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{{Kreasionisme}}[[ImageBerkas:Dore_lightCreation of Light.jpgpng|thumbjmpl|rightka|200px|"Penciptaan Terang" oleh [[Gustave Doré]].]]
 
Dalam'''Kreasionisme''' sebagaimana dalam [[agama Abrahamik|agama-agama Abrahamik]], '''ciptaanisme''' adalah [[kepercayaan]] bahwa manusia, kehidupan, bumi, dan seluruh jagadjagat raya mempunyai [[Kepercayaan tentang asal-usul|asal-usul]] secara ajaib yang dihasilkan oleh campur tangan [[adikodrati]] suatu keberadaan yang maha tinggi yang umumnya disebut [[Tuhan]]. Campur tangan ini dapat dilihat entah sebagai suatu ''tindakan [[teologi penciptaan|penciptaan]]'' dari ketiadaan (''[[ex nihilo]]''), atau dengan munculnya ketertiban dari [[khaos]] (''[[demiurgos]]'') yang ada sebelumnya. Dalam pengertian modern, istilah ''ciptaanismekreasionisme'' secara khusus dihubungkan dengan suatu jenis [[fundamentalisme Kristen]] konservatif yang bertabrakan dengan berbagai aspek dari [[ilmu pengetahuan]]. Di kalangan [[ilmuwan]], ciptaanismekreasionisme adalah termasuk [[pseudosains]], yang tidak sesuai dengan metode ilmu pengetahuan. Menurut penantang ciptaanismekreasionisme, pendukung ciptaanismekreasionisme tidak dapat mengusulkan suatu [[teori]] penciptaan yang bisa di[[falsifikaifalsifikasi]]kan atau bisa diteliti dengan memakai instrumen ilmu pengetahuan.
 
Banyak yang menganut keyakinan ciptaanismekreasionisme menganggap semua itu sebagai aspek [[keyakinan]] keagamaan yang cocok, atau setidaknya tidak dipengaruhi oleh penjelasan ilmiah. Namun demikian, ciptaanismekreasionisme dalam penggunaan sehari-hari biasanya mengandung arti keagamaan, politik dan kampanye sosial —— misalnya, dalam [[Penciptaan dan evolusi dalam pendidikan umum|pendidikan]]—— untuk mengukuhkan dominasi atau penerimaan yang luas terhadap pandangan [[spiritualitas|rohani]] tentang alam dan tentang tempat manusia di dalamnya. Pandangan ini sering berlawanan dengan penafsiran-penafsiran tertentu dari [[metode ilmiah]] atau [[naturalisme (filsafat)|naturalisme]] yang ditolak oleh para ciptaanis seperti itu sebagai pandangan [[materialisme|materialistik]], [[sekularisme|sekularsekuler]], atau bahkan [[anti agama]].
 
Mereka yang menganut pandangan yang ''harafiah''[[harfiah]] tentang Penciptaan menolak [[teori|teori-teori]] ilmiah yang mereka rasa berlawanan dengan [[teks keagamaan|teks-teks keagamaan]] mereka. Yang paling menonjol adalah penolakan terhadap [[evolusi]] dan [[keturunan bersama]] oleh banyak ciptaanis, yang merasa bahwa gagasan bahwa manusia adalah "turunan dari makhluk-makhluk yang lebih rendah" sebagai sesuatu yang menghina atau menghujat. Para ciptaanis seperti itu sering juga menolak [[konsensus ilmiah]] yang berlaku saat ini mengenai [[asal-usul kehidupan]], [[evolusi manusia|asal-usul spesies manusia]], [[Usia Bumi|sejarah geologi Bumi]], [[solarPembentukan dan evolusi Tata nebulaSurya|pembentukan sistemTata matahariSurya]], dan [[Big Bang|asal-usul jagadjagat raya]].
 
== Tinjauan umum ==
Istilah ciptaanismekreasionisme paling sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan keyakinan bahwa Penciptaan terjadi secara harafiah seperti yang digambarkan dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] (untuk [[Yudaisme|orang Yahudi]] maupun [[Kekristenan|Kristen]]) atau [[Al Qur'an]] (untuk umat [[Islam|Muslim]]). Meskipun [[Perjanjian Lama|Kitab Suci Ibrani]] dapat secara bebas diterjemahkan untuk menyiratkan penyangkalan terhadap pemahaman "Penciptaan dari ketiadaan" (''creatio ex nihilo'') dan, menurut sejumlah pakar, mungkin bahkan mengajukan penjelasan-penjelasan yang berbeda tentang Penciptaan, beberapa orang Yahudi dan Kristen menggunakan Kitab Kejadian semata-mata untuk mendukung keyakinan mereka tentang asal usul segala sesuatu. Lihat [[Penciptaan menurut Kitab Kejadian]].
 
== Kritik terhadap kreasionisme ==
== Ciptaanisme sebagai ilmu pengetahuan (Semu)==
{{utama|Kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi}}
Di dalam komunitas [[ilmu pengetahuan]] [[biologi]], ciptaanisme sebagai '[[teori]]' sudah tidak dipakai dan evolusi teori sebagai gantinya. Walaupun demikian, masih berlangsung perdebatan sengit di dalam beberapa kalangan, dan biasanya berhubungan dengan pandangan hidup. Beberapa pengikut ciptaanisme mendasari pendapatnya berdasarkan keyakinan hidupnya. Ada pula pendukung ciptaanisme yang mencoba menampilkan ciptaanisme sebagai ilmu pengetahuan dan berusaha mendiskreditkan teori evolusi dengan menggunakan argumen ilmu pengetahuan (semu). Argumentasi ini menyerang kelemahan-kelemahan dari model-model di bidang evolusi dan [[geologi]]. Ada juga argumentasi yang berpendapat ada kesalahan interpretasi dari hukum alam maupun pengukuran waktu ke masa lampau. Para ilmuwan pendukung ciptaanisme tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam laboratorium maupun studi lapangan; melainkan mereka menginterpretasikan kembali hasl study orang lain.
Di dalam komunitas [[ilmu pengetahuan]] [[biologi]], kreasionisme sebagai '[[teori]]' sudah tidak dipakai dan evolusi teori sebagai gantinya. Walaupun demikian, masih berlangsung perdebatan sengit di dalam beberapa kalangan, dan biasanya berhubungan dengan pandangan hidup. Beberapa pengikut kreasionisme mendasari pendapatnya berdasarkan keyakinan hidupnya. Ada pula pendukung kreasionisme yang mencoba menampilkan kreasionisme sebagai ilmu pengetahuan dan berusaha mendiskreditkan teori evolusi dengan menggunakan argumen ilmu pengetahuan. Argumentasi ini menyerang kelemahan-kelemahan dari model-model di bidang evolusi dan [[geologi]]. Ada juga argumentasi yang berpendapat ada kesalahan interpretasi dari hukum alam maupun pengukuran waktu ke masa lampau. Para ilmuwan pendukung kreasionisme tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam laboratorium maupun studi lapangan; melainkan mereka menginterpretasikan kembali hasil study orang lain.
 
CiptaanismeKreasionisme sebagai 'ilmu pengetahuan' dianggap sebagai [[ilmu semu]] (''pseudoscience'') oleh kalangan [[ilmuwan]]. Sebabnya adalah argumen-argumen ciptaanismekreasionisme hanya melihat fenomena dari satu sudut, yaitu keyakinan hidup, dan tidak menggunakan [[metode ilmu pengetahuan]] yang sudah diterima. Di lain pihak, [[evolusi teori]] mendukung kesimpulan dari hasil temuan para ilmuwan.
 
Dalam pemikiran Kristiani sendiri, teori kreasionisme (sebagai asal usul jiwa) ditandingi oleh teori tradusianisme. Teori tradusianisme percaya bahwa hanya jiwa Adamlah, manusia pertama, yang diciptakan secara langsung oleh Tuhan. Jiwa manusia-manusia lain diturunkan dari jiwa orang tuanya. Tradusianisme menjadi asal muasal dari paham [[Deisme]], yakni kepercayaan bahwa setelah Allah menciptakan alam semesta, ia beristirahat sampai seterusnya.
==Ciptaanisme di Amerika Serikat==
Di [[Amerika Serikat]], ada perdebatan sengit antara pendukung dan penentang ciptaanisme yang telah menghasilkan banyak kasus-kasus pengadilan. Perdebatan ini juga memotivasikan [[Badan Ilmu Pengetahuan Amerika Serikat]] (United States National Academy of Sciences) untuk mengeluarkan deklarasi sebagai berikut:
 
== Kreasionisme di Amerika Serikat ==
* [[evolusi]] teori telah menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan lagi dari ilmu [[biologi]] dan ilmu-ilmu lainnya yang terkait ...sementara itu, pernyataan dari ciptaanisme tidak disokong secara [[empiris]]. Dari hasil pengamatan ini, ada dua kesimpulan yang sangat mendasar, yaitu ajaran tentang evolusi harus menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam pengajaran ilmu pengetahuan dan ciptaanisme itu bukan ilmu pengetahuan, jadi tidak boleh diajarkan kepada murid-murid seolah-solah sebagai ilmu pengetahuan, dan
Di [[Amerika Serikat]], ada perdebatan sengit antara pendukung dan penentang kreasionisme yang telah menghasilkan banyak kasus-kasus pengadilan. Perdebatan ini juga memotivasikan [[Badan Ilmu Pengetahuan Amerika Serikat]] (United States National Academy of Sciences) untuk mengeluarkan deklarasi sebagai berikut:
* Ciptaanisme dan [[intelligent design]] dan hal-hal lain yang bersifat [[super natural]] bukanlah ilmu pengetahuan karena tidak bisa difalsifikasikan menurut [[metode ilmu pengetahuan]].
 
* [[evolusi]] teori telah menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan lagi dari ilmu [[biologi]] dan ilmu-ilmu lainnya yang terkait ...sementara itu, pernyataan dari kreasionisme tidak disokong secara [[empiris]]. Dari hasil pengamatan ini, ada dua kesimpulan yang sangat mendasar, yaitu ajaran tentang evolusi harus menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam pengajaran ilmu pengetahuan dan kreasionisme itu bukan ilmu pengetahuan, jadi tidak boleh diajarkan kepada murid-murid seolah-solah sebagai ilmu pengetahuan, dan
Banyak pendukung ciptaanisme di [[Amerika Serikat]] selama bertahun-tahun memperjuangkan agar ciptaanisme diajarkan sebagai bagian dari ilmu pengetahuan. Namun demikian, di tahun 1987 dalam kasus [[Edwards v. Aguillard]], [[mahkamah agung Amerika Serikat]] memutuskan bahwa pengajaran ciptaanisme sebagai ilmu pengetahuan di sekolah negri melanggar [[Undang-undag dasar Amerika Serikat]] mengenai kenetralan negara terhadap agama.
* Kreasionisme dan [[intelligent design]] dan hal-hal lain yang bersifat [[super natural]] bukanlah ilmu pengetahuan karena tidak bisa difalsifikasikan menurut [[metode ilmu pengetahuan]].
 
Banyak pendukung kreasionisme di [[Amerika Serikat]] selama bertahun-tahun memperjuangkan agar kreasionisme diajarkan sebagai bagian dari ilmu pengetahuan. Namun, pada tahun 1987 dalam kasus [[Edwards v. Aguillard]], [[mahkamah agung Amerika Serikat]] memutuskan bahwa pengajaran kreasionisme sebagai ilmu pengetahuan di sekolah negri melanggar [[Undang-undag dasar Amerika Serikat]] mengenai kenetralan negara terhadap agama.
Dari hasil suatu angket [[Gallup Poll]], kira kira 40% penduduk Amerika Serikat mendukung pengajaran ciptaanisme di sekolah-sekolah, 40% mendukung evolusi teori yang diarahkan oleh Tuhan, dan hanya 20% mendukung teori evolusi tanpa campur tangan Tuhan. Dikalangan ilmuwan Amerika, 5% dari ilmuwan (termasuk ilmuwan di luar ilmu biologi) mendukung cipataanisme.
 
Dari hasil suatu angket [[Gallup Poll]], kira kira 40% penduduk Amerika Serikat mendukung pengajaran kreasionisme di sekolah-sekolah, 40% mendukung evolusi teori yang diarahkan oleh Tuhan, dan hanya 20% mendukung teori evolusi tanpa campur tangan Tuhan. Dikalangan ilmuwan Amerika, 5% dari ilmuwan (termasuk ilmuwan di luar ilmu biologi) mendukung cipataanisme.
==Ciptaanisme di Eropa==
Di Eropa, pendukung ciptaanisme lebih sedikit dibandingkan di Amerika Serikat. Hampir di semua sekolah diajaran evolusi teori. Negara Eropa dengan majoritas katolik menerima evolusi setelah paus mengakui bahwa ilmu evolusi layak diajarkan kepada murid-murid. Sekolah Kristen Emmanuel di Inggris mengajarkan bahwa baik evolusi maupun ciptaanisme adalah keyakinan yang valid. Di Itali, bekas perdana mentri Silvio Berlusconi berencana untuk menghapus ajaran teori evolusi di tingkat sekolah menengah. Tetapi akibat banyak protes, rencana ini tidak diteruskan.
 
== Kreasionisme di Eropa ==
Menurut angket majalah Science di Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Eropa, dan Turki, negara yang paling banyak pendukung evolusi adalah Iceland, Denmark, dan Swedia yang mempunyai pendukung sebanyak 80% dari populasi.
Di [[Eropa]], pendukung kreasionisme lebih sedikit dibandingkan di Amerika Serikat. Hampir di semua sekolah diajaran evolusi teori. Negara Eropa dengan mayoritas beragama [[Katolik]] menerima evolusi setelah [[Paus (Katolik Roma)|paus]] mengakui bahwa ilmu evolusi layak diajarkan kepada murid-murid. Sekolah Kristen [[Emmanuel]] di [[Inggris]] mengajarkan bahwa baik evolusi maupun kreasionisme adalah keyakinan yang valid. Di [[Italia]], bekas perdana mentri [[Silvio Berlusconi]] berencana untuk menghapus ajaran teori evolusi di tingkat sekolah menengah. Tetapi akibat banyak protes, rencana ini tidak diteruskan.
 
Menurut angket majalah [[Science]] di Amerika Serikat, [[Jepang]], [[Eropa]], dan [[Turki]], negara yang paling banyak pendukung evolusi adalah [[Islandia]], [[Denmark]], dan [[Swedia]] yang mempunyai pendukung sebanyak 80% dari populasi.
 
== Lihat pula ==
 
{| style="background-color: transparent; width: {{{width|100%}}}"
<!--The terms creationism and creationist have become particularly associated with beliefs conflicting with the [[theory of evolution]] by mechanisms acting on [[genetic variation]]. This conflict is most prevalent in the [[United States]], where there has been sustained [[creation-evolution controversy]] in the public arena. On the other hand, many faiths, including Abrahamic denominations, which believe in divine creation, accept evolution by natural selection, as well as, to a greater or lesser extent, scientific explanations of the origins and development of the [[universe]], the [[Earth]], and [[life]] &ndash; such beliefs have been given the name "theistic evolution","evolutionary creationism" or "progressive creationism".
 
In a Christian context, many creationists adopt a [[literal]] interpretation of creation narratives, and say that the Bible provides a factual account, given from the perspective of the only one who was there at the time to witness it: [[God]]. They seek to harmonize [[science]] with what they take to be an eye-witness account of the origin of things (see [[Young Earth Creationism]], for example). However, it is argued- both for and against, that [[scientific evidence]] as an [[empirical]] source for information on [[natural history]] questions the scientific nature of the literalistic Biblical view.
 
Almost all churches teach that God created the cosmos. Many Christian scholars (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran) reject reading the Bible as though it could shed light on the events of creation appealing instead to a naturalistic interpretation. [[Liberal theology]] assumes that Genesis is a poetic work, and that human understanding of God increases gradually over time; and just as understanding of God grows, human understanding of God's will and of the world also grows, and has grown since Biblical times.
 
However, many believers in a literal interpretation argue that once a poetic view of the creation account in [[Genesis]] has been adopted, it leads one to question the historicity of other central topics of that book. Furthermore, the liberal approach suggests, sometimes outright, that [[Jesus]] as seen in the New Testament, or the writers of the Bible, had a mistaken understanding of the reliability of the Bible, and erroneously believed the book of Genesis to be literal history: a proposition that, if adopted, has radical implications for Christian faith and the reliability of the Bible.
 
==Political context==
{{main|Creation-evolution controversy}}
In the secular sense, "creationism" refers to a [[politics|political doctrine]] which asserts the validity and superiority of a particular religiously-based origin belief over those of other [[belief systems]], including those in particular espoused through secular or scientific rationale (see [[Creation-evolution controversy]]). The meaning of the term "creationism" depends upon the context wherein it is used, as it refers to a particular origin belief within a particular political culture.
 
In the [[United States]], more so than in the rest of the world, creationism has become centered in political controversy, in particular over [[public education]], and whether teaching evolution in science classes conflicts unfairly with the creationist worldview. Currently, the controversy has come in the form of whether advocates of the [[Intelligent Design movement]] who wish to "[[Teach the Controversy]]" in science classes have overstepped the boundaries of [[separation of church and state]].
{{main|Creation science}}
[[Creation Science]] refers to the endeavour of self-described "creation scientists" to use [[science]] in support of a creationist worldview. The scientific status of [[Creation Science]] is disputed by most of the [[scientific community]] as [[pseudoscience]] because Creation Science begins with a desired answer and attempts to interpret all evidence to fit in with this predetermined conclusion. According to the [[scientific method|methodological]] [[Demarcation problem|demarcation]] principle of the [[Critical rationalism|rationalistic]] [[falsificationism]], profoundly justified by [[Karl Popper]] as a [[philosophy of science]] and broadly supported by scientists, scientific investigation must formulate only falsifiable theories. Scientists see this as in direct conflict with creationist's assumption that the literal interpretation of the bible is absolutely true and cannot be refuted even in principle.
 
The most widely accepted [[Postmodern philosophy|postmodern]] [[Irrationalism|irrationalistic]] [[philosophy of science]] was proposed by [[Thomas Kuhn]] and contrasts this rationalistic view. He held that only such theories are accepted (by [[paradigm shift]]) that show a ''superior ability to solve problems''. The scientific consensus is that this is not the case for either creation science or intelligent design. Yet, Kuhn's philosophy was partly welcomed and embraced by creation science and intelligent design proponents, since it lacks universal methodological rules that could rule out their views from science. This intentional and inherent provision has been a frequent cause of attack and criticism on Kuhn's philosophy, especially by those opposing [[relativism]]. (See [[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions#Relevance of SSR|Relevance of ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'']] for details.)
 
==History of the concept of creation==
{{main|History of creationism}}
The history of creationism is tied to the [[history of religions]]. Creationism in the West primarily had some of its earliest roots in [[Judaism]]. For example, [[Abraham ibn Ezra]]'s (c. 1089–1164) commentary on Genesis is greatly esteemed in traditional rabbinical circles and he was a creationist.
 
In the [[18th century|18th]] and [[19th century|19th]] centuries, [[natural history|naturalist]]s challenged the [[Biblical]] account of [[Creation theology|creation]] as to be in conflict with [[empiricism|empirical observations]] of [[natural history]] from [[science|scientific inquiry]]. Creationists consider their primary source to be the ancient [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] text describing [[creation according to Genesis]]. While the term ''creationism'' was not in common use before the late [[19th century]] they see themselves as being the philosophical and religious offspring of the traditions that held that text sacred. The biblical account of history, [[cosmology]] and [[natural history]] was believed by [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Islam|Muslims]] and its accuracy was unquestioned through the [[Medieval]] period. Most people in [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]] and other areas of the [[Islam]]ic world believed that a supreme being had existed and would exist [[eternal]]ly, and that everything else in existence had been created by this supreme being, known variously as [[God]], [[Yahweh]], or [[Allah]]. This belief was based on the authority of [[Genesis]], the [[Qur'an]], and other ancient histories, which were held to be historically accurate and no systematic or scientific inquiry was made into the validity of the text.
 
Islamic scholars preserved ancient [[Greece|Greek]] texts and developed their ideas, leading to the [[Renaissance]] which brought a questioning of [[Biblical cosmology]]. With [[the Enlightenment]] a variety of scientific and philosophical movements challenged traditional viewpoints in Europe and the Americas. [[Natural history]] developed with the aim of understanding God's plan, but found contradictions, which in revolutionary [[France]] were interpreted as science supporting [[evolution]]. Elsewhere, particularly in [[England]], clerical naturalists sought explanations compatible with interpretations of biblical texts, anticipating many later creationist arguments.
 
While the concept of an ancient earth became widely accepted, [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[natural selection]] directly challenged belief in God's immediate involvement in creating [[species]], and in response Creationism arose as a distinct movement aiming to justify and reassert the literal accuracy of sacred texts, particularly the words of [[Genesis]].
 
The history of creationism has relevance to the [[creation-evolution controversy]]. Proponents of creationism claim that it has a rich heritage grounded in ancient recorded histories and consistent with scientific observation, whereas opponents, particularly of what they regard as the [[pseudoscience]]s of [[creation science]] and [[intelligent design]], claim that those are a modern reactionary movement against science.
 
==Types of creationism==
{{merge|Creation-evolution controversy#Spectrum of creationist beliefs}}
Creationism covers a spectrum of beliefs which have been categorized into the broad types listed below. As a matter of popular belief and characterizations by the media, most people labeled "creationists" are those who object to specific parts of science for religious reasons, though many (if not most) people who believe in a divine act of creation do not categorically reject those parts of science.
 
===Young Earth Creationist===
{{main|Young-Earth Creationism}}
The belief that the Earth was created by [[God]] a few thousand years ago, literally as described in [[Creation according to Genesis]], within the approximate timeframe of the [[Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar]] or somewhat more according to the interpretation of biblical genealogies. (They may or may not believe that the [[Universe]] is the same age.) It rejects not only [[radiometric dating|radiometric]] and [[isochron dating]] of the [[age of the Earth]], arguing that they are based on debatable assumptions, but also approaches such as [[ice core]] dating and [[dendrochronology]]. Instead, it interprets the geologic record largely as a result of a [[Noah's Ark|global flood]]. This view is held by many Protestant Christians in the USA, and by many [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]]. It is also estimated that 47% of Americans hold this view, and a little under 10% of Christian colleges teach it[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2006/0131colleges.asp]. For Christian groups promoting this view, see the [[Institute for Creation Research]] (ICR), [[El Cajon, California]], USA, and the ''Creation Research Society'' (CRS), [[Saint Joseph, Missouri]], USA.
 
Because Young Earth creationists believe in the literal truth of the description in Genesis of divine creation of every "kind" of plant and creature during a week about 6,000 years ago, they dispute parts of [[evolution]] (specifically Universal Common Ancestry) which describes all [[species]] developing from a common ancestor without a need for divine intervention over a much longer time.
 
====Modern geocentrism====
{{main|Modern geocentrism}}
The view that God recently created a spherical world, and placed it in the center of the universe. The [[Sun]], [[planets]] and everything else in the universe revolve around it.
 
====Omphalos hypothesis====
{{main|Omphalos hypothesis}}
The view that God created the Earth only recently, but made it appear much older. This is the belief of a small subgroup of Young Earth creationists, which is sometimes termed the [[Omphalos hypothesis]]. This argument was first made by [[Philip Henry Gosse]] in [[1857]]. He held that because the world operates in cycles (chicken to egg to chicken on so on), certain physical and biological processes need the appearance of age to function. It is termed the Omphalos hypothesis because it is based on the question of whether or not [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] (or [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] for that matter) had a [[navel]] (given that they were created as adults rather than [[childbirth|born]], they can be assumed to have never possessed an [[umbilical cord]]). Gosse postulated that Adam ''did'' have a navel because it is how humans are formed. So the appearance of history (the belly button) is there, even though he was just created. He likewise postulated that for the earth to work, it must have been established with the ''appearance'' of age to function correctly. While many creationists hold this view for some smaller aspects of creation, for example the existence of the fossil record, the argument has been largely superseded.
 
====Creation science====
{{main|Creation science}}
The technical arm of the creationist movement, most adherents to creation science believe that God created the Earth only recently, and the scientific evidence supports their interpretation of scripture. Various claims of these "creation scientists" (whose credentials are often criticized by opponents) include such ideas as [[creationist cosmologies]] which accommodate a universe on the order of thousands of years old, explanations for the fossil record as a record of the destruction of the [[global flood]] recorded in [[Genesis]] (see [[flood geology]]), and explanations for the present [[biodiversity|diverse]] as a result of rapid degredation of the perfect [[genome]]s God placed in "[[created kinds]]" (see [[creation biology]]).
 
===Old Earth Creationist===
{{main|Old Earth Creationism}}
The view that the [[universe|physical universe]] was created by God, but that the creation event of Genesis is not to be taken strictly literally. This group generally believes that the [[age of the Universe]] and the [[age of the Earth]] are as described by [[astronomers]] and [[geologists]], but that details of the [[evolutionary theory]] are questionable.
 
Old-Earth creationism itself comes in at least three types:
 
====Gap creationism====
{{main|Gap creationism}}
Also called "Restitution creationism" this is the view that life was immediately created on a pre-existing old Earth. This group generally translates Genesis 1:2 as "The earth ''became'' without form and void," indicating a destruction of the original creation by some unspecified cataclysm. This was popularized in the ''[[Scofield Reference Bible]]'', but has little support from Hebrew scholars.
 
====Day-age creationism====
{{main|Day-Age Creationism}}
The view that the "six days" of [[Genesis]] are not ordinary twenty-four-hour days, but rather much longer periods (for instance, each "day" could be the equivalent of millions of years of modern time). This theory often states that the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word "y&ocirc;m", in the context of Genesis 1, can be properly interpreted as "age." Some adherents claim we are still living in the seventh age ("seventh day").
 
====Progressive creationism====
{{main|Progressive creationism}}
The view that species have changed or evolved in a process continuously guided by God, with various ideas as to how the process operates (often leaving room for God's direct intervention at key moments in Earth/life's history). This view accepts most of modern physical science including the age of the earth, but rejects much of modern evolutionary biology or looks to it for evidence that [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]] alone is incorrect. This view can be, and often is, held in conjunction with other Old-earth views such as Day-age creationism or framework/metaphoric/poetic views.
 
===Theistic evolution===
{{main|Theistic evolution}}
Also known as "evolutionary creationism", this is the general view that, instead of faith being in opposition to biological evolution, some or all classical religious teachings about [[God]] and [[creation theology|creation]] are compatible with some or all of modern [[scientific]] [[scientific theory|theories]] including specifically [[evolution]]. It views evolution as a tool used by God and can synthesize with gap or day-age creationism, although most adherents consider that Genesis should not be interpreted as history at all, rather having a spiritual meaning. It can still be described as "creationism" in holding that divine intervention brought about the [[origin of life]] or that divine Laws govern formation of species, but in the [[creation-evolution controversy]] its proponents generally take the "evolutionist" side. While supporting the [[naturalism (philosophy)|methodological naturalism]] inherent in modern science "within the realm of science", they reject the implication taken by [[atheism|atheists]] that this gives credence to [[Ontology|ontological]] [[materialism]] which they regard as infringing on "the realm of the spiritual". Many creationists would deny that this is creationism at all, and should rather be called "theistic evolution", while on the other hand many scientists support such faiths which allow a voice to their spiritual side.
 
===Neo-Creationism===
{{main|Neo-Creationism}}
Neo-Creationists intentionally distance themselves from other forms of creationism, preferring to be known as wholly separate from creationism as a philosophy. Its goal is to restate creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public, education policy makers and the [[scientific community]]. It aims to re-frame the debate over the [[Origin belief|origins of life]] in non-religious terms and without appeals to scripture, and to bring the scientific debate before the public. One of its principal claims is that ostensibly [[objective]] orthodox science is actually a dogmatically [[atheism|atheistic]] [[religion]]. Its proponents argue that the [[scientific method]] excludes certain explanations of phenomena, particularly where they point towards supernatural elements. This effectively excludes religious insight from contributing to understanding the [[universe]]. Neo-Creationists also argue that science, as an "atheistic enterprise", is at the root of many of contemporary society's ills (social unrest, family breakdown). The most recognized form of Neo-Creationism in the [[United States]] is the [[Intelligent Design movement]]. Unlike their philosophical forebears, Neo-Creationists largely do not believe in many of the traditional cornerstones of creationism such a [[Young Earth creationism|young Earth]], or in a dogmatically [[Biblical inerrancy|literal interpretation of the Bible]]. Common to all forms of Neo-Creationism is a rejection of [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]], usually made together with a tacit admission of [[supernaturalism]], and an open and often hostile opposition to what they term "[[Darwinism]]", which generally is meant to refer to [[evolution]].
 
====Intelligent design====
{{main|Intelligent design}}
Intelligent design (ID) is the concept that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." Its leading proponents, all of whom are affiliated with the Discovery Institute, say that intelligent design is a scientific theory that stands on equal footing with, or is superior to, current scientific theories regarding the origin of life.
 
==Jewish creationism==
{{main|Judaism and evolution}}
 
Judaism has a continuum of views about creation, the origin of life and the role of evolution in the formation of species. The major [[Jewish denominations]], including many Orthodox Jewish groups, accept evolutionary creationism or theistic evolution. The contemporary general approach of Judaism, excepting Orthodox traditions, is to not take the [[Torah]] as a literal text, but rather as a symbolic or open-ended work. As far as Orthodox Jews, who seek to reconcile discrepancies between science and the Bible, go, the notion that science and the Bible should even be reconciled through traditional scientific means is questioned. To these groups, science is as true as the Torah and if there seems to be a problem, our own epistemological limits are to blame for any apparent irreconcilable point. They point to various discrepancies between what is expected and what actually is to demonstrate that things are not always as they appear. They point out to the fact that the even root word for "world" in the [[Hebrew language]] &mdash; עולם (oh•luhm) &mdash; means hidden. Just as they believe God created man and trees and the light on its way from the stars in their adult state, so too can they believe that the world was created in its "adult" state, with the understanding that there are, and can be, no physical ways to verify this. This belief has been advanced by Rabbi Dr. Dovid Gottlieb, former philosophy professor at Johns Hopkins University. Also, relatively old Kabbalistic sources from well before the scientifically apparent age of the universe was first determined are in close concord with modern scientific estimates of the age of the universe, according to Rabbi [[Aryeh Kaplan]]. Other interesting parallels are brought down from, among other sources, [[Nachmanides]], who expounds exegetically that there was a [[Neanderthal]]-like species with which [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] mated (he did this long before Neanderthals had even been discovered scientifically).
 
==Christian God as absolute origin==
Nearly all denominations of Christianity assert that God is the origin, the [[Cosmological argument|first cause]]. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] holds as an unchangeable tenet of Christian faith, that "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth". Here, creation is described as an absolute beginning, which includes the assertion that the very existence of the universe is contingent upon a necessary higher being, [[God]], who is not Himself created. Therefore the doctrine of biblical creation places the knowledge of God central in the pursuit of the knowledge of anything, for everything comes from God. Nevertheless, this view does not mandate the concept of special creation; it says nothing about the mechanism by which any thing was created.
 
Although phrased differently, this [[doctrine]] of creation is common in many branches of other [[religion]]s. The strictness to which adherents are required to accept these views, and the sense in which these definitions are official, vary widely.
 
==Prevalence of creationism==
===United States===
According to a [[2006]] [[Gallup]] poll,<ref>See [http://washingtontimes.com/national/20060608-111826-4947r.htm Americans Still Hold Faith In Divine Creation].</ref> about 46% of Americans believe in strict creationism, concurring with the statement that "God created man pretty much in his present form at one time within the last 10,000 years," and 36% believe that God guided the process of evolution. Only 13% believe that humans evolved over millions of years, without any supernatural intervention. Belief in creationism is inversely correlated to education; of those with post-graduate degrees, only 22% believe in strict creationism.
 
In [[1987]], [[Newsweek]] reported: "By one count there are some 700 scientists with respectable academic credentials (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) who ascribed to Biblically literal creationism."<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Newsweek]]|date=[[June 29]], [[1987]]|pages=23|title=Keeping God Out of the Classroom}}</ref>
 
In [[2000]], a [[People for the American Way]] poll<ref>[http://media.pfaw.org/pdf/creationism/creationism-poll.pdf Evolution and Creationism In Public Education: An In-depth Reading Of Public Opinion] {{PDFlink}}</ref> estimated that:
:20% of Americans believe public schools should teach evolution only;
:17% of Americans believe that only evolution should be taught in science classes &mdash; religious explanations should be taught in another class;
:29% of Americans believe that Creationism should be discussed in science class as a 'belief,' not a scientific theory;
:13% of Americans believe that Creationism and evolution should be taught as 'scientific theories' in science class;
:16% of Americans believe that only Creationism should be taught;
 
Less-direct [[anecdotal evidence]] of the popularity of creationism is reflected in the response of [[IMAX]] theaters to the availability of ''[[Volcanoes of the Deep Sea]]'', an IMAX film which makes a connection between human [[DNA]] and [[microbe]]s inside undersea [[volcano]]es. The film's distributor reported that the only U.S. states with theaters which chose not to show the film were [[Texas]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[North Carolina]], and [[South Carolina]]:
:We've got to pick a film that's going to sell in our area. If it's not going to sell, we're not going to take it," said the director of an IMAX theater in Charleston that is not showing the movie. "Many people here believe in creationism, not evolution." [http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/23/volcano.movie.ap/index.html]
 
===The western world outside the United States===
Most vocal creationists are from the United States, and creationist views are much less common elsewhere in the Western World.
 
According to a [[PBS]] documentary on evolution, Australian Young Earth Creationists claimed that "five percent of the Australian population now believe that Earth is thousands, rather than billions, of years old." The documentary further states that "Australia is a particular stronghold of the creationist movement." Taking these claims at face value, Young Earth Creationism is very much a minority position in Western countries.
 
In [[Europe]], creationism is a less well-defined phenomenon, and regular polls are not available. However, evolution is taught as scientific fact in most schools. In countries with a [[Roman Catholic]] majority, [[pope|papal]] acceptance of evolution as worthy of study has essentially ended debate on the matter for many people. Nevertheless, creationist groups such as the German ''[[Studiengemeinschaft Wort und Wissen]] (Study group 'word and knowledge')''[http://www.wort-und-wissen.de/] are actively lobbying in Germany; most people in this country, however, see evolution as scientific fact and do not believe in creationism. In the [[United Kingdom]] the [[Emmanuel Schools Foundation]] (previously the Vardy Foundation), which runs three government-funded 13 to 19 schools in the north of England (out of several thousand in the country) and plans to open several more, teaches that creationism and evolution are equally valid "faith positions". One exam board (OCR) also specifically mentions and deals with creationism in its biology syllabus [http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1728235,00.html]. However, this deals with it as a historical belief and addresses hostility towards evolution rather than promoting it as an alternative to naturalistic evolution. Mainstream scientific accounts are still expressed as fact. In [[Italy]], former prime minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] wanted to retire evolution from schools in the middle level; after one week of massive protests, he reversed his opinion. [http://www2.onnachrichten.t-online.de/dyn/c/19/01/33/1901336.html].
 
Of particular note for [[Eastern Europe]], [[Serbia]] suspended the teaching of evolution for one week in [[2004]], under education minister [[Ljiljana Čolić]], only allowing schools to reintroduce evolution into the curriculum if they also taught creationism. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/09/09/wdarw09.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/09/09/ixworld.html]
"After a deluge of protest from scientists, teachers and opposition parties," says the BBC report, Ms Čolić's deputy made the statement, "I have come here to confirm Charles Darwin is still alive," and announced that the decision was reversed.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3642460.stm] Ms. Čolić resigned after the government said that she had caused "problems that had started to reflect on the work of the entire government". [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3663196.stm]
 
In the [[United Kingdom]] a 2006 poll on the "origin and development of life" asked participants to choose between three different perspectives on the origin of life: 22% chose creationism, 17% opted for intelligent design, 48% selected evolution theory and the rest did not know. The poll had the effect of reinforcing a [[culture war]] [[Creation-evolution controversy#False dichotomy|false dichotomy]] on the subject in an attempt by the news organization to demonstrate the extent of the controversy. As the poll lacked nuanced [[statistical survey|survey techniques]] and [[Creation-evolution controversy#Defining evolution|equivocated on origin definitions]] as well as forced participants to make choices as though there were only three options, its results do not necessarily indicate the views of the general public concerning mainstream science or religious alternatives. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4648598.stm][http://www.mori.com/polls/2006/bbc-horizon.shtml]
 
==Criticism of creationism==
===Scientific critique of creationism===
All forms of Creationism incorporate some theological content, but they have varied considerably over time in the degree to which they try to incorporate scientific terminology. Since the origins of modern [[geology]] in the 18th and 19th centuries, forms of creationism have become increasingly separated from mainstream science. Many of the current manifestations of creationism, particularly Young Earth creationism, were created to defend the literal interpretation of the [[Creation according to Genesis|biblical account of creation in genesis]], when evolution started to become [[scientific consensus]].
 
There is a fundamental difference between the scientific approach to explaining the natural world and the creationist approach. The scientific approach uses the [[scientific method]] as a means of discovering information about nature. Scientists use observations, hypotheses and deductions to propose explanations for natural phenomena in the form of scientific theories. Predictions from these theories are tested by experiment. If a prediction turns out to be correct, the theory survives. This is a [[Meritocracy|meritocratic]] form of systematic enquiry, where the best ideas supported by evidence and positive experimental results survive. In principle, the scientific method does not seek answers that fit a certain pre-determined conclusion, but rather works to construct viable, testable, and provable theories based on a solid evidential foundation. The evidential foundation therefore precludes any reference to revelation.
 
Creationism, on the other hand, works by taking theologically conservative interpretations of scripture as the primary or only source of information about origins. Creationists believe that since the Creator created everything and also revealed scriptures, the scriptures have preeminence as a kind of evidence. Consistency with their interpretations of scripture is the measure by which they judge all other evidence. They then accept or reject scientific accounts based on whether or not they agree with their beliefs, discounting that which contradicts their understanding of scriptural revelation. This perspective can be seen as a type of [[Luddite|luddism]] or [[anti-modernism]] since any seemingly opposing ideas are either ignored or dismissed. Those who oppose creationism point out that such positions are fundamentally unscientific and a hallmark of [[pseudoscience]].
 
Certain adherents to creationism have declared that there exist versions of creationism (namely [[creation science]]) that are based on the [[scientific method]]. It was such claims that were the basis for the legal arguments that creationism deserved equal-time in the science classroom. [[Scientific skepticism|Skeptical critics]] charge that creation science is not a theory that has come about through a systematic and scientific accumulation of evidence. It is predominantly based on the assumption of a literal interpretation of religious scripture and the emphasis of the authority of scripture over other sources of knowledge is evident in creation science literature.
 
All scientific [[theory|theories]] are [[falsifiability|falsifiable]]; that is, if evidence that contradicts any given theory comes to light, or if the theory is proven to no longer fit with the evidence, the theory itself is shown to be invalid and is either modified to be consistent with all the evidence or is discarded. Scientific theories can be (and often are) found to be incorrect or incomplete. Since creationism rests on an article of [[faith]], its construction assumes that the narrative accounts of origins can never be shown falsified, no matter how strong the evidence is to the contrary.
 
[[Modern synthesis|Evolutionary modern synthesis]] is the theory that fits all known biological and genetic evidence while being backed up by overwhelming evidence in the [[fossil record]]. Contrary to frequent claims by many opponents of the theory of evolution, [[transitional fossil]]s exist which show a gradual change from one species to another. Moreover, evolutionary selection has been observed in living species (for a macroscopic instance, "tuskless elephants"--''see [[elephant]]'').
 
In the last ten years, powerful [[DNA]] analysis techniques applied to many organisms have demonstrated the fundamental genetic relationship between all forms of known life (humans share 50% of their DNA with yeast, 96%''[http://www.genome.gov/15515096]'' with chimpanzees). Even if evolution as biologists currently understand it turned out to be false, this would not imply the truth of special creation (such a binary view being a [[logical fallacy]]). It is exclusively in the public sphere, where [[young Earth creationists]] (especially in the US) have fought for recognition of their [[world view]], that the [[Creation-evolution controversy|debate about creationism and evolution]] rages.
 
===The Christian critique of creationism===
In "Intelligent Design as a Theological Problem," George Murphy argues against the common view that life on Earth in all its forms is direct evidence of God's act of creation (Murphy quotes Phillip Johnson's claim that he is speaking "of a God who acted openly and left his fingerprints on all the evidence."). Murphy argues that this view of God is incompatible with the Christian understanding of God as "the one revealed in the cross and resurrection of Jesus." The basis of this theology is [[Isaiah]] 45:15, "Truly, thou art a God who hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the Savior." This verse inspired [[Blaise Pascal]] to write, "What meets our eyes denotes neither a total absence nor a manifest presence of the divine, but the presence of a God who conceals himself." In the ''Heidelberg Disputation'', [[Martin Luther]] referred to the same Biblical verse to propose his "theology of the cross": "That person does not deserve to be called a theologian who looks upon the invisible things of God as though they were clearly perceptible in those things which have actually happened ... He deserves to be called a theologian, however, who comprehends the visible and manifest things of God seen through suffering and the cross."
 
Luther opposes his [[Theology of the Cross|theology of the cross]] to what he called the "[[Theology of Glory|theology of glory]]":
:A theologian of glory does not recognize, along with the Apostle, the crucified and hidden God alone [I Cor. 2:2]. He sees and speaks of God's glorious manifestation among the heathen, how his invisible nature can be known from the things which are visible [Cf. Rom. 1:20] and how he is present and powerful in all things everywhere.
For Murphy, Creationists are modern-day theologians of glory. Following Luther, Murphy argues that a true Christian cannot discover God from clues in creation, but only from the crucified Christ.
 
Murphy observes that the execution of a Jewish carpenter by Roman authorities is in and of itself an ordinary event and did not require Divine action. On the contrary, for the crucifixion to occur, God had to limit or "empty" Himself. It was for this reason that Paul wrote, in Philippians 2:5-8,
:Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men. And being found in human form he humbled himself and became obedient unto death, even death on a cross.
 
Murphy concludes that,
:Just as the son of God limited himself by taking human form and dying on the cross, God limits divine action in the world to be in accord with rational laws God has chosen. This enables us to understand the world on its own terms, but it also means that natural processes hide God from scientific observation.
For Murphy, a theology of the cross requires that Christians accept a ''methodological'' naturalism, meaning that one cannot invoke God to explain natural phenomena, while recognizing that such acceptance does not require one to accept a ''metaphysical'' naturalism, which proposes that nature is all that there is.
 
According to Emil Brunner, "God does not wish to occupy the whole of space Himself, but that He wills to make room for other forms of existence ... In so doing, He limits Himself." It is where God has limited Himself that humans must use their own intelligence to understand the world &mdash; to understand the laws of gravity as well as evolution &ndash; without relying on God as an explanation. It is only through the cross and the resurrection that one may find God.
 
In March 2006, Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, the leader of the world's Anglicans, reported that he was opposed to teaching creationism in schools. "My worry is creationism can end up reducing the doctrine of creation rather than enhancing it," Williams explained. Archbishop Williams also explained that creationism was "a kind of category mistake, as if the Bible were a theory like other theories." Williams's position is in line with that of the Episcopal Church, the American branch of the Anglican Communion. [http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Britain-Anglicans-Creationism.html?_r=1&oref=login]
====Plea to reject nonsense====
In his work ''The Literal Meaning of Genesis'' (De Genesi ad litteram libri duodecim), [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] ([[354]]-[[430]]), embarrassed by Christians who would not accept this implication of the Doctrine of Creation, wrote against them. This translation is by J. H. Taylor in ''Ancient Christian Writers'', Newman Press, 1982, volume 41.
 
: "Usually, even a non-Christian knows something about the earth, [..] and this knowledge he holds as being certain from reason and experience. Now, it is a disgraceful and dangerous thing for an infidel to hear a Christian, presumably giving the meaning of Holy Scripture, talking nonsense on these topics; and we should take all means to prevent such an embarrassing situation, in which people show up vast ignorance in a Christian and laugh it to scorn. The shame is not so much that an ignorant individual is derided, but that people outside the household of faith think our sacred writers held such opinions, and, to the great loss of those for whose salvation we toil, the writers of our Scripture are criticized and rejected as unlearned men. If they find a Christian mistaken in a field which they themselves know well and hear him maintaining his foolish opinions about our books, how are they going to believe those books in matters concerning the resurrection of the dead, the hope of eternal life, and the kingdom of heaven, when they think their pages are full of falsehoods and on facts which they themselves have learnt from experience and the light of reason?" -->
 
== Lihat pula ==
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* [[Agama Abrahamik|Agama-agama Abrahamik]]
* [[Adnan Oktar]]
* [[PenafsiranPenciptaan alegorismenurut Kitab Kejadian]]
* [[Kosmologi Alkitab]]
* [[Ineransi Alkitab]]
Baris 213 ⟶ 55:
* [[Deisme]]
 
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* [[Kesederhanaan ilahi]]
Baris 229 ⟶ 70:
* [[Tzimtzum]]
* [[William Paley]]
 
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|}
 
== RujukanReferensi ==
{{reflist}}
<references/>
 
== RujukanReferensi tambahan ==
* [[Bernhard Anderson|Anderson, Bernhard W.]] (editor) ''Creation in the Old Testament'' (ISBN 08006176810-8006-1768-1)
* [[Bernhard Anderson|Anderson, Bernhard W.]] ''Creation Versus Chaos: The Reinterpretation of Mythical Symbolism in the Bible'' (ISBN 159752042X1-59752-042-X)
* [[Ian Barbour]] ''When Science Meets Religion'', 2000, Harper SanFrancisco
* Ian Barbour ''Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues'', 1997, Harper SanFrancisco.
* [http://www.robibrad.demon.co.uk/Chapter3.htm Bradshaw, Robert I., "The Early Church & the Age of the Earth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410063135/http://www.robibrad.demon.co.uk/Chapter3.htm |date=2007-04-10 }} (Gereja Perdana dan Usia bumi)
* [[Stephen Jay Gould]] ''Rock of Ages: Science and Religion in the fullness of life'', Ballantine Books, 1999
* Edward J. Larson and Larry Witham ''Leading scientists still reject God'' in ''Nature,'' Vol. 394, No. 6691 (1998), p. &nbsp;313. Online at http://www.freethought-web.org/ctrl/news/file002.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804090500/http://www.freethought-web.org/ctrl/news/file002.html |date=2009-08-04 }}
* Scott, Eugenie C., 1999 (Jul/Aug). The creation/evolusi continuum. Reports of the National Center for Science Education 19(4): 16-17,21-23.
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/ev_publi.htm Hasil jajak pendapat di AS – Kepercayaan masyarakat tentang evolusi dan penciptaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105061024/http://www.religioustolerance.org/ev_publi.htm |date=2019-11-05 }}
 
=== RujukanReferensi (historis) ===
* Gosse, Henry Philip, 1857. Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot. J. Van Voorst, London
 
=== RujukanReferensi (Kristen) ===
* Murphy, George L., 2002, "Intelligent Design as a Theological Problem," dalam ''Covalence: the Bulletin of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Alliance for Faith, Science, and Technology'' 4(2)
 
=== RujukanReferensi (Yahudi) ===
* Aviezer, Nathan. In the Beginning: Biblical Creation and Science. Ktav, 1990. Hardcover. ISBN 0-88125388125-28328-6
<!--* Carmell,-->
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
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| width="{{{width|}}}" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" |<!-- overviews of creationism, i.e. all these links are similar because they describe the variety of viewpoints that have been described as creationist. -->
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ciptaanisme/ Entri Stanford Encyclopedia tentang CiptaanismeKreasionisme]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.howstuffworks.com/ciptaanisme.htm Bagaimana ciptaanismekreasionisme bekerja]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.harunyahya.com Pandangan Muslim]
* [http://othello.alma.edu/~07tmhopk/creationevolusiboth.html Ciptaan dan Evolusi Keduanya?]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Mengkaji apakah kisah penciptaan dalam Alkitab dapat dipertemukan dengan evolusi neo-darwinistik.
* [http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUSI/timeline.htm Evolusi, CiptaanismeKreasionisme & Garis waktu ID] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115160827/http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUSI/timeline.htm |date=2020-11-15 }} Memusatkan perhatian pada kejadian-kejadian historis yang besar dan kejadian-kejadian yang belakangan dalam perdebetan ilmiah dan politik
 
<p></p>
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* [http://images.derstandard.at/20051012/Evolution-and-Creationism.pdf Evolusi dan CiptaanismeKreasionisme]. Pedoman untuk Pembimbing di Museum (PDF)
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html What is creationism?] dari [[talk.origins]]
* [http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/1593_the_creationevolusi_continu_12_7_2000.asp The Creation/Evolusi Continuum]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} oleh [[Eugenie Scott]].
* [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/azimov_ciptaanisme.html Armies of the Night] oleh [[Isaac Asimov]].
 
<p></p>
|}
 
=== Organisasi ===
[[Talk.origins]] mengembangkan sebuah daftar yang panjang tentang [http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/other-links.html pranala-pranala umum yang relevan dengan ciptaanismekreasionisme] dan [http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/other-links-cre.html sebuah daftar yang lengkap tentang situs-situs ciptaanis]. Pranala-pranala berikut ini berhubungan dengan organisasi-organisasi yang mendukung berbagai pandangan:
 
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'''CiptaanismeKreasionisme Bumi Muda'''
* [http://www.creationscience.com Pada Mulanya – Bukti-bukti Yang Meyakinkan yang Mendukung Ciptaan dan Air Bah] oleh Dr. Walt Brown
* [http://www.answersingenesis.org/ Answers in Genesis] Sebuah kelompok yang mempromosikan CiptaanismeKreasionisme Bumi Muda.
* [http://www.familyradio.com/graphical/literature/calendar/calendar_contents.html Kalender Sejarah menurut Alkitab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227011819/http://www.familyradio.com/graphical/literature/calendar/calendar_contents.html |date=2005-12-27 }}
* [http://www.icr.org/ Institute for Creation Research] "Pelayanan Ciptaan yang Berfokus pada Kristus "
* [http://www.creationresearch.org/ Perhimpunan Penelitian Ciptaan]
* [http://www.trueorigin.org/ Arsip tentang Asal-Mula yang Sejati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509094210/http://www.trueorigin.org/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* [http://www.creationwiki.net CreationWiki]
 
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'''CiptaanismeKreasionisme Bumi Lama'''
* [http://www.reasons.org Alasan-alasan untuk Percaya] dipimpin oleh [[Hugh Ross]]
* [http://www.answersincreation.org Jawaban dalam Penciptaan] dipimpin oleh [[Greg Neyman]]
Baris 302 ⟶ 140:
* [http://www.discovery.org/csc/ Pusat Institut Penemuan untuk Sains dan Kebudayaan]
 
''' CiptaanismeKreasionisme evolusioner''' <!-- These are a bit thin on the ground. -->
* [http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/religion/scifaith.html Iman seorang ilmuwan: sebuah kesaksian pribadi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612215054/http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/religion/scifaith.html |date=2006-06-12 }}
 
'''Evolusi'''
* [http://www.talkorigins.org talk.origins Arsip]
* [http://www.ncseweb.org/ Pusat Nasional untuk Pendidikan Sains]
* [http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/palbot/evolusi/creationism.html Sains versus Doktrin CiptaanismeKreasionisme dan Rancangan Cerdas]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sebuah direktori pranala pro-evolusi atau anti ciptaanismekreasionisme
* [http://www.evowiki.org The EvoWiki]
 
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{{Authority control}}
 
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[[pl:Kreacjonizm]]
[[pt:Criacionismo]]
[[ro:Creaţionism]]
[[ru:Креационизм]]
[[simple:Creationism]]
[[sk:Kreacionizmus]]
[[sl:Kreacionizem]]
[[sr:Kreacionizam]]
[[sv:Kreationism]]
[[uk:Креаціонізм]]
[[zh:創造論]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Kreasionisme"