Penculikan mempelai: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Penculikan mempelai''', yang juga dikenal sebagai '''pernikahan melalui penculikan''' atau '''pernikahan melalui penangkapan''', adalah sebuah praktik dimanadi mana seorang pria menclikmenculik seorang wanita yang ia ingin nikahidinikahi. Penculikan mempelai telah dipraktikkan di seluruh dunia dan sepanjang sejarah. Praktik tersebut masih terjadi di negara-negara di [[Asia Tengah]], kawasan [[Kaukasus]] dan sebagian Afrika, dan sejumlah suku seperti [[Mong|suku Hmong]] di [[Asia Tenggara]], [[suku Tzeltal]] di Meksiko, dan [[orang Rom|suku Romani]] di Eropa.

Di kebanyakan negara, penculikan mempelai dianggap sebagai [[kejahatan seks]] ketimbang [[jenis pernikahan|bentuk pernikahan]] yang sah. Beberapa jenis dari praktik tersebut juga dipandang jatuh diantaradi antara [[pernikahan paksa]] dan [[pernikahan perjodohan]]. Istilah tersebut terkadang digunakan tak hanya meliputi penculikan, namuntetapi juga [[kawin lari]], dimanadi mana sebuah pasangan melarikan diri bersama dan menghindari perhatian dari orangtuaorang tua mereka; hal tersebut masing-masing dianggap sebagai penculikan yang tak dikehendaki dan dikehendaki. Namun, bahkan saat praktik tersebut bertentangan dengan hukum, penegakan yudisialnya masih lemah di beberapa wilayah, seperti [[Moldova]], [[Kirgizstan]] dan [[Chechnya]].

Penculikan mempelai berbeda dengan ''[[raptio]]'' karena penculikan mempelai merujuk kepada penculikan seorang wanita dengan seorang pria (dan teman-teman dan kerabat-kerabatnya), dan masih merupakan praktik yang merebak, sementara ''raptio'' merujuk kepada penjulikanpenculikan wanita berskala besar oleh sekelompok pria, diyakini pada masa perang (lihat pula [[pemerkosaan perang]]).

Beberapa budaya mada masa sekarang mengutamakan ritual penculikan mempelai simbolik sebagai bagian dari [[Pernikahan#Adat istiadat pernikahan internasional|tradisi terkait pernikahan]], dimanadi mana praktik penculikan mempelai ditampilkan dalam sejarah budaya tersebut. Menurut beberapa sumber, [[bulan madu]] adalah relik dari pernikahan melalui penangkapan, berdasarkan pada praktik suami menyembunyikan istrinya agar tidak diketahui para kerabatnya, dengan tujuan agar wanita tersebut mengandung pada akhir bulan.<ref>''See, e.g., ''William Shepard Walsh, ''Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities'', (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, ''The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages'', (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, ''Your First Year of Marriage'' (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. ''Compare with'' Edward Westermarck, ''The History of Human Marriage'' (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).</ref>

* Werner, Cynthia, "[http://www.cynthiawerner.com/uploads/2/2/0/6/22066332/2004_werner_-_women_marriage_nation-state.pdf Women, marriage, and the nation-state: the rise of nonconsensual bride kidnapping in post-Soviet Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155726/http://cynthiawerner.com/uploads/2/2/0/6/22066332/2004_werner_-_women_marriage_nation-state.pdf |date=2016-03-06 }}", in ''The Transformation of Central Asia''. Pauline Jones Luong, ed. Ithaca, New York: [[Cornell University Press]], 2004, pp.&nbsp;59–89.

* Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR56/009/2006 ''Georgia—Thousands Suffering in Silence: Violence Against Women in the Family''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104081651/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR56/009/2006 |date=2015-01-04 }}, AI Index: EUR 56/009/2006, September 2006 (last accessed 18 Aug 2011).

* Georgian Young Lawyers' Association & OMCT, [http://www.omct.org/pdf/VAW/2006/CEDAW_36th/CEDAW36_VAW_in_Georgia_en.pdf ''Violence Against Women in Georgia: Report submitted on the occasion of the 36th session of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013121017/http://www.omct.org/pdf/vaw/2006/CEDAW_36th/cedaw36_vaw_in_georgia_en.pdf |date=2008-10-13 }}, August 2006 (last accessed 18 Aug 2011).

* Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/09/26/reconciled-violence ''Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731064431/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/09/26/reconciled-violence |date=2013-07-31 }}, Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2006 (last accessed 28 Jan 2009).

* Pusurmankulova, Burulai, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623101054/http://faculty.philau.edu:80/KleinbachR/freedom.htm "Bride Kidnapping. Benign Custom Or Savage Tradition?"], Freedom House, 14 June 2004 (last accessed 18 Aug 2011).

* Aminova, Alena, [http://faculty.philau.edu/kleinbachr/uzbekistan_kidnappping.htm "Uzbekistan: No Love Lost in Karakalpak Bride Thefts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407091031/http://faculty.philau.edu/kleinbachr/uzbekistan_kidnappping.htm |date=2016-04-07 }}, Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 14 June 2004

* Ruremesha, Jean, [http://www.aegis.com/default.asp?req=http://www.aegis.com/news/ips/2003/IP031005.html "RIGHTS-RWANDA: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525202932/http://www.aegis.com/default.asp?req=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegis.com%2Fnews%2Fips%2F2003%2FIP031005.html |date=2011-05-25 }}, Inter Press Service, 7 Oct 2003

* Pamporov, Alexey, [http://epc2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60261 Roma/Gypsy Population in Bulgaria as a Challenge to Policy Relevance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070514/https://www.osce.org/odihr/66044 |date=2018-09-24 }} (2006)

* [http://faculty.philau.edu/kleinbachr/ala_kachuu.htm Dedicated to Understanding Ala Kachuu (bride-kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan) and Preventing Non-Consensual Marriage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723125150/http://faculty.philau.edu/kleinbachr/ala_kachuu.htm |date=2008-07-23 }}

* [http://www.aegis.com/news/ips/2003/IP031005.html Rights-Rwanda: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041114130054/http://www.aegis.com/news/ips/2003/IP031005.html |date=2004-11-14 }}

* [http://www.thespektator.co.uk/issue_2.html Article on the kidnap of a young girl for marriage in Kyrgyzstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712043045/http://www.thespektator.co.uk/issue_2.html |date=2009-07-12 }}