Ledakan populasi alga: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Ledakan populasi alga''' adalah suatu kondisi di mana [[populasi]] [[alga]] (umumnya alga mikroskopis) di dalam [[ekosistem perairan]] mengalami peningkatan populasi dikarenakan perubahan kondisi lingkungan. Umumnya spesies yang terlibat hanya sedikit. Ledakan populasi alga dapat menyebabkan perubahan warna pada ekosistem perairan dengan warna sesuai dengan jenis alga. Misal warna hijau muda dapat disebabkan oleh [[cyanobacteria]] dan warna merah disebabkan oleh [[dinoflagellata]].
Tidak ada batasan populasi untuk mendefinisikan kasus ledakan populasi alga, namun konsentrasi ribuan sel per mililiter air sudah terlihat perbedaannya dengan ekosistem perairan normal. Pada kondisi yang parah, konsentrasi dapat mencapai jutaan sel per mililiter.
Ledakan populasi alga dapat memberian dampak negatif bagi organisme lainnya dengan memproduksi toksin atau akibat [[dekomposisi]] alga. Ledakan populasi alga
== Alga ==
[[Alga]], hewan mikroskopik yang menyerupai [[tumbuhan]] merupakan organisme yang umum terdapat di perairan yang disinari cahaya matahari. Organisme ini disebut [[fitoplankton]] dan merupakan dasar dari [[rantai makanan]] di perairan. Lebih dari 5000 spesies fitoplankton terdapat di seluruh dunia, dengan 2% diantaranya merupakan fitoplankton berbahaya atau beracun.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Landsberg |first=J. H. |year=2002 |title=The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms |journal=Reviews in Fisheries Science |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=113–390 |doi=10.1080/20026491051695 |pmid= }}</ref> Ledakan populasi alga dari spesies yang membahayakan dapat memiliki berbagai dampak bagi ekosistem lautan, tergantung pada jenis spesiesnya, lingkungan, dan mekanisme biokimia alga dalam mempengaruhi lingkungan.
Ledakan populasi alga dapat memiliki dampak yang membahayakan bagi berbagai jenis hewan laut. Kematian
Brevetoksin juga telah meracuni spesies terancam [[penyu]] ''[[Caretta caretta]]''. Brevetoksin melemahkan otot penyu sehingga akan mudah hanyut terbawa arus hingga ke pantai.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walsh |first=C. J. |last2=et al. |year=2010 |title=Effects of brevetoxin exposure on the immune system of loggerhead sea turtles |journal=Aquatic Toxicology |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=293–303 |doi=10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.014 |pmid= }}</ref> [[Boga bahari]] yang terkontaminasi toksin dari alga juga telah menyebabkan kematian bagi manusia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/redtide/faq.phtml#q9 |title=Red Tide FAQ - Is it safe to eat oysters during a red tide? |publisher=www.tpwd.state.tx.us |accessdate=2009-08-23}}</ref> Karena dampaknya bagi kesehatan dan sektor ekonomi, ledakan alga kini semakin sering dipantau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=9670 |title=Red Tide Current Status Statewide Information |publisher=research.myfwc.com |accessdate=2009-08-23 |last=Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute |first= |archive-date=2009-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822163316/http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=9670 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/redtide/ |title=Red Tide Index |publisher=www.tpwd.state.tx.us |accessdate=2009-08-23}}</ref> Di [[Afrika Selatan]], ''[[Alexandrium catanella]]'' menjadi makanan bagi kerang laut sehingga toksin terakumulasi dan tidak aman dikonsumsi oleh manusia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eohhs2modulechunk&L=4&L0=Home&L1=Provider&L2=Guidance+for+Businesses&L3=Food+Safety&sid=Eeohhs2&b=terminalcontent&f=dph_environmental_foodsafety_p_red_tide&csid=Eeohhs2 |title=Red Tide Fact Sheet - Red Tide (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) |publisher=www.mass.gov |accessdate=2009-08-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826001901/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eohhs2modulechunk&L=4&L0=Home&L1=Provider&L2=Guidance+for+Businesses&L3=Food+Safety&sid=Eeohhs2&b=terminalcontent&f=dph_environmental_foodsafety_p_red_tide&csid=Eeohhs2 |archivedate=2009-08-26 |deadurl=no }}</ref>
Dinoflagellata ''[[Alexandrium fundyense]]'' diketahui memproduksi neurotoksin [[saksitoksin]]. ''[[Karenia brevis]]'' memproduksi [[brevetoksin]]. [[Diatom]] ''[[Pseudo-nitzschia]]'' memproduksi neurotoksin [[asam domoat]].
== Penyebab ==
Penyebab ledakan populasi alga
Beberapa faktor alami yang diperkirakan berperan dalam ledakan ppulasi alga yaitu debu yang kaya zat besi yang tertiup dari [[Sahara]] ke samudera Atlantik;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walsh |last2=et al. |year=2006 |title=Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico: Where, when, and why? |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=111 |issue= |pages=C11003 |doi=10.1029/2004JC002813 }}</ref> [[ENSO|El Niño]], dan abu dari erupsi gunung [[Eyjafjallajökull]].<ref>{{cite news
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Bahan bakar alga]]
* [[Eutrofikasi]]
Baris 34 ⟶ 29:
* [[Fitoplankton]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Bahan bacaan terkait ==
* {{cite doi|10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081121}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Algal blooms}}
* [http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=11913 Harmful Algae and Red Tide Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]
* [http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/hab/ Harmful Algal Bloom Operational Forecast System], [[NOAA]]
* [http://research.myfwc.com/redtide Harmful Algal Bloom information] from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission [http://research.myfwc.com/ Fish and Wildlife Research Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004154055/http://research.myfwc.com/ |date=2006-10-04 }}
* [http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=11913 Harmful Algae and Red Tide Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]
* [http://www.cop.noaa.gov/pubs/habhrca/1998_pl105-383.pdf Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216054918/http://www.cop.noaa.gov/pubs/habhrca/1998_pl105-383.pdf |date=2013-02-16 }}
* [http://www.fathom.com/course/10701012/index.html Toxic Blooms: Understanding Red Tides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314021424/http://www.fathom.com/course/10701012/index.html |date=2006-03-14 }}, a seminar by the [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]
* [http://www.tulane.edu/~bfleury/envirobio/enviroweb/DeadZone.htm Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides]
* [http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/illness/illness.html Human Illness caused by Algae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329035343/http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/illness/illness.html |date=2008-03-29 }}, an excellent summary.
* [http://redtideflorida.org/pages/index.php/florida-red-tide-report/ Red Tide Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424091555/http://redtideflorida.org/pages/index.php/florida-red-tide-report |date=2010-04-24 }} A Compilation of citizen based, media and official reports of the locations and severity of current Red Tide Blooms.
* [http://redtideflorida.org Florida Red Tide Coalition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309011745/http://redtideflorida.org/ |date=2011-03-09 }} A citizen based group dedicated to raising awareness of Red Tide, debunking myths, educating the public and taking action to promote our oceans' health and help stop red tide.
* [http://isurus.mote.org/~mhenry/rtupdate.phtml Red Tide updates for the Gulf Coast of Florida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210033143/http://isurus.mote.org/~mhenry/rtupdate.phtml |date=2009-02-10 }} provided by [[Mote Marine Laboratory]] in [[Sarasota, FL]]
* [http://www.ncddc.noaa.gov/habsos Harmful Algal Blooms Observing System (HABSOS)]
* [http://www.bblooms.ulg.ac.be/ The Belgian Blooms Monitoring project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416183705/http://www.bblooms.ulg.ac.be/ |date=2010-04-16 }}
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/esb/?goal=ecosystems&file=events/algae/ Social & Economic Costs of Harmful Algal Blooms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617045208/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/esb/?goal=ecosystems |date=2008-06-17 }} from "NOAA Socioeconomics" website initiative
* [http://www.geohab.info GEOHAB: The IOC-SCOR International Research Programme on the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms] [SCOR and IOC of UNESCO]
* [http://www.ioc-unesco.org/hab/# Harmful Algal Bloom Programme of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO [IOC of UNESCO]
* [http://www.issha.org International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae [ISSHA]
* [http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/default.aspx?category=mb&pageName=biotoxin NOAA Marine Biotoxins Program], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118102155/http://www.ioc-unesco.org/hab/ |date=2008-01-18 }}
* [http://calpreempt.ucsc.edu/index.htm California Program for Regional Enhanced Monitoring for PhycoToxins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075322/http://calpreempt.ucsc.edu/index.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}, [[California Department of Health Services]] and the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]
* [http://research.myfwc.com/support/view_faqs.asp?id=13 Red Tide FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002115425/http://research.myfwc.com/support/view_faqs.asp?id=13 |date=2008-10-02 }}, Florida's Fish and Wildlife Research Institute
* [http://isurus.mote.org/niehsredtidestudy/ NIEHS study of airborne impacts of Florida red tide]
* [http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/BiotoxinProgram.htm Washington State Shellfish Biotoxin Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205171410/http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/BiotoxinProgram.htm |date=2007-02-05 }}
* [http://www.wesh.com/news/14843078/detail.html Rescue Effort Under Way After 5th Dolphin Death]
* [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=106682 abs-cbnnews.com, BFAR reiterates ban on eating shellfish from five provinces]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.merassessment.com/documents_publications_page/final_casco_bay_red_tide_report.pdf]
* [http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/harmful-algal-blooms.html/ Harmful Algal Blooms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114220629/http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/harmful-algal-blooms.html |date=2013-11-14 }}
* {{eol|910093|Alexandrium fundyense}}
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