Khirbet Qeiyafa: Perbedaan antara revisi

|notes =

}}

-->

== Nama ==

 

== Geografi ==

-->

== Sejarah situs dan ekskavasi ==

 

<!--

The initial excavation by Ganor and Garfinklel took place from August 12 to 26, 2007 on behalf of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] Institute of Archaeology. In their preliminary report at the annual [[American Schools of Oriental Research|ASOR]] conference on November 15, they presented a theory that the site was the Biblical [[Azekah]], which until then had been exclusively associated with [[Tell Zakariya]].<ref name=asor>{{cite web| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080516071831/http://www.asor.org/AM/abstracts07(final).pdf | title=ASOR 2007 Conference abstracts| publisher= [[Boston University]]}}</ref> In 2008, after the discovery of a second gate, they identified the site as the biblical Sha'arayim ("two gates" in Hebrew).<ref name="Vol8Ar22"/>

-->

== Tarikh ==

 

 

Penemuan-penemuan pada Khirbet Qeiyafa signifikan dalam debat mengenai kebenaran catatan Alkitab terkait "Kerajaan Israel bersatu" pada awal [[Zaman Besi]] II. Sampai saat itu tidak ada penemuan arkeologi yang mendukung adanya kerajaan kuat sebagaimana digambarkan dalam [[Alkitab]], sehingga sejumlah sarjana berpendapat "kerajaan" itu tidak lain hanya suatu bentuk "suku kecil" saja. Garfinkel, yang menyatakan pada tahun 2010 bahwa debat itu tidak dapat "dijawab oleh ekskavasi di Qeiyafa", berpendapat bahwa "apa yang jelas, bagaimanapun juga, adalah Kerajaan Yehuda sudah ada sebagai suatu negeri yang terorganisir secara sentral pada [[abad ke-10 SM]]"

 

== Identifikasi ==

 

<!--

The fortifications at Khirbet Qeiyafa predate those of contemporary [[Lachish]], [[Beersheba]], [[Tel Arad|Arad]], and [[Timnah]]. All these sites have yielded pottery dated to early Iron Age II. The parallel valley to the north, mentioned in [[Samuel]] I, runs from the Philistine city of [[Ekron]] to Tel [[Beit Shemesh]]. The city gate of the Elah Fortress faces west with a path down to the road leading to the sea, and was thus named "Gath Gate" or "Sea Gate." The {{convert|23|dunam|acre|adj=on}} site is surrounded by a [[Casemate|casement]] wall and fortifications.<ref name=keys>{{cite web|last=Shtull |first=Asaf |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/the-keys-to-the-kingdom-1.360222 |title=The Keys to the Kingdom, Haaretz |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=21 July 1993 |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> The top layer of the fortress shows that the fortifications were renewed in the Hellenistic period.<ref name="FS"/>

 

Garfinkel suggests that it was a Judean city with 500–600 inhabitants during the reign of [[David]] and [[Solomon]].<ref name=keys/><ref name="Biblical David-NYT">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/30/world/middleeast/30david.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title=Find of Ancient City Could Alter Notions of Biblical David|author=Ethan Bronner| date= 2008-10-29| publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2008-11-05}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1032929.html |title=Have Israeli archaeologists found world's oldest Hebrew inscription? |agency=Associated Press |date=October 30, 2008 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate= November 5, 2011}}</ref> Based on pottery finds at Qeiyafa and Gath, archaeologists believe the sites belonged to two distinct ethnic groups. "The finds have not yet established who the residents were," says [[Aren Maeir]], a [[Bar Ilan University]] archaeologist digging at Gath. "It will become more clear if, for example, evidence of the local diet is found. Excavations have shown that Philistines ate dogs and pigs, while Israelites did not. The nature of the ceramic shards found at the site suggest residents might have been neither Israelites nor Philistines but members of a third, forgotten people."<ref>{{cite news|title=Israeli Archaeologists Find Ancient Text|agency=Associated Press|date=October 30, 2008|first=Matti|last=Friedman|newspaper=AOL news|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081103152712/http://news.aol.com/article/israeli-archaeologists-find-ancient-text/233027?icid=100214839x1212506023x1200749390}}</ref> Evidence that the city was not Philistine comes from the private houses that abut the city wall, an arrangement that was not used in Philistine cities.<ref name=Draper/> There is also evidence of equipment for baking flat bread and hundreds of bones from goats, cattle, sheep, and fish. Significantly, no pig bones have been uncovered, suggesting that the city was not Philistine.<ref name=Draper/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qeiyafa.huji.ac.il/Reports/ASOR_2010.pdf|title=Khirbet Qeiyafa after Four Seasons of Excavations|first=Yosef|last=Garfinkel|accessdate=November 5, 2011|year=2010}}</ref> Nadav Na'aman of Tel Aviv University nevertheless associates it with Philistine Gath, citing the necessity for further excavations as well as evidence from Bet Shemesh whose inhabitants also avoided eating pork, yet were associated with Ekron.<ref name=Naaman>{{cite journal|title=In search of the ancient name of Khirbet Qeiyafa|first=Nadav|last=Na'aman|journal=The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures|accessdate=November 5, 2011|issn=1203-1542|year=2008|url=http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/jhs/article/view/6219}}</ref> Na'aman proposed identification with the Philistine city of Gob.<ref name=Naaman/>

-->

== Penemuan Arkeologi ==

Situs sini terdiri dari kota sebelah bawah sekitar 10 hektar dan kota sebelah atas sekitar {{convert|3|ha}} dikelilingi oleh tembok pertahanan kokoh dengan ketinggian {{convert|2|-|4|m}}. Tembok-tembok itu dibangun dengan cara yang sama seperti tembok-tembok di [[Hazor]] dan [[Gezer]], dibentuk dengan suatu [[casemate]] (sepasang tembok dengan sebuah ruangan di antaranya).<ref name=Draper>{{cite web| url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/12/david-and-solomon/draper-text/1 | title= David and Solomon| first=Robert |last= Draper | publisher= [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |date=December 2010| accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> Di tengah kota atas terdapat suatu daerah tertutup berbentuk persegi panjang dengan ruangan-ruangan lebar di bagian selatan, mirip dengan yang ditemukan pada kota-kota kerajaan seperti [[Samaria]], [[Lakhis]], dan [[Ramat Rachel]]. Di lereng selatan, di luar kota, terdapat makam yang digali dari batu bertarikh [[Zaman Besi]].

 

 

Situs ini mempunyai pertahanan kuat, "termasuk penggunaan batu-batu yang masing-masing beratnya mencapai delapan ton."<ref name=Garfinkle2012 />

-->

== Inskripsi Khirbet Qeiyafa ==

 

Tulisan pada ostracon itu tidak terlestarikan dengan baik dan sukar dibaca, tetapi [[Émile Puech]] dari [[École Biblique|École Biblique et Archéologique Française]] mengusulkan terjemahan sebagai berikut:

:5 Ia menandai 60 [?] hamba di antara masyarakat/pemukiman/generasi

 

 

:1 Engkau tidak boleh melakukan [itu], tetapi menyembah (Allah) [El]

:2 Hakimilah bu[dak] itu dan jan[da] itu / Hakimilah anak ya[tim piatu]

:5 Lindungilah orang mis[kin dan] budak / [duk]unglah orang asing.<ref name=UHpress/>

 

Gershon Galil mengklaim bahwa bahasa teks itu adalah bahasa Ibrani, serta 8 dari 18 kata yang termuat pada inskripsi itu secara eksklusif terdapat dalam kitab suci. Ia juga mengklaim ada 30 sarjana arkeologi utama yang mendukung tesis ini.<ref>http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/the-keys-to-the-kingdom-1.360222</ref>

<!--

In May 2012 archeologists announced the discovery of three large rooms that were likely used as cultic shrines. While the Canaanites and Philistine practiced their cults in separate temples and shrines, they did not have separate rooms within the buildings dedicated only to religious rituals. This may suggest that the rooms did not belong to these two cultures. According to Garfinkel the decorations of cultic rooms lack any human figurines. He suggested “that the population of Khirbet Qeiyafa observed at least two biblical bans, on pork and on graven images, and thus practiced a different cult than that of the Canaanites or the Philistines,”<ref>http://phys.org/news/2012-05-archaeologist-evidence-cult-judah-king.html</ref> Also, three smaller portable shrines were discovered. The smaller shrines are boxes shaped with different decorations showing impressive architectonic and decorative styles. Garfinkel suggested the existence of a biblical parallel regarding the existence of such shrines ([[Books of Samuel|Samuel]],2:6). One of the shrines is decorated with two pillars and a lion. According to Garfinkel, the style and the decoration of these cultic objects are very similar to the Biblical description of some features of [[Solomon's Temple]].<ref>http://news.discovery.com/history/shrine-king-david-cult-120510.html</ref>

-->

== Istana Raja Daud ==

 

== Pranala luar ==

{{commons category|Khirbet Qeiyafa}}

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quiyafa, Khirbet}}