Distrik (Jepang): Perbedaan antara revisi

{{nihongo|'''Distrik'''|郡|gun}} saat ini merupakan unit geografis dan statistik yang terdiri dari satu atau beberapa desa di Jepang. Distrik berfungsi sebagai [[Pembagian administratif Jepang|unit administrasi di Jepang]] pada tahun 1878<ref>[http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=XYKEY1kBYnRZSZeTmxy0Uw%3d%3d Entry for the ''gun-ku-chō-son-hensei-hō''/"Law on the organization of ku (urban districts/cities&wards), gun (rural districts), chō (urban settlements/towns/neighbourhoods) and son (villages/rural settlements)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011826/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=XYKEY1kBYnRZSZeTmxy0Uw%3d%3d |date=2013-02-10 }}, the 1878 law that reactivated the districts as administrative units, in the [[National Diet Library]] ''Nihon hōrei sakuin''/"Index of Japanese laws and ordinances" (contains list of changes to the law, list of laws changed by it and links to full text in online archives)</ref> hingga 1921.<ref>The governing law, the district code (''gunsei'', 郡制; [http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=DxKAtvm4IdXvIXi3Whor6Q%3d%3d Entry for the 1890 original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217040004/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=DxKAtvm4IdXvIXi3Whor6Q%3d%3d |date=2013-02-17 }} and [http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=OiivKKtBrai%2fawstWCxXyg%3d%3d entry for the revised 1899 ''gunsei''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217040046/http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/SearchSys/viewEnkaku.do?i=OiivKKtBrai%2fawstWCxXyg%3d%3d |date=2013-02-17 }} in the [[National Diet Library]] ''Nihon hōrei sakuin''/"Index of Japanese laws and ordinances"), was abolished in 1921, but the district assemblies (''gunkai'', 郡会) existed until 1923, the district chiefs (''gunchō'', 郡長) and district offices (''gun-yakusho'', 郡役所) until 1926.</ref>. Tidak ada satuan administratif di [[Indonesia]] yang sepadan dengan distrik di Jepang, tetapi secara umum hampir sama dengan [[county]] di [[Amerika Serikat]].

Pada hari ini, kota-kota dan desa-desa juga termasuk langsung ke prefektur; distrik tidak lagi memiliki administrasi atau majelis sejak 1920-an, dan karena itu juga tidak ada otoritas administratif – meskipun ada pengaktifan kembali de facto singkat distrik selama Perang Pasifik dalam bentuk kantor cabang prefektur (disebut ''chihō jimusho'', 地方事務所, "kantor / biro lokal") yang umumnya memiliki satu distrik di wilayah hukumnya. Namun, untuk tujuan geografis dan statistik, distrik terus digunakan dan diperbarui untuk merger kota atau perubahan status: jika kota atau desa (di seluruh negeri:> 15.000 pada tahun 1889, <1.000 hari ini) digabungkan menjadi atau dipromosikan ke kota [menurut definisi: tidak tergantung distrik] (di seluruh negeri: 39 tahun 1889, 791 tahun 2017),<ref>[[Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications|MIC]]: [http://www.soumu.go.jp/gapei/gapei2.html Change of the number of municipalities and characteristics of the Great Meiji and Shōwa mergers] {{ja}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mayors.or.jp/ ''Zenkoku shichōkai''] ("Japan Association of City Mayors" [special ward mayors are also members, but not part of the name]; title bar contains current/recent number of cities and special wards)</ref>, wilayah itu tidak lagi dihitung sebagai bagian dari distrik. Dengan cara ini, banyak distrik telah punah, dan banyak dari mereka yang masih ada hanya berisi segelintir atau sering hanya satu kota yang tersisa karena banyak kota dan desa saat ini juga jauh lebih besar daripada dipada era Meiji. Distrik-distrik tersebut digunakan terutama dalam "sistem pengalamatan Jepang" dan untuk mengidentifikasi area geografis yang relevan dan koleksi kota dan desa terdekat.

** [[Distrik Kamikawa (Ishikari), HokkaidōHokkaido|Dist.Distrik Kamikawa]] ([[Provinsi Ishikari|Ishikari]]), dikelola oleh [[KamikawaSubprefektur SubprefectureKamikawa]]

** [[Distrik Kamikawa (Teshio) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|KamikawaDistrik Dist.Kamikawa]] ([[TeshioProvinsi ProvinceTeshio|Teshio]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Kamikawa Subprefecture]]

** [[Distrik Kamikawa (Tokachi) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|KamikawaDistrik Dist.Kamikawa]] ([[TokachiProvinsi ProvinceTokachi|Tokachi]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Tokachi Subprefecture]]

** [[Distrik Nakagawa (Teshio) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|NakagawaDistrik Dist.Nakagawa]] ([[TeshioProvinsi ProvinceTeshio|Teshio]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Kamikawa Subprefecture]]

** [[Distrik Nakagawa (Tokachi) District, HokkaidōHokkaido|NakagawaDistrik Dist.Nakagawa]] ([[TokachiProvinsi ProvinceTokachi|Tokachi]]), manageddikelola by theoleh [[Subprefektur Tokachi Subprefecture]]

* AbutaDistrik DistrictAbuta, Rumoi District, Sorachi, DistrictUryū, anddan Yufutsu Districtmemiliki arekasus similaryang serupa, butnamun eachsetiap ofdistrik themini ismemiliki akesamaan singledimana districtwilayahnya allottedterbagi todi twoantara dua [[subprefectures ofSubprefektur Japan(Jepang)|subprefecturessubprefektur]].

** [[AbutaDistrik DistrictAbuta, HokkaidōHokkaido|AbutaDistrik DistrictAbuta]], manageddikelola byoleh [[IburiSubprefektur Subprefecture|Iburi]] anddan [[ShiribeshiSubprefektur SubprefectureShiribeshi|Shiribeshi]]s

** [[SorachiDistrik DistrictSorachi, HokkaidōHokkaido|SorachiDistrik DistrictSorachi]], manageddikelola byoleh [[KamikawaSubprefektur Subprefecture|Kamikawa]] anddan [[SorachiSubprefektur SubprefectureSorachi|Sorachi]]s

** [[TeshioDistrik DistrictTeshio, HokkaidōHokkaido|TeshioDistrik DistrictTeshio]], manageddikelola byoleh [[RumoiSubprefektur Subprefecture|Rumoi]] anddan [[SōyaSubprefektur SubprefectureSōya|Sōya]]s

** [[YūfutsuDistrik DistrictUryū, HokkaidōHokkaido|YūfutsuDistrik DistrictUryū]], manageddikelola byoleh [[IburiSubprefektur Subprefecture|IburiSorachi]] anddan [[Subprefektur Kamikawa|Kamikawa Subprefectures]]

* [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/en/activity/01/05/ Historical Development of Japanese Local Governance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612230447/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/en/activity/01/05/ |date=2013-06-12 }} (bilingual Japanese/English series of papers by the Institute for Comparative Studies in Local Governance, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies): [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-1_en.pdf Volume 1: Akio Kamiko, The Start of Modern Local Government (1868 – 1880)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221192905/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-1_en.pdf |date=2021-02-21 }}, [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-2_en.pdf Volume 2: Akio Kamiko, Implementation of the City Law and the Town and Village Law (1881 – 1908)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610035549/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-2_en.pdf |date=2015-06-10 }} and [http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-3_en.pdf Volume 3: Hiroshi Ikawa, The Development of the Prewar Local Autonomy System (1909－1929)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203336/http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/05/file/Seiritsu-3_en.pdf |date=2019-01-24 }} (Links are to the English versions; English translations of Japanese administrative units and government institutions often vary [even within this series], in this case, one can refer directly to the Japanese articles which are accessible from the main page)