Khirbet Qeiyafa: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Nama Arab situs ini, Khirbet Qeiyafa, tidak jelas artinya. Ada sarjana yang berpendapat maknanya adalah "tempat dengan pemandangan luas."<ref name=dagan/> Nama Ibrani modern, ''Elah Fortress'' ("Benteng Ela"), diturunkan dari lokasi situs ini yang terletak di tepian utara ''Nahal Elah'', satu dari enam sungai kecil yang mengalir dari [[pegunungan Yudea]] ke arah dataran pantai.<ref name=dagan/>

 

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The initial excavation by Ganor and Garfinklel took place from August 12 to 26, 2007 on behalf of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] Institute of Archaeology. In their preliminary report at the annual [[American Schools of Oriental Research|ASOR]] conference on November 15, they presented a theory that the site was the Biblical [[Azekah]], which until then had been exclusively associated with [[Tell Zakariya]].<ref name=asor>{{cite web| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080516071831/http://www.asor.org/AM/abstracts07(final).pdf | title=ASOR 2007 Conference abstracts| publisher= [[Boston University]]}}</ref> In 2008, after the discovery of a second gate, they identified the site as the biblical Sha'arayim ("two gates" in Hebrew).<ref name="Vol8Ar22"/>

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== Tarikh ==

 

 

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The fortifications at Khirbet Qeiyafa predate those of contemporary [[Lachish]], [[Beersheba]], [[Tel Arad|Arad]], and [[Timnah]]. All these sites have yielded pottery dated to early Iron Age II. The parallel valley to the north, mentioned in [[Samuel]] I, runs from the Philistine city of [[Ekron]] to Tel [[Beit Shemesh]]. The city gate of the Elah Fortress faces west with a path down to the road leading to the sea, and was thus named "Gath Gate" or "Sea Gate." The {{convert|23|dunam|acre|adj=on}} site is surrounded by a [[Casemate|casement]] wall and fortifications.<ref name=keys>{{cite web|last=Shtull |first=Asaf |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/the-keys-to-the-kingdom-1.360222 |title=The Keys to the Kingdom, Haaretz |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=21 July 1993 |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> The top layer of the fortress shows that the fortifications were renewed in the Hellenistic period.<ref name="FS"/>

 

Garfinkel suggests that it was a Judean city with 500–600 inhabitants during the reign of [[David]] and [[Solomon]].<ref name=keys/><ref name="Biblical David-NYT">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/30/world/middleeast/30david.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title=Find of Ancient City Could Alter Notions of Biblical David|author=Ethan Bronner| date= 2008-10-29| publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2008-11-05}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1032929.html |title=Have Israeli archaeologists found world's oldest Hebrew inscription? |agency=Associated Press |date=October 30, 2008 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate= November 5, 2011}}</ref> Based on pottery finds at Qeiyafa and Gath, archaeologists believe the sites belonged to two distinct ethnic groups. "The finds have not yet established who the residents were," says [[Aren Maeir]], a [[Bar Ilan University]] archaeologist digging at Gath. "It will become more clear if, for example, evidence of the local diet is found. Excavations have shown that Philistines ate dogs and pigs, while Israelites did not. The nature of the ceramic shards found at the site suggest residents might have been neither Israelites nor Philistines but members of a third, forgotten people."<ref>{{cite news|title=Israeli Archaeologists Find Ancient Text|agency=Associated Press|date=October 30, 2008|first=Matti|last=Friedman|newspaper=AOL news|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081103152712/http://news.aol.com/article/israeli-archaeologists-find-ancient-text/233027?icid=100214839x1212506023x1200749390}}</ref> Evidence that the city was not Philistine comes from the private houses that abut the city wall, an arrangement that was not used in Philistine cities.<ref name=Draper/> There is also evidence of equipment for baking flat bread and hundreds of bones from goats, cattle, sheep, and fish. Significantly, no pig bones have been uncovered, suggesting that the city was not Philistine.<ref name=Draper/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qeiyafa.huji.ac.il/Reports/ASOR_2010.pdf|title=Khirbet Qeiyafa after Four Seasons of Excavations|first=Yosef|last=Garfinkel|accessdate=November 5, 2011|year=2010}}</ref> Nadav Na'aman of Tel Aviv University nevertheless associates it with Philistine Gath, citing the necessity for further excavations as well as evidence from Bet Shemesh whose inhabitants also avoided eating pork, yet were associated with Ekron.<ref name=Naaman>{{cite journal|title=In search of the ancient name of Khirbet Qeiyafa|first=Nadav|last=Na'aman|journal=The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures|accessdate=November 5, 2011|issn=1203-1542|year=2008|url=http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/jhs/article/view/6219}}</ref> Na'aman proposed identification with the Philistine city of Gob.<ref name=Naaman/>

 

 

 

 

Area "A" extended 5x5 metres and consists of two major layers: [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] above, and Iron Age II below. Area "B" contains four squares, about 2.5 metres deep from top-soil to bedrock, and also features both Hellenistic and Iron Age layers.<ref name=iaa/> Surveys on the surface have also revealed sherds from the early and middle Bronze Ages, as well as from the Persian, Roman, Byzantine, early Islamic, Mameluke and Ottoman periods.<ref name=dagan/>

 

The Hellenistic/upper portion of the wall was built with small rocks atop the Iron-II lower portion, consisting of big boulders in a [[casemate]] design. Part of a structure identified as a city gate was uncovered, and some of the rocks where the wall meets this gate are estimated to weigh 3 to 5 [[ton]]s.<ref name=iaa>{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=491&id=1332#as|title=Horvat Qeiyafa: The Fortification of the Border of the Kingdom of Judah|first1=Yossi|last1=Garfinkel|first2=Sa’ar|last2=Ganor|publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority|accessdate=November 5, 2011}}</ref> The lower phase was built of especially large stones, 1–3 meters long, and the heaviest of them weigh 3–5 tons. Atop these stones is a thin wall, c. 1.5 meters thick; small and medium size fieldstones were used in its construction. These two fortification phases rise to a height of 2–3 meters and standout at a distance, evidence of the great effort that was invested in fortifying the place.<ref name=iaa/>

 

 

 

 

 

Other readings are possible, however, and the official excavation report presented many possible reconstructions of the letters without attempting a translation.<ref name=Misgav>{{cite book|authors=Misgav, Haggai; Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar|year=2009|chapter=The Ostracon|editors=Garfinkel, Yosef and Ganor, Saar|title=Khirbet Qeiyafa, Vol. 1: Excavation Report 2007–2008|location=Jerusalem|pages=243–257|isbn=978-965-221-077-7}} Cited in {{cite journal|last=Rollston|first=Christopher|title=The Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon: Methodological Musings and Caveats|journal=Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University|date=June 2011|volume=38|issue=1|pages=67–82|doi=10.1179/033443511x12931017059387|url=http://ecs.academia.edu/ChristopherRollston/Papers/595456/The_Khirbet_Qeiyafa_Ostracon_Methodological_Musings_and_Caveats}}</ref> The inscription is written left to right in a script which is probably Early Alphabetic/Proto Phoenician,<ref name=Misgav/><ref name=Rollston>{{cite journal|last=Rollston|first=Christopher|title=The Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon: Methodological Musings and Caveats|journal=Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University|date=June 2011|volume=38|issue=1|pages=67–82|doi=10.1179/033443511x12931017059387|url=http://ecs.academia.edu/ChristopherRollston/Papers/595456/The_Khirbet_Qeiyafa_Ostracon_Methodological_Musings_and_Caveats}}</ref> though [[Christopher Rollston]] and Demsky consider that it might be written vertically.<ref name=Rollston/> Early Alphabetic differs from old Hebrew script and its immediate ancestor.<ref name=Rollston/> Rollston also disputes the claim that the language is Hebrew, arguing that the words alleged to be indicative of Hebrew either appear in other languages or don't actually appear in the inscription.<ref name=Rollston/>

 

Millard believes the language of the inscription is Hebrew, Canaanite, Phoenician or Moabite and it most likely consists of a list of names written by someone unused to writing.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite journal | author = Alan Millard | title = The ostracon from the days of David found at Khirbet Qeiyafa | journal = Tyndale Bulletin | year = 2011 | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages= 1–14}}</ref> Hebrew University archaeologist [[Amihai Mazar]] said the inscription was very important, as it is the longest [[Proto-Canaanite]] text ever found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7700037.stm|title='Oldest Hebrew script' is found|date=October 30, 2008|accessdate=November 5, 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

 

==Khirbet Qeiyafa shrines==

 

In May 2012 archeologists announced the discovery of three large rooms that were likely used as cultic shrines. While the Canaanites and Philistine practiced their cults in separate temples and shrines, they did not have separate rooms within the buildings dedicated only to religious rituals. This may suggest that the rooms did not belong to these two cultures. According to Garfinkel the decorations of cultic rooms lack any human figurines. He suggested “that the population of Khirbet Qeiyafa observed at least two biblical bans, on pork and on graven images, and thus practiced a different cult than that of the Canaanites or the Philistines,”<ref>http://phys.org/news/2012-05-archaeologist-evidence-cult-judah-king.html</ref> Also, three smaller portable shrines were discovered. The smaller shrines are boxes shaped with different decorations showing impressive architectonic and decorative styles. Garfinkel suggested the existence of a biblical parallel regarding the existence of such shrines ([[Books of Samuel|Samuel]],2:6). One of the shrines is decorated with two pillars and a lion. According to Garfinkel, the style and the decoration of these cultic objects are very similar to the Biblical description of some features of [[Solomon's Temple]].<ref>http://news.discovery.com/history/shrine-king-david-cult-120510.html</ref>

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== Istana Raja Daud ==

 

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== Lihat pula ==

 

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== Pranala luar ==

{{commons category|Khirbet Qeiyafa}}

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quiyafa, Khirbet}}