Eugenika Nazi: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[FileBerkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-16748, Ausstellung "Wunder des Lebens".jpg|thumbjmpl|325px|Sebuah "Poster Informasi" dari pameran ''keajaiban hidup'' di Berlin pada 1935]]

'''Eugenika Nazi''' ({{lang-de|Nationalsozialistische Rassenhygiene}}, "Higenitas rasikal Sosialis Nasional") adalah kebijakan sosial [[Nazisme dan ras|berbasis ras]] [[Jerman Nazi]] yang menempatkan penjunjungan biologis [[ras Arya]] atau "''[[Übermensch]]en''" Jermanik sebagai [[ras unggul]] melalui [[eugenika]] pada keutamaan ideologi Nazi.<ref name="Longerich2010">{{cite book|author=Peter Longerich|title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper00long_973|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280436-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper00long_973/page/n44 30]}}</ref> Di [[Jerman]], euigenika banyak dikenal dengan istilah sinonim '''higenitas rasial'''. Setelah [[Perang Dunia Kedua]], pemakaian kedua istilah tersebut ditinggalkan dan digantikan dengan istilah ''Humangenetik'' ([[genetik manusia]]).

== Referensi ==

* [[Götz Aly|Aly, G.]] (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=641cSsLuvosC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7 Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene]''. The Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-4824-5}}

* Baer, E. et al. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvz2EKI7CPYC Experience and Expression: Women, the Nazis, and the Holocaust]''. Wayne State University Press. {{ISBN|0-8143-3063-0}}

* Baumslag, N. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk3lIumGHd8C&dq=%22Murderous+Medicine+:+Nazi+Doctors,+Human+Experimentation,+and+Typhus%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPP1,M1 Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus]''. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|0-275-98312-9}}

* Biesold, H. (1999). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MPAzWtoHBBYC&dq=%22+Crying+Hands:+Eugenics+and+Deaf+People+in+Nazi+Germany%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result Crying Hands: Eugenics and Deaf People in Nazi Germany]''. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. {{ISBN|1-56368-255-9}}

* [[Michael Burleigh|Burleigh, M.]] (1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DGJy5Ptzqp0C&pg=PP1&dq=%22The+Racial+State+:+Germany+1933-1945%22&ei=npuESfSdEJjEM4_hhfUJ The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945]''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-39802-9}}

* [[Michael Burleigh|Burleigh, M.]] (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ShU7AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Death+and+Deliverance+:+%27Euthanasia%27+in+Germany,+c.1900+to+1945%22&ei=7ZuESaGBD6WwMraVudAF#PPP1,M1 Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, c.1900 to 1945]''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-41613-2}}

* Caplan, A. (1992). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=U1SyNZtbVLkC&pg=PP1&dq=When+Medicine+Went+Mad:+Bioethics+and+the+Holocaust&ei=tQKGSbT0LpOqMsi4pd8F When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press. {{ISBN|0-89603-235-3}}

* Ehrenreich, Eric. ''[http://www.ebooks10000.com/the-nazi-ancestral-proof-genealogy-racial-science-and-the-final-solution.html The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616003504/http://www.ebooks10000.com/the-nazi-ancestral-proof-genealogy-racial-science-and-the-final-solution.html |date=2010-06-16 }}''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34945-3}}

* Evans, Suzanne E., [https://books.google.com/books?id=0XjiQwAACAAJ&dq=Forgotten+Crimes:+The+Holocaust+and+People+with+Disabilities&ei=1N6SS6T3H5TszAS17eCzBQ&cd=2 ''Forgotten Crimes: The Holocaust and People with Disabilities'']{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004. {{ISBN|1-56663-565-9}}

* [[Henry Friedlander|Friedlander, H.]] (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC&pg=PR22&dq=Friedlander+and+abortion+nazi&ei=WOT3R4zxPIOOywSH6JW0DQ&sig=nt0z_vPg8PMvE2yKUYaoWHYTx_o#PPP1,M1 The Origins of Nazi Genocide. From Euthanasia to the Final Solution]''. University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2208-6}}

* Gallagher, G. (1995). ''[http://www.vandamere.com/betrayed.htm By Trust Betrayed: Patients, Physicians, and the License to Kill in the Third Reich]''. Arlington, Virginia: Vandamere Press. {{ISBN|0-918339-36-7}}

* Glass, J. (1999). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TXq0A8cjDqcC Life Unworthy of Life: Racial Phobia and Mass Murder in Hitler's Germany]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' Basic Books. {{ISBN|0-465-09846-0}}

* Kater, M. (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lDMIHDTLEN4C&dq=%22Doctors+under+hitler%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result Doctors Under Hitler]''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-1842-9}}

* Kuhl, S. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UGYfRv3DWuQC&pg=PP1&dq=%22The+Nazi+Connection:+Eugenics,+American+Racism,+and+German+National+Socialism%22&ei=c5yESe20F5zAMtzAxaEK The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism]''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-514978-5}}

* Kuntz, D. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hdsnAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Deadly+Medicine:+Creating+the+Master+Race%22&ei=Jr2WSai-E4OUMsy7-aQJ&pgis=1 Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race]''. The University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2916-1}}

* [[Robert Jay Lifton|Lifton, R.]] (1986). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060903214558/http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/ THE NAZI DOCTORS: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide]''. Basic Books. {{ISBN|0-465-04905-2}}

* McFarland-Icke, B. (1999). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JL0I9dQHay4C&printsec=frontcover Nurses in Nazi Germany: Moral Choice in History]''. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-00665-2}}

* Müller-Hill, B. (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3vjtgh6fxs8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Murderous+Science:+Elimination+by+Scientific+Selection+of+Jews,+Gypsies,+and+Others+in+Germany&ei=AAaGSeWlDKWwMraVudAF#PPP1,M1 Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others in Germany, 1933-1945]''. Plainview, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. {{ISBN|0-87969-531-5}}

* Nicosia, F. et al. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vYOY3o87dukC&printsec=frontcover Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany: Origins, Practices, Legacies]''. Berghahn Books. {{ISBN|1-57181-387-X}}

* [[Robert N. Proctor|Proctor, R.]] (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hogbxS2Gp1QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=abortion+and+%22Gerhard+Wagner%22&lr=&num=100 Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis]''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-74578-7}}

* Ryan, Donna F., et al. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=a2PcMgAcfx0C&dq=Deaf+People+in+Hitler%27s+Europe&ei=P9-SS83NO5juyAS2nej7AQ ''Deaf People in Hitler's Europe'']. Washington, D.C.: [[Gallaudet University]] Press, {{ISBN|1-56368-132-3}}

* Schafft, G. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=berhcMAjzZEC&printsec=frontcover From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich]''. University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0-252-02930-5}}

* Spitz, V. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_VH-7oeT4lEC&pg=PP1&dq=%22Doctors+from+Hell+:+The+Horrific+Account+of+Nazi+Experiments+on+Humans%22&ei=cJ2ESbWIEZKSNuTAlNAF Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans]''. Sentient Publications. {{ISBN|1-59181-032-9}}

* Snyder, S. & D. Mitchell. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Cultural_Locations_Of_Disability.html?id=KqSfKzY68qYC Cultural Locations of Disability]''. University of Michigan Press.

* Weindling, P.J. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EbBXPwAACAAJ&dq=Nazi+Medicine+and+the+Nuremberg+Trials+:+From+Medical+War+Crimes+to+Informed+Consent&ei=sZiTS-K2EovKzgTK3pSIAw&cd=1 Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent]''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|1-4039-3911-X}}

* Weindling, P.J. (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9SlB2qcb0NIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Health,+Race+and+German+Politics+between+National+Unification+and+Nazism%22&ei=1Z2ESdS9GY3MM9OA2cwF Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945]''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-42397-X}}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Bachrach | first1 = S. | year = 2004 | title = In the name of public health — Nazi racial hygiene | journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]] | volume = 351 | issue = 5| pages = 417–420 | doi=10.1056/nejmp048136 | pmid=15282346}}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Biddiss | first1 = M. |date=Jun 1997 | title = Disease and dictatorship: the case of Hitler's Reich | url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1296317&blobtype=pdf | journal = [[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] | volume = 90 | issue = 6| pages = 342–6 | pmc = 1296317 | pmid=9227388| doi = 10.1177/014107689709000616 }}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Cranach | first1 = M. | year = 2003 | title = The killing of psychiatric patients in Nazi Germany between 1939-1945 | pmid=12817666 | journal = [[The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences]] | volume = 40 | issue = 1| pages = 8–18 }}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Lerner | first1 = B. |date=May 1995 | title = Medicine and the Holocaust: Learning More of the Lessons | journal = [[Annals of Internal Medicine]] | volume = 122 | issue = 10| pages = 793–794 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00010}}

* Knittel, Suzanne., "[https://books.google.com/books/about/Memorialization_in_Germany_since_1945.html?hl=de&id=1znCPwAACAAJ "Remembering Euthanasia: Grafeneck in the Past, Present, and Future]", B. Niven & C. Paver [eds.]. ''Memorialization in Germany Since 1945''. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010: 124-133, {{ISBN|978-0230207035}}, 30.

* Martin III, Matthew D., "[http://cjicl.com/issues/15-2.pdf The Dysfunctional Progeny of Eugenics: Autonomy Gone AWOL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305063954/http://cjicl.com/issues/15-2.pdf |date=2009-03-05 }}", ''Cardozo Journal of International Law'', Vol. 15, No. 2, Fall 2007, pp.&nbsp;371–421, {{ISSN|1069-3181}}.

* {{cite journal | last1 = O'Mathúna | first1 = D. |date=Mar 2006 | title = Human dignity in the Nazi era: implications for contemporary bioethics | pmid=16536874 | journal = BMC Medical Ethics| volume = 7 | issue = 1| page = E2 | doi=10.1186/1472-6939-7-2 | pmc=1484488}}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Sofair | first1 = A. |date=Feb 2000 | title = Eugenic sterilization and a qualified Nazi analogy: the United States and Germany, 1930-1945 | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine| volume = 132 | issue = 4| pages = 312–9 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00010| pmid = 10681287 }}

* Strous, R. D. (2006). [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/163/1/27 "Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar"]. ''[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]'' January 2006; 163: 27.

* {{cite journal | last1 = Weigmann | first1 = K. | year = 2001 | title = The role of biologists in Nazi atrocities: lessons for today's scientists | pmid=11600445 | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 2 | issue = 10| pages = 871–875 | doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve217 | pmc=1084095}}

* [http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/index2.html?tag=1901 "Eugenical Sterilization in Germany"] ''Eugenical News'' 1933, [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]; vol.18:5.

* [[Michael Burleigh|Burleigh, M.]] (1991). ''Selling Murder: The Killing Films of the Third Reich''. London: Domino Films.

* Michalczyk, J.J. (1997). ''Nazi Medicine: In The Shadow Of The Reich''. New York: First-Run Features.{{clear}}

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/NaziMedEx.html Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments]

* [http://remember.org/educate/medexp.html Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine]

* [https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=615 Sterilization Law in Germany]

* [http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/euthanasia.htm The History Museum - Nazi Euthanasia]

* [http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/PEOPLE/USHMMHAN.HTM Victims of the Nazi Era]

* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-berenbaum/nazi-medicine_b_258640.html Nazi Medicine] by [[Michael Berenbaum]]

* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800142/ Little known facts... pre WWII]

* [https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/nazi-racial-science Nazi Racial Science]

* [https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/traveling-exhibitions/deadly-medicine Deadly medicine]

* [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005200 Euthanasia program]

* [https://www.ushmm.org/learn/students/learning-materials-and-resources/mentally-and-physically-handicapped-victims-of-the-nazi-era Mentally and physically handicapped] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509010429/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/students/learning-materials-and-resources/mentally-and-physically-handicapped-victims-of-the-nazi-era |date=2019-05-09 }}

* [https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/nazi-persecution-of-the-disabled Nazi Persecution of the Disabled]

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