Varian Alpha SARS-CoV-2: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(4 revisi perantara oleh 4 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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Varian ini dikenal dalam berbagai nama. Dalam laporan pemerintah Britania Raya dan media massa, ia disebut dengan ''UK COVID-19 variant'', ''UK coronavirus variant'', ''UK variant'',<ref>Untuk daftar lengkap sumber berita yang memakai istilah-istilah ini, lihat [[:en:Talk:U.K. Covid-19 variant|UK Covid-19 variant]], [[:en:Talk:U.K. Coronavirus variant|UK coronavirus variant]], dan [[:en:Talk:U.K. variant|UK variant]].</ref> atau (khususnya di luar Britania Raya) ''varian Britania Raya'' atau ''varian Inggris''. Ia terkadang disebut ''varian Kent'' karena ditemukan pertama kali di [[Kent]].<ref name="BBC202102">{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Michelle |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=UK variant has mutated again, scientists say |website=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55900625 |access-date=2 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Boseley |first=Sarah |date=10 Februari 2021 |title=Mutated Kent Covid variant must be taken seriously, warns UK scientist |website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/feb/10/mutated-kent-covid-variant-must-be-taken-seriously-warns-uk-scientist |access-date=10 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 
Dalam dunia ilmiah, varian ini diberi nama ''the first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01)'' pada awalnya oleh Kesehatan Masyarakat Inggris (PHE),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/phe-investigating-a-novel-strain-of-covid-19 |title=PHE investigating a novel strain of COVID-19 |date=14 Desember 2020 |publisher=[[Kesehatan Masyarakat Inggris|Public Health England]] |language=en}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref>{{efn|Nama ini ditulis sebagai '''VUI 202012/01 (Variant Under Investigation, year 2020, month 12, variant 01)''' oleh [[GISAID]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/references/gisaid-in-the-news/uk-reports-new-variant-termed-vui-20201201/ |title=UK reports new variant, termed VUI 202012/01 |publisher=GISAID |access-date=20 Desember 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2020-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220220828/https://www.gisaid.org/references/gisaid-in-the-news/uk-reports-new-variant-termed-vui-20201201/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan [[Pusat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Eropa|ECDC]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-variant-multiple-spike-protein-mutations-United-Kingdom.pdf |title=Threat Assessment Brief: Rapid increase of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with multiple spike protein mutations observed in the United Kingdom |date=20 Desember 2020 |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) |language=en}}</ref>}} tetapi diklasifikasikan ulang menjadi Variant of Concern (''Variant of Concern 202012/01'', disingkat ''VOC-202012/01'') oleh Meera Chand dan koleganya dalam laporan yang dipublikasikan oleh PHE pada 21 Desember 2020.<ref name="Chand2020">{{cite report |last1=Chand |first1=Meera |last2=Hopkins |first2=Susan |last3=Dabrera |first3=Gavin |last4=Achison |first4=Christina |last5=Barclay |first5=Wendy |last6=Ferguson |first6=Neil |last7=Volz |first7=Erik |last8=Loman |first8=Nick |last9=Rambaut |first9=Andrew |last10=Barrett |first10=Jeff |date=21 Desember 2020 |title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 |publisher=[[Kesehatan Masyarakat Inggris|Public Health England]] |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/947048/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf |access-date=23 Desember 2020 |language=en}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref>{{efn|Perbedaan di antara keduanya dijelaskan oleh PHE, {{blockquote|SARS-CoV-2 variants, if considered to have concerning epidemiological, immunological, or pathogenic properties, are raised for formal investigation. At this point they are designated Variant Under Investigation (VUI) with a year, month, and number. Following a risk assessment with the relevant expert committee, they may be designated Variant of Concern (VOC).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers/variants-distribution-of-cases-data#variant1 |title=Variants: distribution of cases data |date=28 Januari 2021 |at=Pada "Differences between a Variant of Concern and Varaint Under Investigation" |website=GOV.UK |access-date=19 Februari 2021 |language=en}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref>}}}} Dalam laporan yang ditulis oleh Andrew Rambaut dkk. yang mewakili [[Konsorsium Britania Raya untuk Genom COVID-19]], dengan alat [[Pangolin (alat)|Pangolin]], varian ini disebut ''Lineage B.1.1.7'',<ref>{{cite report |author1=Rambaut, Andrew |author2=Loman, Nick |author3=Pybus, Oliver |author4=Barclay, Wendy |author5=Barrett, Jeff |author6=Carabelli, Alesandro |author7=Connor, Tom |author8=Peacock, Tom |author9=L. Robertson, David |author10=Vol, Erik |year=2020 |title=Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations |publisher=Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK |url=https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 |access-date=20 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref> sedangkan [[Nextstrain]] menyebutnya dengan ''20I/501Y.V1''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |date=15 Januari 2021 |title=‘A bloody mess’: Confusion reigns over naming of new COVID variants |journal=[[Nature|Nature News & Comment]] |doi-access=free |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00097-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00097-w |access-date=18 Januari 2021 |quote=... Emma Hodcroft, a molecular epidemiologist at the University of Bern, Switzerland, who is part of Nextstrain, the SARS-CoV-2 naming effort that called the ‘UK variant’ 20I/501Y.V1. |language=en}}</ref>
 
Nama ''VOC-202102/02'' merujuk pada varian dengan mutasi [[E484K]] (baca {{slink||Mutasi E484K}}).<ref name="PHE202102" />
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Salah satu perubahan penting pada varian ini adalah N501Y,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Jacqui |date=5 Februari 2021 |title=Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=372 |page=n359 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=231821685 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n359 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n359 |language=en}}</ref> yaitu perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[tirosina]] (Y) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 501.<ref>{{cite report |title=COG-UK update on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of special interest: Report 1 |date=20 Desember 2020 |publisher=COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK) |page=7 |url=https://www.cogconsortium.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report-1_COG-UK_20-December-2020_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations_final_updated2.pdf |access-date=31 Desember 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225050316/https://www.cogconsortium.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report-1_COG-UK_20-December-2020_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations_final_updated2.pdf |archive-date=25 Desember 2020 |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini dapat meningkatkan kemampuan virus untuk mengikat sel manusia.<ref name="Chand2020" />
 
=== Genetika ===
{{plain image with caption|image=SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant.svg|width=1024|align=center|triangle=triangle|triangle color=#1abc31|caption=Mutasi asam amino varian Alpha SARS-CoV-2 yang dipetakan pada peta genom SARS-CoV-2 dengan sorotan pada bagian bulir}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" align="right" style="max-width: 420px; text-align: center;"
|+ {{nowrap|Mutasi pada varian Alpha}}<br />(hanya yang mengubah asam amino)<br />
! [[Gen]]
! [[Nukleotida]]
! [[Asam amino]]
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Rangka baca terbuka|ORF1ab]]
| C3267T || T1001I
|-
| C5388A || A1708D
|-
| T6954C || I2230T
|-
| 11288–11296 dihapus || SGF3675–3677hapus
|-
! rowspan="8"| [[Bulir (virus)|Bulir]]
| 21765–21770 dihapus || HV69–70hapus
|-
| 21991–21993 dihapus || Y144hapus
|-
| A23063T || N501Y
|-
| C23271A || A570D
|-
| C23604A || P681H
|-
| C23709T || T716I
|-
| T24506G || S982A
|-
| G24914C || D1118H
|-
! rowspan="3" | ORF8
| C27972T || Q27stop
|-
| G28048T || R52I
|-
| A28111G || Y73C
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Kapsid|N]]
| 28280 GAT→CTA || D3L
|-
| C28977T || S235F
|- style="font-size: smaller; text-align: left;" class="sortbottom"
| colspan="3" | Sumber: Chand dkk. (2020),<ref name="Chand2020" /> tabel{{nbsp}}1, hlm.{{nbsp}}5
|- style="font-size: smaller; text-align: left;" class="sortbottom"
| colspan="3" | Catatan: N501Y berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[tirosina]] (Y) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 501.<ref>Untuk daftar simbol asam amino α yang dipakai dalam protein sesuai arahan RNA duta, lihat ini: {{cite web |url=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html |title=Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides |year=1983 |publisher=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature |access-date=5 Maret 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2008 |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref>
|}
[[Mutasi]] pada [[Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2|SARS-CoV-2]] cukup sering: lebih dari empat ribu mutasi telah dideteksi hanya pada bulir proteinnya menurut [[Konsorsium Britania Raya untuk Genom COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Jacqui |date=16 Desember 2020 |title=Covid-19: New coronavirus variant is identified in UK |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=371 |pages=m4857 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=229291003 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m4857 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4857 |language=en}}</ref>
 
Varian ini terdiri dari 23 mutasi: 14 mutasi tak bersinonim, 3 mutasi hapus, dan 6 mutasi bersinonim,<ref name="Chand2020" /> yaitu 17 mutasi yang mengubah protein dan 6 mutasi yang tidak berdampak.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rachmawati |first1=Faidah |last2=Urifah |first2=Nurul |last3=Wijayati |first3=Ari |year=2009 |title=Biologi untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Program IPA |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional}}</ref>
 
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