Peru-Tionghoa: Perbedaan antara revisi

|poptime = 1.500.000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panoramas.pitt.edu/health-and-society/chinatown-peru-brief-look-chinese-diaspora-latin-america|title=Chinatown in Peru? A Brief Look of the Chinese Diaspora in Latin America|publisher=''www.panoramas.pitt.edu''|accessdate=Oct 8, 2017|archive-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007205254/http://www.panoramas.pitt.edu/health-and-society/chinatown-peru-brief-look-chinese-diaspora-latin-america|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Budak-budak Asia yang dikapalkan dari [[Filipina Spanyol]] ke [[Acapulco]] melalui [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleons]] disebut ''Chino'' ("orang Tionghoa"), meskipun pada kenyataannya mereka bukan hanya dari Tiongkok tetapi juga dari tempat-tempat termasuk apa yang kini dikenal sebagai [[Filipina]], [[Jepang]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Timor Leste]], dan tempat-tempat yang lebih jauh lagi seperti [[India]] dan [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book|publisher=BRILL|year=2010|location=|quote=|volume=|page=[https://archive.org/details/chineselatinamer00laiw/page/12 12]|title=[[The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean]]|isbn=9004182136|edition=illustrated|editors=Walton Look Lai, Chee Beng Tan}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&pg=PA12&dq=acapulco+slaves++africa+india+malay+japan+timor+ternate+makassar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TCU_U5_gOoSW2AWL8oHgBQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=acapulco%20slaves%20%20africa%20india%20malay%20japan%20timor%20ternate%20makassar&f=false See page 12]. Retrieved 2015-02-25.</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2012|location=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&pg=PA59&dq=acapulco+slaves+asian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QyQ_U8XkJZWssQSUpoDYAg&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=acapulco%20slaves%20asian&f=false|quote=|volume=|page=59|title=Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions, Volume 1|isbn=031334339X|edition=illustrated|editor=María Herrera-Sobek|accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Königshausen & Neumann|year=1993|location=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M25cDaIsFNYC&pg=PA100&dq=acapulco+slaves+asian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WiU_U63aBKHg2QXW0YDgDw&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=acapulco%20slaves%20asian&f=false|quote=|volume=Volume 4 of Studien zur "Neuen Welt"|page=100|title=Slavery in the Americas|isbn=3884797131|edition=illustrated|editor=Wolfgang Binder|accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Arnold J Meagher|year=2008|location=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H7dBmBsd-XgC&pg=PA194&dq=slaves+manila+asiatics+acapulco+1635&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ayc_U8OCKebisAS_qYAo&ved=0CCwQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=slaves%20manila%20asiatics%20acapulco%201635&f=false|quote=|volume=|page=194|title=The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847-1874|isbn=1436309433|edition=|author=Arnold J. Meagher|accessdate=2014-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Orang Filipina adalah populasi yang terbesar di antaranya.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|location=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PZgR6ubuUXcC&pg=PA27&dq=acapulco+slaves+asian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7SE_U-DJEfjNsQTMnIGYDQ&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=acapulco%20slaves%20asian&f=false|quote=|volume=|page=27|title=Class and Race Formation in North America|isbn=0802096786|edition=illustrated, reprint|author=James W. Russell|accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref> The people in this community of diverse Asians in Mexico was called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://148.202.18.157/sitios/publicacionesite/pperiod/Lhistoricas/pdfs/vol1/4.pdf|title= El alcalde de los chinos en la provincia de Colima durante el siglo xvii|journal=Letras Históricas |author= Claudia Paulina Machuca Chávez |date= Fall{{ndash}}Winter 2009 | number = Núm. 1 |website= |publisher= Ciesas Occidente |language = Spanish |pages =95–116 |accessdate=}}</ref> Kebanyakan dari para budak ini adalah laki-laki dan diperoleh dari para pedagang budang Portugis yang memperolehnya dari wilayah-wilayah kolonial dan pos-pos terdepan Portugal di [[Estado da India]], yang mencakup wilaya-wilayah India, Bengal, Malaka, Indonesia, [[Nagasaki]] dii Jepang, dan Makau.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/600/60022589001.pdf |title= La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673 |journal=Historia Mexicana |author= Déborah Oropeza Keresey |volume= LXI |date= July{{ndash}}September 2011 | number = núm. 1 |website= |publisher= El Colegio de México |language = Spanish |pages = 20–21 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.mexicanistas.eu/uploads/Ideas%20centrales%20en%20torno%20a%20la%20esclavitud%20asiatica%20en%20la%20Nueva%20Espana,%20Deborah%20Oropeza.pdf |title= Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España |journal=Historia Mexicana |author= Déborah Oropeza |date= Fall{{ndash}}Winter 2009 | number = Núm. 1 |website= |publisher= Encuentro de Mexicanistas 2010 (La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673) |language = Spanish |page =2 |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Orang Tionghoa di Spanyol|Spanyol menerima sebagian dari budak-budak Chino ini dari Meksiko]]; di sana pemilikan budak Chino menunjukkan status yang tinggi.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2010|location=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&pg=PA13&dq=acapulco+Chino+Seville+Cadiz+Madrid+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lSg_U5KuMounsATluIDYCw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=acapulco%20Chino%20Seville%20Cadiz%20Madrid%20slaves&f=false|quote=|volume=|page=13|title=The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean|isbn=9004182136|edition=illustrated|editors=Walton Look Lai, Chee Beng Tan|accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref> Catatan-catatan tentang tiga orang budak Jepang yang berasal dari abad ke-16, bernama Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel dan Ventura yang mendarat di Meksiko menunjukan bahwa mereka dibeli oleh para pedagang budak Portugis di Jepang, dibawa ke Manila dan dari sana mereka dikapalkan ke Meksiko oleh pemlik mereka, Perez.<ref>{{cite news|author= The Yomiuri Shimbun/Asia News Network|date= May 14, 2013|title= Japanese slaves taken to Mexico in 16th century|url= http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20130514-422430.html|newspaper= Asiaone News|location= |publisher= |accessdate= |archive-date= 2015-02-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218055328/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20130514-422430.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Torres|first=Ida|date=May 14, 2013|title= Records show Japanese slaves crossed the Pacific to Mexico in 16th century|url= http://japandailypress.com/records-show-japanese-slaves-crossed-the-pacific-to-mexico-in-16th-century-1428777/|newspaper= Japan Daily Press|location=|publisher=|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Phro|first=Preston|date=May 15, 2013|title=To Mexico in Chains: The Tale of Three 16th Century Japanese Slaves