history]], [[historical linguistics]], [[archaeology of Africa|archaeology]] and [[genetic history of Africa|genetics]] have been crucial.-->
== Daftar Referensi ==
<references />
== Bibliografi ==
*[[Basil Davidson|Davidson, Basil]] (1991). ''Africa In History, Themes and Outlines''. Revised and expanded ed. [[New York City]]: [[Simon & Schuster]], ISBN 0-684-82667-4▼
# Telestro, Jumbo. Indipendence of Africa.
# Martin, Phyllis M., and O'Meara, Patrick (1995). ''Africa''. 3rd ed. [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]: [[Indiana University Press]], ISBN 0-253-20984-6.
*{{Cite book▼
# Page, Willie F. (2001). ''Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: From Conquest to Colonization (1500–1850)''. [[New York City]]: [[Learning Source Books]], ISBN 0-8160-4472-4.
| author = [[Jared Diamond|Diamond, Jared M.]]▼
▲
| title = [[Guns, Germs, and Steel|Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies]]▼
| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company|W.W.Norton]] | year = 1999 | location = [[New York City]] | isbn = 0-393-31755-2}}▼
*{{Cite book▼
| title = [[Encyclopedia of World History|The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged]]▼
▲
| editor = [[Peter Stearns|Stearns, Peter]]▼
| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin]] | location = [[Boston]] | OCLC = 644651969 | year = 2001}}▼
▲
*{{1911}}▼
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* [[Cheikh Anta Diop]] (1987). ''Precolonial Black Africa''. [[Chicago Review Press]].
* [[John Desmond Clark|Clark, J. Desmond]] (1970). ''The Prehistory of Africa''. Thames and Hudson
* [[Basil Davidson|Davidson, Basil]] (1964). ''The African Past''. Penguin, Harmondsworth
* Freund, Bill (1998). ''The Making of Contemporary Africa'', Lynne Rienner, Boulder (including a substantial "Annotated Bibliography" pp. 269–316).
* Reader, John (1997). ''Africa: A Biography of the Continent''. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13047-6
* Shillington, Kevin (1989). ''History of Africa'', New York: St. Martin's.
* [[UNESCO]] (1980–1994). ''[[General History of Africa]]''. 8 volumes.
* [[Théophile Obenga]] (1980). ''Pour une Nouvelle Histoire'' [[Présence Africaine]], Paris
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa Worldtimelines.org.uk -Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815022804/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa |date=2010-08-15 }} [[The British Museum]]. 2005
* [http://africanhistory.about.com/od/countryhistoryatoz/u/PeoplePlaces.htm About.com:African History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213144544/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/countryhistoryatoz/u/PeoplePlaces.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index.shtml The Story of Africa - BBC World Service]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_wn.htm Wonders of the African World], [[PBS]].
* [http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRCA/ABOUT.HTM#Purpose Civilization of Africa], by Richard Hooker, [[Washington State University]].
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=Africa African Art],(chunk of historical data), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
* [http://www.africankingdoms.com/ African Kingdoms], by Khaleel Muhammad.
* [http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=12651/ Mapungubwe Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181050/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=12651%2F |date=2012-04-01 }} at the [[University of Pretoria]]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.00049e10e3b7c3478be0f&t=h&z=3 Interactive Google Map of the Ancient African Ruins]{{Pranala mati|date=Desember 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zoom in on the actual ruins of ancient African that are beyond those found in Egypt. Each location has a Wikipedia link providing background info and can be viewed in both satellite and terrain modes.
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