Wiracarita Raja Gesar: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 1: [[Berkas:Gesar Gruschke.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|300px\|~~right~~ka\|Mural yang menggambarkan Gesar]] '''~~Epos~~Wiracarita Raja Gesar''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|ɡ\|ɛ\|z\|ər\|,_\|ˈ\|ɡ\|ɛ\|s\|-}}; {{bo\|t=གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ་\|w=ge sar rgyal po}}, "Raja Gesar"; {{lang-mn\|Гэсэр Хаан}}, {{lang\|mn-latn\|Geser [[Khagan]]}}, "Raja Geser", {{lang-ru\|Гесар-хан}} atau Кесар), juga dieja '''Geser''' (khususnya dalam konteks bahasa Mongolia) atau '''Kesar''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|ɛ\|z\|ər\|,_\|ˈ\|k\|ɛ\|s\|-}}), adalah sebuha siklus ~~epos~~wiracarita, diyakini berasal dari abad ke-12, yang berhubungan dengan perbuatan heroik [[pahlawan budaya]] Gesar,{{sfn\|Samuel\|1993\|pp=68–9}} raja yang tidak mengenal takut dari kerajaan Ling yang legendaris ({{bo\|w=gling}}). ~~Epos~~Wiracarita ini dicatat secara beragam dalam puisi dan prosa, [[Aucassin dan Nicolette\|fabel nyanyian]] atau ''[[shuochang]]'' yang menjadi ragam pertunjukan tradisional,{{sfn\|Samuel\|2005\|p=166}} dan dinyanyikan secara luas di seluruh [[Asia Tengah]] dan Timur Laut [[Asia Selatan]]. Versi klasiknya dapat ditemukan di Tibet bagian tengah.{{sfn\|Chadwick\|Chadwick\|1968\|pp=48–9,215–6}} Sekitar 100 orang ''[[bard]]'' dari wiracarita ini ({{bo\|w=sgrung}}, "dongeng"){{sfn\|Maconi\|2004\|p=372}} masih aktif saat ini di sabuk Gesar di Tiongkok.{{sfn\|Jiàngbiān Jiācuò\|1998\|p=222}} Para penyanyi [[bangsa Tibet\|Tibet]], [[suku Mongol\|Mongol]], [[suku Buryat\|Buryat]], [[suku Balti\|Balti]], [[Ladakh]], dan [[suku Monguor\|Monguor]] mempertahankan tradisi lisan dan wiracarita ini telah menarik rasa ingin tahu ilmiah yang kuat sebagai salah satu dari sedikit tradisi wiracarita lisan yang bertahan sebagai sebuah seni pertunjukan. Selain cerita yang dilestarikan oleh [[etnis minoritas di Tiongkok]] seperti [[suku Bai\|Bai]], [[suku Nakhi\|Naxi]], [[suku Pumi\|Pumi]], [[suku Lisu\|Lisu]], dan [[Yugur]],{{sfn\|Maconi\|2004\|p=373}} versi wiracarita ini juga tercatat di antara masyarakat [[suku Balti\|Balti]] di [[Baltistan]], [[suku Burusho]] di [[Hunza (negara pangeran)\|Hunza]] dan [[Gilgit]],{{sfn\|Maconi\|2004\|p=373}} dan masyarakat [[suku Kalmuk\|Kalmuk]] dan [[Ladakh]],{{sfn\|Penick\|2009\|p=vii}}{{sfn\|Herrmann\|1990\|p=485}} di [[Sikkim]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], dan di kalangan berbagai suku [[rumpun bahasa Tibeto-Burma\|Tibeto-Burma]], Turki, dan [[suku Tungus\|Tungus]].{{sfn\|Harvilahti\|1996\|p=40}} Versi cetak pertama adalah naskah berbahasa Mongol yang diterbitkan di Beijing pada tahun 1716.{{sfn\|Harvilahti\|1996\|p=43}} Wiracarita ini terdiri dari sejumlah besar kelompok versi, masing-masing dengan banyak varian, dan dianggap oleh beberapa kalangan sebagai yang terpanjang di dunia.{{sfn\|Maconi\|2004\|p=372}} Meskipun tidak ada satu pun naskah yang pasti, kompilasi berbahasa Tionghoa sejauh ini dari versi Tibetnya saja telah mengisi sekitar 120 volume, lebih dari satu juta bait,{{sfn\|Maconi\|2004\|p=372}} dibagi menjadi 29 "bab".{{sfn\|Harvilahti\|1996\|p=42}} Perhitungan Barat menyatakan lebih dari 50 buku yang berbeda yang disunting sejauh ini di Tiongkok, India, dan Tibet.{{sfn\|Maconi\|2004\|p=372}} ==Catatan kaki==▼ Seorang akademikus Tibet telah menulis: <blockquote>Seperti wiracarita Yunani yang luar biasa, wiracarita India, dan [[Kalevala]], Raja Gesar adalah mutiara cemerlang dalam khazanah budaya dunia dan merupakan sumbangsih penting yang dibuat oleh negara kita untuk peradaban manusia.{{sfn\|'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho\|1990\|p=472}}</blockquote> ▲== Catatan kaki == {{Reflist\|30em}} == Referensi == {{Refbegin\|30em}} * {{Cite book\| chapter = The Singers of the King Gesar Epic \| last = 'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho \| title = Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors Baris 21 ⟶ 26: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = The classical Tibetan language \| last = Beyer, \| first = Stephan V \| year = 1992 Baris 30 ⟶ 35: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = The Growth of Literature \| last1 = Chadwick \| first1 = Hector Munro \| last2 = Chadwick \| first2 = Nora Kershaw Baris 44 ⟶ 49: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Oral Epics of Central Asia \| last1 = Chadwick \| first1 = Nora Kershaw \| last2 = Zhirmunsky \| first2 = Viktor Baris 57 ⟶ 62: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = The Potala, Symbol of the Power of the Dalai Lamas \| last = Chayet \| first = Anne \| title = Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas Baris 68 ⟶ 73: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = The Superhuman Life Of Gesar Of Ling \| last1 = David-Néel \| first1 = Alexandra \| last2 = Yongden \| first2 = Lama Baris 79 ⟶ 84: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Salar: a study in Inner Asian language contact processes. Part 1: Phonology. \| last = Dwyer \| first = Arienne M. \| year = 2007 Baris 90 ⟶ 95: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga \| last = Francke \| first = August Hermann \| author-link = August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) Baris 101 ⟶ 106: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650-750) \| last1 = Harmatta \| first1 = J. \| last2 = Litvinsky \| first2 = B. A. Baris 114 ⟶ 119: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal \| title = Epos and National Identity: Transformations and Incarnations \| last = Harvilahti \| first = Lauri \| journal = Oral Tradition \| location = Beijing \| year = 1996 \| volume = 11 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 37–49 \| url = http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/11i/7_harvilahti.pdf \| ref = harv \| access-date = 2018-11-28 }}▼ \| archive-date = 2011-05-25 {{Cite book\| title = Les chants dans l'épopée tibétaine de Ge-sar d'après le Livre de la Course de Cheval: Version chantée de Blo-bzaṅ bstan-'jin▼ \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204100/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/11i/7_harvilahti.pdf \| dead-url = yes ▲ }} ▲ {{Cite book\| title = Les chants dans l'épopée tibétaine de Ge-sar d'après le Livre de la Course de Cheval: Version chantée de Blo-bzaṅ bstan-'jin \| last = Helffer \| first = Mireille \| year = 1977 Baris 131 ⟶ 145: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar \| last = Hermanns \| first = Matthias \| author-link = Matthias Hermanns Baris 140 ⟶ 154: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = The Life and History of the Epic King Gesar in Ladakh \| last = Herrmann \| first = Silke \| title = Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors Baris 152 ⟶ 166: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Eurasian Mythology in the Tibetan epic of Gesar \| last = Hummel \| first = Siegbert \| author-link = Siegbert Hummel Baris 162 ⟶ 176: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = Gesar in contemporary Tibetan Culture \| last1 = Jiàngbiān Jiācuò \| first1 = (降邊嘉措) \| title = The Epic: Oral and Written. Baris 176 ⟶ 190: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = The Influence of the Epic of King Gesar on Chogyam Trungpa \| last = Kornman \| first = Robin \| title = Recalling Chögyam Trungpa Baris 188 ⟶ 202: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book \| title = Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism \| last1 = Lati Rinbochay \| last2 = Paṅ-chen Sö-nam-drak-ba \| last3 = Denma Lo-chö Rinbochay \| editor1-last = Zahler \| editor1-first = Leah \| editor2-last = Hopkins. \| editor2-first = Jeffrey \| year = 1997 \| orig-year = First published 1983 \| publisher = Wisdom Publications \| location = Somerville Massachusetts \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsbSqhlL9YC \| isbn = 0-86171-119-X \| ref = harv }}{{Pranala mati\|date=Mei 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} }}▼ * {{Cite book\| title = Religions of Tibet in Practice \| last = Lopez Jr \| first = Donald S \| year = 2007 Baris 209 ⟶ 227: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal \| title = History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar \| last = Lǐ Liánróng \| first = (李連榮) \| journal = Oral Tradition \| location = Beijing \| year = 2001 \| volume = 16 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 317–342 \| url = http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf \| ref = harv \| access-date = 2018-11-28 }} \| archive-date = 2017-12-02 {{Cite book\| chapter = Theatrical Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chinese (post-)maoïste▼ \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171202101746/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf \| dead-url = yes ▲ }} ▲ {{Cite book\| chapter = Theatrical Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chinese (post-)maoïste \| last = Maconi \| first = Lara. \| title = Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches Baris 229 ⟶ 256: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet \| last1 = Martin \| first1 = Dan \| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes Baris 243 ⟶ 270: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Science and Civilization in China \| last = Needham \| first = Joseph \| author-link = Joseph Needham Baris 254 ⟶ 281: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = So Close to Samarkand, Lhasa: Sufi Hagiographies, Founder Lhasa and Sacred Space \| last1 = Papas \| first1 = Alexandre \| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes Baris 268 ⟶ 295: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book \| title = The warrior song of King Gesar \| last = Penick \| first = Douglas J \| year = 1996 \| publisher = Wisdom Publications \| location = Boston, Massachusetts \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1LuZZLvdDyQC&printsec=frontcover&dq \| isbn = 978-0-86171-113-0 \| ref = harv }}{{Pranala mati\|date=Mei 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} }} * {{Cite book\| title = Crossings on a Bridge of Light: The Songs and Deeds of Gesar, King of Ling, as He Travels to Shambhala Through the Realms of Life and Death \| last = Penick \| first = Douglas J \| year = 2009 Baris 284 ⟶ 314: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = The Teaching of Shambhala \| last = Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche \| title = Recalling Chögyam Trungpa Baris 296 ⟶ 326: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Tantric revisionings: new understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian religion \| last = Samuel \| first = Geoffrey \| year = 2005 Baris 304 ⟶ 334: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies \| last = Samuel \| first = Geoffrey \| year = 1993 Baris 312 ⟶ 342: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = One Hundred Thousand Moons \| last = Shakabpa \| first = Wangchuk Deden \| author-link = Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa Baris 323 ⟶ 353: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = L'épopée tibétaine dans sa version lamaïque de Ling \| last = Stein \| first = Rolf A \| author-link = Rolf Stein Baris 331 ⟶ 361: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Recherches sur l'épopée et le Barde au Tibet \| last = Stein \| first = Rolf A. \| author-link = Rolf Stein Baris 339 ⟶ 369: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| chapter = Early History of Ladakh: Mythic Lore % Fabulation: A preliminary note on the conjectural history of the 1st millennium A.D. \| last1 = Vohra \| first1 = Rohit \| title = Recent research on Ladakh 4 & 5: proceedings of the fourth and fifth international colloquia on Ladakh Baris 352 ⟶ 382: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Courtesans and tantric consorts: sexualities in Buddhist narrative, iconography and ritual \| last = Young \| first = Serinity \| year = 2004 Baris 360 ⟶ 390: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Гэсэр: бурятский народный героический эпос (Geser: a Buryat Heldenepos.) \| last1 = Сахаровска \| first1 = Александра \| last2 = Солоухин \| first2 = Владимир Алексеевич Baris 368 ⟶ 398: \| ref = harv }} * {{Cite book\| title = Исследования письменного монгольского эпоса о Гэсэре (Researches on a written version of the Mongolian Epic of Gesar) \| last = Сэцэнмунч \| first = Ульдзийт \| year = 2004 Baris 378 ⟶ 408: {{refend}} == Pranala luar == ~~{{Portal\|Mythology}}~~ * [http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/38836.htm King Gessar] * [http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/36652.htm King Gessar preserved] Baris 393 ⟶ 422: [[Kategori:Bon]] [[Kategori:Wiracarita]] [[Kategori:~~Karya Agung~~Mahakarya Warisan Budaya ~~Oral~~Lisan ~~serta~~dan ~~Nonbendawi~~Takbenda Manusia]] [[Kategori:Mitologi Mongol]] [[Kategori:Kesusastraan Mongolia]]