Revolusi 1989: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) k →Bacaan lebih lanjut: minor cosmetic change |
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(25 revisi perantara oleh 18 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
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|Participants = Warga negara-negara [[Blok Timur]]
|Location = [[Eropa]] (terutama Eropa Tengah, kemudian merambat ke Eropa Timur) <br> China <br> Negara komunis lainnya
|Date =
|Result = * Berakhirnya kekuasaan komunis di [[
*[[Reunifikasi Jerman]]
*[[Revolusi Rumania 1989|Revolusi berdarah]] di Rumania
*[[Sejarah Uni Soviet (1985-1991)|Runtuhnya]] [[Uni Soviet]]
* Berakhirnya [[Uni Soviet]] sebagai
*Pembentukan [[Federasi Rusia]] dan [[Negara-negara bekas Uni Soviet|14 negara pecahan Soviet lainnya]]
*[[Pembubaran Cekoslowakia|Pecahnya]] [[Cekoslowakia]]
*[[Pecahnya Yugoslavia|Pecahnya]] [[Yugoslavia]] dan [[Perang Yugoslavia]] dimulai
*[[
*Bubarnya [[Pakta Warsawa]]
*[[Perang Dingin]] berakhir
*[[Amerika Serikat]] menjadi satu-satunya negara adikuasa di dunia.
*
}}
'''Revolusi 1989''' (disebut juga dengan '''Kejatuhan Komunisme''' atau '''Revolusi Eropa Timur'''<ref>See various uses of this term in [http://books.google.com/books?q=%22Autumn+of+Nations%22&btnG=Search+Books the following publications]. The term is a play on a more widely used term for 1848 revolutions, the [[Spring of Nations]]. Also Polish term ''Jesień Ludów'' or ''Jesień Narodów'' in [http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks%3A1&tbo=1&hl=pl&q=%22Jesie%F1+Lud%F3w%22+OR+%22Jesie%F1+Narod%F3w%22&btnG=Search+Books in Polish language publications].</ref>) adalah revolusi yang pecah di [[negara komunis]] di beberapa negara Eropa Tengah dan Timur.
Revolusi dimulai di [[Republik Rakyat Polandia|Polandia]] tahun
[[Pembubaran Uni Soviet|Uni Soviet dibubarkan]] akhir tahun 1991 yang menghasilkan 14 negara baru: [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarusia]], [[Estonia]], [[Georgia (negara)|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraina]] dan [[Uzbekistan]]. Mereka mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan dari Uni Soviet dan saat ini sebagian besar sisa Uni Soviet adalah [[Federasi Rusia]]. [[Komunisme]] diabaikan di [[Albania]] dan [[Yugoslavia]] tahun 1990 sampai 1992, sampai akhirnya Yugoslavia terpecah menjadi 5 negara: [[Bosnia dan Herzegovina]], [[Kroasia]], [[Republik
== Referensi ==
Baris 44 ⟶ 45:
|page = 275
}}
* {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Roberts (scholar)|year=1991|title=Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Albert Einstein Institution|isbn=1-880813-04-1|url=http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html|access-date=2013-07-30|archive-date=2013-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901235841/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Roberts|editor1-first=Adam|editor2-last=Garton Ash|editor2-first=Timothy|year=2009|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|location=Oxford|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955201-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC}} Contains chapters on the Soviet Union (Mark Kramer), Czechoslovakia (Kieran Williams), Poland (Alexander Smolar), Baltic States (Mark R. Beissinger), China (Merle Goldman), and East Germany (Charles Maier).
* {{Cite book|last=Sebestyen|first=Victor|year=2009|title=Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/revolution1989fa0000sebe_z0s5|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-0-7538-2709-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Walesa|first=Lech|authorlink=Lech Walesa|year=1991|title=The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography|publisher=Arcade|isbn=1-55970-221-4}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|Fall of Communism}}
* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989 The History of 1989: The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe]
* [http://simon31.narod.ru/syndromeofsocialism.htm Some of aspects of state national economy evolution in the system of the international economic order.]
* [http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=298 A look at the collapse of Eastern European Communism two decades later] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003192822/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=298 |date=2009-10-03 }}
* [http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/guide/history-of-the-public-sphere/political-geography/post-socialist-countries/ Annotated Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118221408/http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/guide/history-of-the-public-sphere/political-geography/post-socialist-countries/ |date=2011-11-18 }}
* [http://www.archive.org/details/RevolutioExNihiloKritikAnOppUndPollack.Revolution1989 Oliver Kloss: ''Revolutio ex nihilo? Zur methodologischen Kritik des soziologischen Modells "spontaner Kooperation" und zur Erklärung der Revolution von 1989 in der DDR.'' In: Heiner Timmermann (Hrsg.): ''Agenda DDR-Forschung. Ergebnisse, Probleme, Kontroversen.'' (Dokumente und Schriften der Europäischen Akademie Otzenhausen. Band 112) Muenster, LIT Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-8258-6909-1, S. 363–379 + Ergänzender Anhang A – F.]
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{{Perang Dingin}}
{{Blok Timur}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Revolutions of 1989}}
[[Kategori:Revolusi 1989| ]]
[[Kategori:Konflik dalam tahun 1989]]
[[Kategori:1989 di Eropa]]
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:Blok Timur]]
[[Kategori:Politik global]]
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