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'''Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus''' ([[26 April]] [[121]] – [[17 Maret]] [[180]]) adalah [[Kaisar Romawi]] dari [[161]] sampai kematiannya 180. Dia dilahirkan dengan nama '''Marcus Annius Catilius Severus''', dan pada pernikahan dia mengambil nama '''Marcus Annius Verus'''. Ketika naik takhta sebagai kaisar, ia diberikan nama '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus'''. Dia merupakan kaisar terakhir dari [[Lima Kaisar Baik]].
Selain sebagai seorang kaisar, Marcus Aurelius juga seorang filsuf yang bijak. Beliau menuangkan pemikiran-pemikirannya dalam memoir yang kemudian dijadikan sebuah buku berjudul ''Meditations.''
== Kehidupan ==
=== Diadopsi oleh Antoninus ===
Marcus Aurelius adalah kemenakan [[Antoninus Pius]] dan anak ipar laki-laki [[Hadrianus]]. Karenanya, ketika anak angkat pertama Hadrianus, [[Lucius Aelius|Aelius Verus]] meninggal dunia, [[Hadrianus]] membuat prasyarat kepada pengantinya agar Antoninus mengadopsi
Antoninus melakukan hal ini, mengadopsi, dan menetapkan mereka sebagai calon-calon penggantinya pada [[25 Februari]] [[138]], ketika Marcus baru berusia 17 tahun.
== Roman emperor ==
[[Berkas:Marek Aureliusz Kapitol.jpg|
=== Menjadi kaisar bersama ===
Ketika Antoninus meninggal dunia pada [[7 Maret]] [[161]], Marcus menerima takhta dengan syarat bahwa ia dan Verus diangkat sebagai kaisar bersama (''[[Augustus|Augusti]]''), dengan Verus yang kedudukannya sedikit lebih rendah. Ini sebagian disebabkan karena mereka sama-sama pewaris Antoninus.
Suksesi bersama ini juga mungkin dimotivasi tuntutan-tuntutan militer karena, selama pemerintahannya, Marcus Aurelius hampir terus-menerus berperang dengan berbagai penduduk di luar kekaisaran. Seorang tokoh yang sangat berwibawa dibutukan untuk mengomandoi pasukan-pasukan, namun kaisar sendiri tidak dapat mempertahankan front Jerman dan Parthia pada saat yang bersamaan. Ia pun tidak dapat begitu saja menunjuk seorang jenderal untuk memimpin [[legiun Romawi|legiun]]-legiun. Para pemimpin militer populer sebelumnya seperti [[Julius Caesar]] dan [[Vespasianus]] pernah menggunakan militer untuk menggulingkan pemerintahan yang ada dan mengangkat diri mereka sebagai pemimpin tertinggi. Marcus Aurelius memecahkan masalahnya dengan mengutus Verus untuk memimpin legiun-legiun di timur. Ia cukup berwibawa untuk mendapatkan kesetiaan penuh dari pasukan-pasukannya, tetapi juga cukup kuat sehingga ia hanya membutuhkan sedikit insentif untuk menggulingkan Marcus. Rencana ini berhasil—Verus tetap setia kepadanya hingga kematiannya dalam peperangan pada [[169]].
Pemerintahan bersama sebagai kaisar ini sedikit mengingatkan akan sistem politik dari [[Republik Romawi]], yang berfungsi sesuai dengan prinsip [[kerekanan]] dan tidak membiarkan seseorang memiliki kekuasaan tertinggi. Pemerintahan bersama ini dihidupkan kembali ketika [[Diocletianus]] menciptakan [[Tetrarki]] pada akhir [[abad ke-3]].
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==== Parthia ====
Di [[Provinsi Asia|Asia]], sebuah [[Parthia|Kekaisaran Parthia]] yang bangkit kembali, melakukan serangan baru. Marcus Aurelius mengutus rekan kaisarnya, Verus, untuk memimpin legiun-legiun di timur untuk menghadapi ancaman ini. Ketika kembali dari peperangan dengan kemenangan, Verus dianugerahi dengan [[kejayaan Romawi|kejayaan]]; arak-arakan itu tidak lazim karena mengikutsertakan Verus, Marcus Aurelius, anak-anak lelaki mereka, dan anak-anak perempuan mereka yang belum menikah, sebagai sebuah perayaan besar keluarga.
==
{{Reflist}}
== Daftar pustaka modern ==
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{{Refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/m/marcus.htm Marcus Aurelius (IEP) (Inggris)]
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm Marcus Aurelius Kehidupan (Inggris)]
* [http://www.livius.org/di-dn/divi_fratres/marcus.html Marcus Aurelius Kehidupan (2) (Inggris)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209052342/http://www.livius.org/di-dn/divi_fratres/marcus.html |date=2007-02-09 }}
{{Stoikisme}}
{{Kaisar Romawi}}
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