Orang Iran di Tiongkok: Perbedaan antara revisi
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==== Dinasti Tang ====
[[Berkas:Dinastia_tang,_caravaniere_straniero,_cina_del_nord,_vii_sec.JPG|jmpl|
Bangsawan [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah|Sasaniyah]], seperti [[Peroz III]] dan putranya, [[Narsieh]], lari dari invasi Islam Arab atas Sasaniyah Persia demi menyelamatkan diri ke Tiongkok pada zaman [[Dinasti Tang]]. Di sana mereka memperoleh suaka.
Bajak laut Tiongkok bernama Feng Ruofang menyimpan beberapa budak Persia di Hainan yang ditangkap dalam perompakan kapal pada abad ke-8.{{sfn|University of California|1951|p=407}} Feng menurunkan budak-budak Persia itu di Hainan dalam pelayaran mereka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=f0zZPMlu0L0C&pg=PA230&dq=feng+pirate+persians+hainan#v=onepage&q=feng%20pirate%20persians%20hainan&f=false|title=Archäologie und Frühe Texte|last=|first=|date=2004|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447050609|edition=illustrated|volume=Volume 13 of South China and maritime Asia|location=|page=230|issn=0945-9286|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=glZODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT649&dq=feng+pirate+persians+hainan#v=onepage&q=feng%20pirate%20persians%20hainan&f=false|title=The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics|last=Schafer|first=Edward H.|date=2016|publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|isbn=978-1787201125|location=|page=|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CjibFs9JlgoC&pg=PA403&dq=feng+pirate+persians+hainan#v=onepage&q=feng%20pirate%20persians%20hainan&f=false|title=Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order|last=|first=|date=2012|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-1934536568|volume=Volume 4 of Penn Museum international research conferences|location=|page=403|author-link=}}</ref>{{sfn|University of California|1951|p=407}} Orang-orang Persia mencari tanaman kayu keras yang tumbuh di Provinsi Guangdong.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yaeESYegRXMC&pg=PA180&dq=feng+pirate+persians+hainan#v=onepage&q=feng%20pirate%20persians%20hainan&f=false|title=The Vermilion Bird|last=Schafer|first=Edward Hetzel|date=1967|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=|location=|page=180|author-link=}}</ref> Pada tahun 758 bangsa Persia dan Arab melakukan [[Pembantaian Guangzhou|penyerangan ke Kanton]] dan dua tahun setelah itu, [[Pembantaian Yangzhou (760)|di Yangzhou]] orang-orang Persia dan Arab diserang oleh pemberontak Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=a61wAAAAMAAJ&q=feng+pirate+persians+hainan&dq=feng+pirate+persians+hainan|title=Monumenta Serica, Volumes 35-36|last=Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China), S.V.D. Research Institute, Society of the Divine Word, Monumenta Serica Institute|date=1984|publisher=H. Vetch|isbn=|location=|page=289|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://duguoxue.cn/baike/5781.html|title=第四节 唐代中西文化交流的盛况|last=|first=|date=2014-08-18|website=读国学网|publisher=|access-date=|quote=|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202044/http://duguoxue.cn/baike/5781.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Di Hainan 100 kati dupa dibakar oleh Feng dalam satu waktu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LhJiAAAAMAAJ&q=feng+pirate+persians+hainan&dq=feng+pirate+persians+hainan|title=Monographs on Malay Subjects, Volume 32, Part 2|last=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, Singapore, Project Muse|date=1961|publisher=|isbn=|location=|page=32|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_o66AAAAIAAJ&q=feng+pirate+persians+hainan&dq=feng+pirate+persians+hainan|title=Southeast Asia-China interactions: reprint of articles from the Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society|last=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch|date=2007|publisher=Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|isbn=978-9679948387|editor-last=Wade|editor-first=Geoff|location=|page=201|author-link=|issue=Issue 25 of M.B.R.A.S. reprint}}</ref>
==== Periode Lima Dinasti dan Sepuluh Negara ====
Baris 41:
Guangzhou (Kanton) memiliki satu komunitas termasuk perempuan-perempuan Persia pada abad ke-10 hingga ke-12. Perempuan Persia ada di harem Liu Chang pada abad ke-10 dan pada abad ke-12, perempuan-perempuan Persia (波斯 婦) di sana terlihat mengenakan banyak anting.{{sfn|University of California|1951}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AC%E9%83%9B_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7027%E4%B8%8A|title=説郛 (四庫全書本)|date=|publisher=|isbn=|volume=卷027上|location=|page=|quote=泉福二州婦人轎子則用金漆雇婦人以荷福州以為肩擎至他男子則不肻肩也廣州波斯婦繞耳皆穿穴帶環有二十餘枚者家家以篾為門人食㯽榔唾地如血北人嘲之曰人人皆唾血家家盡篾門又婦人㐫悍喜鬬訟雖遭刑責而不畏恥寢陋尤甚豈秀美之氣中於緑珠而已邪|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=雞肋編 (四庫全書本)|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=|location=|page=|chapter=全覽|quote=廣州波斯婦繞耳皆穿穴𢃄環有二十餘枚者家家以篾為門人食梹榔唾地如血北人嘲之曰人人皆吐血家家盡篾門又婦女凶悍喜闘訟雖SKchar刑責而不畏恥寢陋尤甚豈秀美之氣鍾於緑珠而已耶|author-link=|chapter-url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E8%82%8B%E7%B7%A8_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%85%A8%E8%A6%BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=説郛 (四庫全書本)|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|isbn=|location=|page=|chapter=全覽2|quote=泉福二州婦人轎子則用金漆雇婦人以荷福州以為肩擎至他男子則不肻肩也廣州波斯婦繞耳皆穿穴帶環有二十餘枚者家家以篾為門人食㯽榔唾地如血北人嘲之曰人人皆唾血家家盡篾門又婦人㐫悍喜鬬訟雖遭刑責而不畏恥寢陋尤甚豈秀美之氣中於緑珠而已邪|author-link=|chapter-url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AC%E9%83%9B_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%85%A8%E8%A6%BD2}}</ref>
Berdasarkan buku [[Zhu Yu (pengarang)|Zhu Yu]] "Pingzhou ke tan" 萍 洲 可 談, para perempuan muslim di Guangzhou dipanggil perempuan Persia 波斯 婦 atau Pusaman [[:zh:菩薩蠻|菩薩蠻]]菩萨蛮 yang mungkin berasal dari "Mussulman" atau "Bussulman" yang berarti Muslim dalam bahasa Persia.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2010-04-01|title=蕃坊里的回族先民|url=http://minzu.people.com.cn/GB/165244/11280580.html|work=人民网-中国民族新闻|location=|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420075425/http://minzu.people.com.cn/GB/165244/11280580.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&q=somewhat+corrupt|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)., Issue 2|last=Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu|date=1928|publisher=Toyo Bunko|isbn=|series=Publications - Tōyō Bunko. Ser. B|volume=Volume 10171 of Harvard anthropology preservation microfilm project|location=|page=34|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IZ_WAAAAMAAJ&dq=Liu+Ch%27ang+Persian+woman&q=somewhat+corrupt|title=Memoirs of the Research Department|last=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|date=|publisher=|isbn=|series=Tokyo Bunko publications|location=|page=34|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own|last=Jaschok|first=Maria|last2=Shui|first2=Jingjun|date=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0700713028|edition=illustrated|location=|page=73|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=499ZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP536&lpg=PP536&dq=%E6%99%AE%E8%96%A9+%E6%A8%82%E5%BA%9C#v=onepage&q=%E6%99%AE%E8%96%A9%20%E6%A8%82%E5%BA%9C&f=false|title=Hai shan xian guan cong shu, Volume 13|last=|first=|date=1849|publisher=Hai shan xian guan|isbn=|location=|page=|author-link=}}</ref>
==== Dinasti Ming ====
Baris 52:
[[Sogdiana|Orang-orang Sogdiana]] di Tiongkok menggunakan 9 nama keluarga Tionghoa sesuai dengan nama-nama Tionghoa negara bagian asal mereka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fCdCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA828&lpg=PA828&dq=kang+shi+an+cao+shi+mi+he+huoxun+wudi#v=onepage&q=kang%20shi%20an%20cao%20shi%20mi%20he%20huoxun%20wudi&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval China|last=Xiong|first=Victor Cunrui|date=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442276161|edition=2|volume=Volume 2 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras|location=|page=838|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1611&lpg=PT1611&dq=kang+shi+an+cao+shi+mi+he+huoxun+wudi#v=onepage&q=kang%20shi%20an%20cao%20shi%20mi%20he%20huoxun%20wudi&f=false|title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia|last=Jeong|first=Su-Il|date=2016|publisher=Seoul Selection|isbn=978-1624120763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=07-12-2017 |title=Pei Ju, an Unsung Hero |url=https://www.pressreader.com/china/beijing-english/20171207/281552291198160 |location=Beijing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Aierken|first=Yipaer|date=|title=Redefining the Art and Culture of Sogdians: From Ethnic Identity Construction to Zoroastrianism, Who Were the Sogdians?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322603609_Redefining_the_Art_and_Culture_of_Sogdians_From_Ethnic_Identity_Construction_to_Zoroastrianism_Who_Were_the_Sogdians|publisher=Arizona State University|}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=Some Chinese Sources on the Khazars and Khwarazm|last=Ying|first=Lin |date=2000–2001|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=|series=ARCHIVUM EURASIAE MEDII AEVI|location=Wiesbaden|pages=339–364|author-link=|issue=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imperialchina.org/Turks_Uygurs.html|title=Turk & Uygur (UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, and WEIWUER) -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis of China -- Research into Origins of Huns, Uygurs, Mongols and Tibetans}}</ref>{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=157}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA151&dq=yena+sogdian+name |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia|last=Nicolini-Zani|first=Mattco |date=2013|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3643903297|editor-last=Tang|editor-first=Li|edition=illustrasi |location=|page=|editor-last2=Winkler|editor-first2=Dietmar W.}}</ref>
Populasi Han dan Sogdiana ada di Xizhou.{{sfn|Skaff|2012|p=68}} Sebuah catatan dari Pemakaman Astana yang berasal dari tahun 639 menunjukkan transaksi penjualan seorang budak gadis Sogdiana. Catatan itu diterjemahkan oleh He Deli, seorang Sogdiana yang tahu bahasa Turki dan Tionghoa.{{sfn|Skaff|2012|p=70}}{{sfn|Skaff|2012|p=383}}{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=159}}{{sfn|Hansen|2003|p=149–161}}{{sfn|Hansen|2005|p=37-46}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.aisixiang.com/data/77843-4.html|title=荣新江：丝绸之路上的粟特商人与贸易网络|last=荣 |first=新江|date=14-09-2014|website=爱思想|language=Mandarin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grenet|first=Frantz|date=December 2003|editor-last=Waugh|editor-first=Daniel C.|editor2-last=Salfrank|editor2-first=Heather|title=The Pre-Islamic Civilization of the Sogdians (seventh century BCE to eighth century CE): A Bibliographic Essay (studies since 1986)|url=http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/srjournal_v1n2.pdf|journal=The Silk Road|volume=1|issue=2|pages=31|doi=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Sogdian_Traders__A_History__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies___Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf|title=Sogdian Traders: A History|last=De La Vaissière|first=Étienne|date=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=90 04 14252 5|series=Étienne De La Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik|volume=10|location=|pages=132, 169, 170, 173, 355|issn=0169-8524|issue=SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA|access-date=2019-11-12|archive-date=2018-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807064027/http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Sogdian_Traders__A_History__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies___Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hansen |first=Valerie |title=Negotiating Daily Life in Traditional China. How Ordinary People Used Contracts 600–1400 |url=https://archive.org/details/negotiatingdaily0000hans |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/negotiatingdaily0000hans/page/285 285] |language=en}}</ref><ref>——, “New Works on the Sogdians, the Most Important Traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500–1000” with an Appendix by Y. Yoshida “Translation of the Contract for the Purchase of a Slave-Girl found at Turfan and Dated 639”, T’oung Pao, LXXXIX, 2003, pp. 149–161.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hansen |first=Valerie |title=The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800” |editors=É. de la Vaissière, É. Trombert (eds.) |journal=Les Sogdiens en Chine, (Études thématiques, 14) |location=Paris |publisher=EFEO |year=2005 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallory|first=J. P.|date=Winter 2010|title=Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin|url=https://issuu.com/pennmuseum/docs/ssr_expedition|journal=Expedition Magazine (Silk Road Issue)|volume=52|page=45|issn=0014-4738|language=en}}</ref> Gadis budak itu dibayar sebesar 120 koin perak.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hansen|first=Valerie|last2=Rong|first2=Xinjiang|date=2013|title=How the Residents of Turfan used Textiles as Money, 273–796 ce|url=https://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/VALERIE%20HANSEN%20and%20XINJIANG%20RONG.pdf |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|series=3|volume=23 |issue=2|pages=290 |doi=10.1017/S1356186313000205|access-date=}}</ref>
Di jalur sutra, gadis budak adalah komoditas utama dan jauh lebih mahal daripada sutra. Nilai seorang gadis budak lima kali lipat nilai sutra. Gadis budak Asia Tengah diekspor dari wilayah Iran ke Tiongkok. Dipercaya bahwa para pedagang kaya dan bangsawan-bangsawan di ibu kota Tiongkok, Chang'an, adalah konsumen bagi sejumlah besar budak perempuan Asia Tengah yang dibawa oleh orang-orang Sogdiana. Orang-orang Sogdiana memperoleh untung besar dari penjualan gadis budak dan keuntungan juga diperoleh pemerintah Tiongkok dari pajak penjualan budak. Penyair Persia sering menulis tentang minuman anggur dan para budak perempuan. Toko-toko minuman anggur dilengkapi dengan pelayan gadis-gadis muda. Selain menyajikan minuman, para gadis muda itu menari, menyanyi, dan memberikan layanan seks untuk tamu. Sebagian besar dari mereka berusia 14 atau 15 tahun. Seorang pedagang Sogdiana, Kang Weiyi, memiliki 15 gadis budak, termasuk gadis India, Asia Tengah, dan Baktria yang ia bawa untuk dijual di Chang'an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kknews.cc/history/epg26yy.html|title=唐代長安城中販賣給漢人的胡姬與絲綢之路上的女奴貿易
== Referensi ==
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