Sejarah genetik penduduk asli Amerika: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Pemukiman di Amerika|pemukiman penduduk awal di Amerika]] selama sekitar 20.000 hingga 14.000 tahun yang lalu (20–14 kya), dan [[kolonisasi Eropa di Amerika|kontak bangsa Eropa]], setelah sekitar 500 tahun yang lalu.<ref name=Genebase>{{cite web|title=Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q. Genebase Tutorials |author=Wendy Tymchuk, Senior Technical Editor |url=http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16 |publisher=Genebase Systems |year=2008 |accessdate=2009-11-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622001311/http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16 |archivedate=2010-06-22 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Orgel |first=Leslie E. |title=Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world |journal=[[Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=99–123 | url=http://www.d.umn.edu/~pschoff/documents/OrgelRNAWorld.pdf |pmid=15217990 |doi=10.1080/10409230490460765 |year=2004 |access-date=2018-08-02 |archive-date=2018-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113072933/http://www.d.umn.edu/~pschoff/documents/OrgelRNAWorld.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Yang pertama adalah faktor penentu bagi jumlah garis keturunan genetik, mutasi [[zigositas]], dan [[haplotipe]] asalpendiri terdapat dalam [[Sejarah populasi penduduk asli Amerika|populasi Amerindian asli]] saat ini.<ref name="KleinmanMoore2014">{{cite book |first=Kim |last=Tallbear |chapter=The Emergence, Politics, and Marketplace of Native American DNA |editor-first1=Daniel Lee |editor-last1=Kleinman |editor-first2=Kelly |editor-last2=Moore |title=Routledge Handbook of Science, Technology, and Society |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqDAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-23716-4 |page=23}}</ref>

Sebagian besar kelompok Amerindian berasal dari suatu '''garis keturunan leluhur''' sebagai dasarnya, yang terbentuk di [[Siberia]] sebelum [[Glasial Maksimum Terakhir]], antara sekitar 36.000 dan 25.000 tahun yang lalu, dari suatu kombinasi nenek moyang dari [[orang Asia Timur]] awal dan [[Kebudayaan Mal'ta–Buret'|orang Eurasia Utara Kuno]] dan yang tersebar di seluruh Amerika setelah sekitar 16.000 tahun yang lalu (pengecualian untuk kelompok-kelompok berbahasa [[Na Dene]] dan [[Rumpun bahasa Eskimo-Aleut|Eskimo-Aleut]], yang sebagian berasal dari populasi Siberia yang memasuki Amerika kemudian).<ref name="Moreno-Mayar2018">{{Citation | title = Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 | journal = Nature | publisher = Macmillan Publishers Limited | accessdate = January 3, 2018 }}

17.5-14.6 kya for the separation of Paleo Indian into North Native Americans (NNA) and South Native Americans (SNA). [https://media.nature.com/original/nature-assets/nature/journal/v553/n7687/extref/nature25173-s2.pdf Supplementary Material]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} p. 37. "the admixture event that gave rise to most Na-Dene-speakers, between NNA and a Siberian population occurred well after 11.5 kya and at least prior to ~2.5 kya".</ref>

Pada awal tahun 2000, para ahli arkeogenetika terutama mendasarkan pada [[haplogrup DNA Y-kromosom manusia]] dan [[haplogroup DNA mitokondria]].<ref name=nomenclature>{{cite journal |year=2002 |last1=Y Chromosome Consortium |url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/12/2/339.full.pdf |title=A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups |journal=[[Genome Research]] |pmid=11827954 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pmc=155271 |pages=339–348 |doi=10.1101/gr.217602}}[http://genome.cshlp.org/content/12/2/339/F1.large.jpg (Detailed hierarchical chart)]</ref> Penanda [[Autosom|autosomalautosom]]al "atDNA" juga digunakan, namun berbeda dari mtDNA atau Y-DNA karena mereka tumpang tindih secara signifikan.<ref name=Griffiths>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Griffiths |editor-first1=Anthony J. F. |editor-first2=Jeffrey H. |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first3=David T. |editor-last3=Suzuki |editor-first4=Richard C. |editor-last4=Lewontin |editor-first5=William M. |editor-last5=Gelbart |display-editors=3 |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |edition=7th |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=New York |isbn=0-7167-3771-X |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=autosome&rid=iga.section.222}}

* {{cite book|author=Joseph Frederick Powell|title=The first Americans: race, evolution, and the origin of Native Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwx6WQaoTJkC&pg=PP1|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-82350-0}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* {{cite book|author1=Francisco M. Salzano|author2=Maria Cátira Bortolini|title=The evolution and genetics of Latin American populations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aw-jLSUlUUcC&pg=PP1|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65275-9}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html |title=The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health|publisher=University of Oklahoma|work=scientific journal American Journal of Physical Anthropology|year=2009|accessdate=2009-11-21}}