Izhitsa: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Distinguish|V|Konsonan kepakan bibir-gigi}}{{Redirect-distinguish|Ѵ|ⱱ}}
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'''Izhitsa''' (Ѵ, ѵ; italik: <span style="font-family: times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: larger">''Ѵ&nbsp;ѵ''</span>; [[Old Church Slavonic{{Lang-cu|OCS]]: Ѷжица}}, {{lang-ru|И́жица}}) adalah dari huruf [[Alfabet Kiril awal]] dan Alfabet sesudahnya, usuallybiasanya thesetelah last in the rowbarisan. ItItu originatesberasal from thedari [[GreekAlfabet alphabetYunani|GreekHuruf Yunani]] letter [[upsilon]] (Y, υ) anddan wastelah useddigunakan indalam wordskata anddan namesnama derivedyang fromberasal or via thedari [[GreekBahasa languageYunani]], such asseperti кѵрилъ (''kürilǔ'', "Kiril", dari Yunani Κύριλλος) atau флаѵии (''flavii'', "Flavius", dari Yunani Φλάυιος). Itu melambangkan suara {{IPAslink|i}} atau {{IPAslink|v}} assebagai normalhuruf lettersbiasa dan и dan в, respectivelymasing-masing. The [[Alfabet Glagol]] hasjuga amemiliki correspondinghuruf letteryang withsesuai thedengan namenama ''izhitsa'' as well (Ⱛ, ⱛ). AlsoJuga, izhitsa indalam itsbentuk standardbakunya form oratau, mostpaling oftensering, indalam avarian tailed variantberekor (similarmirip todengan [[bahasa Latin]] "y") wasadalah partbagian of adari [[Digraf (Ortografi)|digraf]] оѵ/оу melambangkan suara {{IPAslink|u}}. Digraf ituyang dikenal Kiril sebagai "[[Uk (SirilikKiril)|Uk]]", dan hari ini berkembang menjadi [[U (Kiril)|Huruf U]] originatesberasal fromdari itsbentuknya simplifiedyang formdisederhanakan.
 
TheNama letter'stradisional traditionalhuruf nameitu, ''izhitsa'' (ижица), isdijelaskan explained as asebagai [[diminutivediminutif]] either ofdari the wordkata иго (''igo'', "yokekuk"), duekarena tobentuk the letter's shapehurufnya, or ofatau иже ( ''izhe'', "whichyang"), the name of thenama mainhuruf CyrillicKiril anddan GlagoliticGlagol lettersutama foruntuk thebunyi sameyang soundsama, {{IPAslink|i}}.
The numeral value of Cyrillic izhitsa is 400. Glagolitic izhitsa has no numeral value. Church Slavonic editions printed in Russia use a tailed variant of the letter for the numeral purpose, whereas editions from Serbia or Romania (including books in the [[Romanian Cyrillic alphabet]]), as well as early printed books from Ukraine, prefer a basic form of the letter without the tail.
 
Nilai angka dari Izhitsa Kiril adalah 400. Izhitsa Glagol tidak memiliki nilai angka. Edisi Slavonia Gereja yang dicetak di Rusia menggunakan varian ekor huruf untuk tujuan angka, sedangkan edisi dari Serbia atau Rumania (termasuk buku dalam [[Alfabet Kiril Romania]]), serta buku cetak awal dari Ukraina, lebih memilih dasar bentuk huruf tanpa ekor.
== Rusia ==
Dalam [[Bahasa Rusia]], the use of izhitsa became progressively rarer during the 18th and 19th centuries. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was only one word with relatively stable spelling that included the letter izhitsa: мѵро (''miro'', "[[myrrh]]") and its derivatives. {{Wikisourcelang|ru|Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР от 23.12.1917 года о введении нового правописания|Decree of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR of 12/23/1917 on the introduction of a new spelling}} {{Wikisourcelang|ru|Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР, СНК РСФСР от 10.10.1918 «О введении новой орфографии»|Decree of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR dated 10/10/1918 "On the introduction of a new spelling"}}
In the documents of the spelling reform of 1917–1918, izhitsa is not mentioned at all,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР от 23.12.1917 года о введении нового правописания — Викитека|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_23.12.1917_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F|access-date=2020-11-19|website=ru.wikisource.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР, СНК РСФСР от 10.10.1918 «О введении новой орфографии» — Викитека|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0,_%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9A_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_10.10.1918_%C2%AB%D0%9E_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB|access-date=2020-11-19|website=ru.wikisource.org}}</ref> although the statement that it was canceled at that time, along with [[Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)|decimal i]], [[yat]] and [[fita]], is not only widespread, but also reflected in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Большая Советская Энциклопедия. 3-е издание. В 30 томах. Том 22. Ремень — Сафи|url=http://www.encyclopedia.ru/cat/books/book/11354/?sphrase_id=2763474|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.encyclopedia.ru}}</ref> In fact, Ѵ fell out of use in the civil alphabet gradually, under the influence not only of the general direction of changes in the spelling of the Russian language, but also of the displacement of words and texts on religious topics from the civil press. At the same time, for example, steam locomotives of the [[Russian locomotive class Izhitsa|Ѵ series]] were produced until 1931 and were in operation until they were decommissioned in the 1950s.
 
== Rusia ==
Dalam [[Bahasa Rusia]], the use ofpenggunaan izhitsa becamemenjadi progressivelysemakin rarerjarang duringselama theabad 18thke-18 anddan 19th centurieske-19. AtPada theawal beginningabad of the 20th centuryke-20, therehanya wasada onlysatu onekata worddengan withejaan relativelyyang stablerelatif spellingstabil thatyang includedmenyertakan the letterhuruf izhitsa: мѵро (''miro''muro, "[[myrrh]]dupa") and itsdan derivativesturunannya. {{Wikisourcelang|ru|Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР от 23.12.1917 года о введении нового правописания|Decree of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR of 12/23/1917 on the introduction of a new spelling}} {{Wikisourcelang|ru|Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР, СНК РСФСР от 10.10.1918 «О введении новой орфографии»|Decree of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR dated 10/10/1918 "On the introduction of a new spelling"}}
InDalam thedokumen documentsreformasi ofejaan the spelling reform oftahun 1917–1918, izhitsa is nottidak mentioneddisebutkan atsama allsekali,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Декрет Наркомпроса РСФСР от 23.12.1917 годаода о введенииедении новогоового правописания — Викитека|url=https://ека ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0 %BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE %D1%82_23.12.1917_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0% BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2% D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F|access-date=2020-11-19|website=ru.wikisource.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Декрет Наркомпросааркомпроса РСФСР, СНК РСФСР от 10.10.1918 «О введенииедении новойовой орфографии» — Викитекаека|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0 %94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF %D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0,_%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9A_ %D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_10.10.1918_%C2%AB% D0%9E_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0% BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB| access-date=2020-11-19|website=ru.wikisource.org}}</ref> althoughmeskipun thepernyataan statementbahwa thatitu itdibatalkan waspada canceledwaktu at that timeitu, alongbersama withdengan [[Dotted_I_I dengan titik (CyrillicKiril)|decimalI iDesimal]], [[yatYat]] anddan [[fitaFita]], istidak nothanya onlytersebar widespreadluas, buttetapi alsojuga reflectedtercermin in thedalam Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Большая Советскаяоветская Энциклопедияопедия. 3-е изданиеание. В 30 томахомах. Томtanggal 22. РеменьеменьСафиафи|url=http://www.encyclopedia.ru/cat/books/book/11354/?sphrase_id=2763474|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.encyclopedia.ru}}</ref> In factFaktanya, Ѵmulai felltidak outdigunakan oflagi usedalam inalfabet thesipil civilsecara alphabet graduallybertahap, underdi thebawah influencepengaruh nottidak onlyhanya ofarah theumum generalperubahan directionejaan ofbahasa changes in the spelling of the Russian languageRusia, buttetapi alsojuga ofperpindahan thekata displacementdan ofteks wordstentang andtopik textsagama ondari religiouspers topics from the civil presssipil. AtPada thesaat sameyang timesama, for examplemisalnya, steamlokomotif locomotivesuap of thedari [[Russiankelas lokomotif locomotiveRusia classseri Izhitsa|Ѵseri seriesѴ]] werediproduksi produced untilhingga 1931 anddan wereberoperasi inhingga operationdinonaktifkan untilpada they were decommissioned in the 1950s1950-an.
 
== SerbianSerbia ==
Ejaan tradisional bahasa Serbia lebih konservatif; itu melestarikan semua izhitsa yang dimotivasi secara etimologis dalam kata-kata yang berasal dari Yunani. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić telah mereformasi [[alfabet Serbia]] pada awal abad kesembilan belas dan menghilangkan huruf tersebut, tetapi ejaan lama digunakan di beberapa tempat hingga akhir tahun 1880-an.
The traditional spelling of [[Serbian language|Serbian]] was more conservative; it preserved all etymologically motivated izhitsas in words of Greek origin. [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] had reformed the [[Serbian alphabet]] in the beginning of the nineteenth century and eliminated the letter, but the old spelling was used in some places as late as the 1880s.
 
== (New)Gereja ChurchSlavonia Slavonicmodern ==
Izhitsa ismasih stilldigunakan in use in thedalam [[Churchbahasa SlavonicSlavonia languageGerejawi modern]]. LikeSeperti Greekupsilon upsilonYunani, it cania bedapat pronounceddiucapkan assebagai {{IPA|/i/}} (likeseperti и), oratau assebagai {{IPA|/v/}} (likeseperti в). The basic distinctionAturan ruledasar isperbedaannya simplesederhana: izhitsa withdengan stresstekanan anddan/oratau aspirationtanda marksaspirasi isadalah avokal voweldan andoleh thereforekarena pronounceditu diucapkan {{IPA|/i/}}; izhitsa withouttanpa diacriticaltanda marksdiakritik isadalah akonsonan consonantdan and pronounceddiucapkan {{IPA|/v/}}. Unstressed,Izhitsa yang bunyinya {{IPA|/i/}}-sounding izhitsastanpa aretekanan markedditandai withdengan atanda specialdiakritik diacritical markkhusus, theyang so-calleddisebut ''kendema'' oratau ''kendima'' (fromdari thekata Greek wordYunani κέντημα {{IPA-el|ˈcendima| }}). TheBentuk shapekendema ofdi kendema overatas izhitsa maydapat varybervariasi: indalam booksbuku-buku ofasal Russian originRusia, it typically looks likebiasanya aterlihat doubleseperti [[graveaksen accentnontirus]] organda sometimesatau like akadang-kadang doubleseperti [[acuteaksen accentakut]] ganda. InDalam olderbuku-buku Serbia yang Serbianlebih bookstua, kendema mostpaling oftensering lookedtampak likeseperti twodua dotstitik ([[Trema (diacriticdiakritik)|trema]]) or might even beatau replacedbahkan bymungkin adiganti surrogatedengan combinationkombinasi ofpengganti aspirationaspirasi anddan acuteakut. ThesePerbedaan shapebentuk distinctionsini (withdengan thepengecualian exceptionkombinasi of the aspirationaspirasi-acute combinationakut) havetidak nomemiliki orthographicalarti meaningortografis anddan mustharus bedianggap consideredhanya assebagai justvariasi gaya font style variations, thussehingga thenama [[Unicode]] name "<small>IZHITSA WITH DOUBLE GRAVE</small>" isadalah slightlysedikit misleadingmenyesatkan. Izhitsa withdengan kendema ([[majuscule]]Kapital: Ѷ, [[Lower case|minuscule]]Kecil: ѷ ) isbukan nothuruf aalfabet separateyang letter of the alphabetterpisah, buttetapi itmungkin maymemiliki haveposisi personalpribadi positiondalam inpenyandian computer encodingskomputer (e.gmis., Unicode). HistoricallySecara historis, izhitsa withdengan kendema correspondssesuai todengan theupsilon GreekYunani upsilon withdengan trema (oratau διαλυτικά: Ϋ, ϋ). WhileSementara dalam inedisi modern editionsbahasa ofYunani ancientkuno anddan modern Greek the, trema ishanya useddigunakan onlyuntuk to prevent amencegah [[DigraphDigraf (orthographyortografi)|digraphdigraf]] (assebagai <ευ> {{IPA-el|ev, ef|}} versus <εϋ> {{ IPA-el|ei|}}), Slavonicpenggunaan usagekendema ofdalam kendemabahasa stillSlavia continuesmasih thatberlanjut ofseperti manypada banyak manuskrip [[medievalYunani abad Greekpertengahan]] manuscripts, indi whichmana thetanda "[[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresisdiaresis]]" signsering wasdigunakan oftenhanya useduntuk simply to mark anmenandai upsilon oratau iota asseperti suchitu, irrespectiveterlepas ofdari anyvokal other vowelslainnya (e.g.misalnya δϊαλϋτϊκά, whichyang wouldtidak notakan bebenar correctmenurut bykonvensi today'shari conventionsini).
 
== RomanianRomania ==
{{Further information|RomanianAlfabet CyrillicKiril alphabetRomania}}
Traditional orthography[[Ortografi]] oftradisional thedari [[RomanianBahasa languageRomania]] usedmenggunakan izhitsa indengan thecara sameyang mannersama asseperti ChurchGereja SlavonicSlavonia, withdengan allsemua thekekhasan above-mentionedyang peculiaritiesdisebutkan di atas. ThisSistem writingpenulisan systemini wasdigunakan usedsampai untilsekitar abouttahun 1860 indi [[Romania]] anddan untilsampai thetahun 1910s1910-an indalam churchbuku-buku booksgereja indi [[Moldova]].
 
== Aleut ==
TheHuruf CyrillicKiril letterIzhitsa izhitsajuga wasmasih alsodigunakan usedsecara historicallyhistoris indalam certainkata loanwordsserapan indalam theAlfabet CyrillicKiril script version ofversi [[Bahasa Aleut language|Aleut]].{{ctn|date=September 2013}}
 
== Izhitsa assebagai alambang replacementdari ofkarakter ayang different characterberbeda ==
InDalam Russiantipografi typographyRusia, thebentuk capital form ofkapital izhitsa hassecara traditionallytradisional beendigunakan usedsebagai insteadpengganti of[[angka the Roman numeralRomawi]] V; thistradisi traditionini survivedbertahan severalbeberapa decadesdekade longerlebih thanlama dari izhitsa as a letter ofsebagai thehuruf alphabetalfabet.{{ctn|date=September 2013}}
 
TheIzhitsa izhitsakadang-kadang isdigunakan sometimessebagai usedpengganti in place of the newsimbol [[InternationalAlfabet PhoneticFonetik AlphabetInternasional|IPA]] symbolyang forbaru theuntuk [[labiodentalKonsonan flapkepakan bibir-gigi]] (ⱱ) because the signskarena arebentuknya similarmirip.{{ctn|date=September 2013}}
 
{{anchor|Code positions}}
 
==ComputingKode codesKomputasi==
 
{{charmap
Baris 50 ⟶ 48:
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TheVarian tailedberekor variant ofdari izhitsa hastidak memiliki noposisi individual position indalam Unicode; insteadsebagai gantinya, the characterskarakter {{Unichar|0423|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U}} anddan {{Unichar|0443|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U}} are supposed to representdiperkirakan itmelambangkannya.<ref>{{cite web| title=Cyrillic – Unicode 6.2| url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf| access-date=2013-09-05}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2018}}
 
== SeeLihat alsopula ==
* Ү ү : [[Ue (CyrillicKiril)|CyrillicHuruf letterKiril ueUe]], useddigunakan indalam variousbeberapa languagesbahasa as asebagai [[closeVokal frontbulat roundedtertutup voweldepan]] (/y/)
* Ӱ ӱ : [[U withdengan diaeresis (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter u with diaeresisdiaresis]], used indigunakan severaldalam languagesbeberapa asbahasa asebagai [[closeVokal frontbulat roundedtertutup voweldepan]] (/y/)
 
== NotesCatatan kaki ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== ReferencesReferensi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308180930/http://www.uni-giessen.de/partosch/eurotex99/berdnikov2.pdf A Berdnikov and O Lapko, "Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic in TEX and Unicode", EuroTEX ’99 Proceedings], September 1999 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])
* F Lauritzen, Michael the Grammarian's irony about hypsilon: a step towards reconstructing Byzantine pronunciation, Byzantinoslavica 67 (2009) 231–240