Kekuasaan lunak: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 3:
Joseph Nye menciptakan istilah ini dalam bukunya yang terbit tahun 1990, ''Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power''. Menurutnya, ketika sebuah negara berhasil membujuk negara lain untuk memiliki keinginan yang sama, negara tersebut tergolong kooptif atau memiliki kekuasaan lunak, berbeda dengan kekuasaan keras yang memaksa negara lain untuk memiliki keinginan yang sama.<ref name="Nye, Joseph 1990">Nye, Joseph.''Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power''(New York: Basic Books, 1990).</ref> Ia mengembangkan kembali konsep ini dalam bukunya, ''Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics'' (2004). Istilah ini telah digunakan secara luas dalam hubungan luar negeri oleh para analis dan negarawan. Misalnya, [[Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat]] [[Robert Gates]] berpendapat bahwa kekuasaan lunak Amerika Serikat dapat diperbaiki dengan "meningkatkan secara drastis anggaran instrumen sipil [[keamanan nasional]], yaitu [[diplomasi]], [[komunikasi strategis]], bantuan luar negeri, aksi sipil, dan rekonstruksi dan pembangunan ekonomi."<ref>Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense, Manhattan, Kansas, Monday, November 26, 2007.http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1199</ref> Pada tahun 2011, ketika [[Xi Jinping]] hendak menggantikan [[Hu Jintao]], Komite Pusat [[Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] ke-17 mengadakan rapat pleno khusus untuk membahas budaya. Komunike terakhirnya menyatakan bahwa tujuan nasional Tiongkok adalah "membangun negara kita sebagai negara adikuasa di bidang budaya sosialis."<ref>The red carpet, China's film industry, December 21st, 2013 http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21591741-red-carpet</ref> Tahun 2014, Xi mengumumkan bahwa kekuasaan lunak Tiongkok harus ditingkatkan, memperbaiki citra Tiongkok, dan menyampaikan pesan Tiongkok secara lebih baik ke seluruh dunia.<ref>David Shambaugh, China's Soft-power Push,Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-06-16/china-s-soft-power-push</ref>
Menurut laporan ''Soft Power World Rankings'' tahun 2015 dari [[Comres]], [[Portland Communications]], dan [[Facebook]], [[Britania Raya]] menempati peringkat pertama sebagai negara berkekuasaan lunak terbaik, diikuti [[Jerman]], [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Prancis]], [[Kanada]], [[Australia]], [[Swiss]], [[Jepang]], [[Swedia]], dan [[Belanda]].<ref>{{cite web|last=McClory|first=Jonathan|title=''The Soft Power 30 World Rankings''|url=http://www.comres.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Report_Final-published.pdf|date=14 August 2015|publisher=Comres|accessdate=2 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120204008/http://www.comres.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Report_Final-published.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Softly Does It'|url=http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21657655-oxbridge-one-direction-and-premier-league-bolster-britains-power-persuade-softly-does-it|date=18 July 2015|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''UK is global leader in soft power, world’s most comprehensive analysis finds''|url=http://www.portland-communications.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Soft-Power-30_press-release.pdf|date=14 July 2015|publisher=Facebook, Comres, Portland Group|accessdate=2 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110004911/http://www.portland-communications.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Soft-Power-30_press-release.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Menurut ''Monocle Soft Power Survey'' 2014, [[Amerika Serikat]] menempati peringkat pertama.<ref name="monocle.com">{{cite web|url=http://monocle.com/film/Affairs/soft-power-survey-2014-15/|title=Soft Power Survey 2014/15|publisher=Monocle|date=2015|accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> ''Elcano Global Presence Report'' menempatkan [[Uni Eropa]] secara keseluruhan<ref name="ReferenceB">Pages 23-24, 26: Including the European Union and excluding its member states, EU soft presence scores 52.2% of 1214.9, U.S. soft presence scores 46.8% of 1099.6</ref> dan Amerika Serikat secara spesifik di posisi pertama.<ref name=ElcanoEU>{{cite web|title=Elcano Global Presence Report 2015|url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/f36b5f004830c24a8e3b8fe0dd72d861/Global_Presence_2015.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=f36b5f004830c24a8e3b8fe0dd72d861|page=20|date=2015|publisher=Real Instituto Elcano|accessdate=December 5, 2015|archive-date=2016-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603005425/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/f36b5f004830c24a8e3b8fe0dd72d861/Global_Presence_2015.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=f36b5f004830c24a8e3b8fe0dd72d861|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=From Seville to Brussels: The Architecture of Global Presence|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=194365|publisher=International Relations and Security Network|accessdate=December 9, 2015|date=October 28, 2015|quote=Our partners at the Elcano Royal Institute have released their latest edition of the Global Presence Index. It confirms that the EU – if perceived as a single global actor – has the greatest degree of ‘presence’ in the world, largely because of the contributions of the UK, Germany and France.}}</ref> Laporan tersebut juga menempatkan [[Tiongkok]], [[Rusia]], [[Spanyol]], dan [[Italia]] di sepuluh peringkat teratas.
== Daftar Peringkat ==
=== Dunia ===
Baris 218:
* Chicago Council on Global Affairs, "Soft Power in East Asia" June 2008.
* Joseph Nye, ''The Powers to Lead'', NY Oxford University Press, 2008.
* Nye, Joseph, [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=sFNfYvNtw5AC&dq=soft+power+nye&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=7pSYj989Op&sig=xDjc4tq_HZnu5ZTL5UW8G6BvIzE&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
* [[Joshua Kurlantzick]], ''Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power is Transforming the World'' (Yale University Press, 2007). Analysis of China's use of soft power to gain influence in the world's political arena.
* [[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]] ''The European Superpower'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). Argues that the European Union has used soft power effectively to emerge as an alternative and as a competitor to the heavy reliance of the US on hard power.
Baris 233:
* [http://blog.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/drg/ Global Power Barometer]
* [http://cmp.hku.hk/2009/11/12/2926/comment-page-1/#comment-1092 Is China’s new communications worldview coming of age?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314173542/http://cmp.hku.hk/2009/11/12/2926/comment-page-1/#comment-1092 |date=2011-03-14 }} David Bandurski
* [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4290&t=globalization The Benefits of Soft Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320150448/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4290&t=globalization |date=2006-03-20 }}
* [http://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IR03.pdf Simulation and Soft Power]
* [http://www.wordspy.com/words/softpower.asp Soft Power definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120205704/http://www.wordspy.com/words/softpower.asp |date=2011-01-20 }}
* [http://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IR04.pdf Soft Power, Smart Power and Intelligent Power] A lecture in honor of Joseph Nye
* [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/scandal-erodes-chinas-soft-power Scandal Erodes China’s Soft Power], Frank Ching
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