Wikipedia

Keutamaan Uskup Roma: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika
 
(33 revisi perantara oleh 6 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Distinguish|Supremasi kepausan|Keutamaan Petrus|Papisme|Hierokrasi}}
'''Keutamaan Uskup Roma''', atau '''keutamaan kepausan''' ({{lang-en|papal primacy}}), adalah suatu doktrin [[Eklesiologi|gerejawi]] mengenai rasa hormat dan otoritas yang diatribusikan kepada [[Paus (Katolik Roma)|paus]] dari para [[uskup]] yang lain dan [[Takhta episkopal|takhta]] mereka.
[[File:Decretals of Pope Boniface VIII - zoomed on the illustration (cropped).jpg|thumb|266x266px|[[Paus Bonifasius VIII]] bersama dewan kardinal, ilustrasi [[dekretale]] (Kumpulan Surat Keputusan Paus) dari abad ke-14]]
{{Primasi, supremasi, dan infalibitas paus|expanded=batrik}}
 
'''Keutamaan Uskup Roma''' atau '''keutamaan paus''' adalah doktrin [[eklesiologi]]s Gereja Katolik tentang sikap hormat dan patuh yang patut diberikan [[uskup]]-uskup lain maupun takhta-[[takhta keuskupan]] mereka kepada [[paus (Gereja Katolik)|paus]]. Doktrin ini diterima pada tataran dasarnya oleh [[Gereja Katolik]] maupun [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]], sekalipun kedua Gereja ini tidak sependapat mengenai hakikat keutamaan tersebut.
[[Aidan Nichols]], seorang akademisi Inggris dan imam Katolik Roma, menuliskan bahwa "pada dasarnya, hanya satu isu penting yang memisahkan Gereja Ortodoks dan Katolik, dan itu adalah isu keutamaan".{{sfn|Nichols|2010|p=313}}
 
SeorangSarjana penelitiInggris yang juga seorang imam Katolik, [[Aidan Nichols]], mengemukakan di dalam bukunya bahwa "sesungguhnya cuma ada satu perkara hakiki yang memisahkan Gereja Ortodoks PerancisTimur dari Gereja Katolik, yaitu perkara keutamaan" Uskup Roma.{{sfn|Nichols|2010|p=313}} Peneliti Ortodoks Perancis]]Timur bernamaPrancis, Jean-Claude Larchet, mengatakanmengemukakan bahwa,di bersamaandalam bukunya bahwa dengan adanya kontroversi ''[[Filioque]]'', perbedaan-perbedaan di dalam penafsiran doktrin ini telahsedari dandulu hingga sekarang masih menjadi penyebabsebab utama [[Skisma Timur–BaratTimur-Barat|skisma]] di antara [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] dan [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]].{{sfn|Larchet|2006|p=188}} DalamBagi sebagian pihak di dalam Gereja Ortodoks Timur, beberapa pihak memahami keutamaan Uskup Roma sebagaihanyalah suatukeutamaan kehormatandalam yangarti lebih tinggi,terhormat memandangnya sebagaiselaku ''{{lang|la|[[primus inter pares]]}}'' ("orang yang pertamadituakan di antara yangrekan-rekan sederajat"), tanpa kekuasaankuasa efektif atas gerejaGereja-gerejaGereja lain.{{sfn|Speciale|2011}} Meskipun demikan, teolog-[[Teologi Kristen Ortodoks Timur|teolog Kristen Ortodoks]] lainnya memandang keutamaan sebagai kuasa berkewenangan, yaitu ekspresi, manifestasi, dan realisasi kuasa semua uskup dan kesatuan Gereja di dalam diri satu orang uskup.{{sfn|Schmemann|1995|p=165}}
 
Kepada keutamaan paus, Gereja Katolik menisbatkan "[[supremasi kepausan|kuasa penuh, tertinggi, dan semesta atas segenap Gereja]], kuasa yang senantiasa dapat ia jalankan tanpa kendala apa-apa,"<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|882}}</ref> kuasa yang juga dinisbatkan kepada [[Dewan uskup|para uskup secara keseluruhan]] dalam persatuan dengan Sri Paus.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|883}}</ref> Kuasa yang dinisbatkan Gereja Katolik kepada wewenang keutamaan Sri Paus memiliki batasan-batasan yang resmi, sah, dogmatis, dan praktis.{{sfn|Phan|2000|pp=486–488}}
Bagaimanapun, para [[Teologi Kristen Ortodoks Timur|teolog Kristen Ortodoks]] lainnya memandang keutamaan sebagai kekuasaan otoritatif: pengungkapan, manifestasi, dan realisasi kekuasaan dari semua uskup dan dari kesatuan Gereja ke dalam diri seorang uskup.{{sfn|Schmemann|1995|p=165}}
 
Di dalam [[Dokumen Ravenna]] yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2007, wakil-wakil Gereja Ortodoks dan Gereja Katolik bersama-sama menyatakan bahwa baik Timur maupun Barat menerima keutamaan Uskup Roma pada tataran semesta, tetapi ada perbedaan paham mengenai bagaimana keutamaan tersebut dijalankan maupun mengenai landasan Alkitabiah dan teologisnya.{{sfn|Ravenna Document|2007|loc=nn. 43–44}}
Gereja Katolik Roma mengatribusikan pada keutamaan Paus "kuasa penuh, tertinggi, dan universal atas keseluruhan Gereja, suatu kuasa yang dapat selalu ia jalankan tanpa hambatan",{{refn|{{KGK|882}}|}} suatu kuasa yang juga diatribusikannya kepada [[Dewan Uskup|segenap badan para uskup]] yang bersatu dengan sang paus.{{refn|{{KGK|883}}|}} Kuasa yang diatribusikannya kepada otoritas [[Primat (uskup)|primasial]] sang paus terbatas dalam hal-hal resmi, hukum, dogmatis, dan praktis.{{sfn|Phan|2000|pp=486–488}}{{sfn|Conte|2006}}
{{TOC limit|3}}
 
== Dogma di Gereja Katolik Latin dan Gereja-Gereja Katolik Timur ==
Dalam [[Dokumen Ravenna]], yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2007, perwakilan-perwakilan dari Gereja Ortodoks dan Gereja Katolik Roma bersama-sama menyatakan bahwa kedua belah pihak dari Timur dan Barat menerima kenyataan tentang keutamaan Uskup Roma pada tingkatan universal, kendati terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan pemahaman mengenai bagaimana keutamaan ini dipraktikkan serta mengenai dasar-dasar biblis dan teologisnya.{{sfn|Ravenna Document|2007|loc=nn. 43–44}}
[[Dogma dalam Gereja Katolik|Dogma Katolik]] tentang keutamaan Uskup Roma termaktub di dalam kitab-kitab [[hukum kanon Gereja Katolik)|hukum kanonik]] Gereja Katolik, baik [[Kitab Hukum Kanonik 1983|''Kitab Hukum Kanonik'']] tahun 1983 (CIC 1983) yang digunakan [[Gereja Latin]] maupun ''[[Kitab Hukum Kanonik Gereja-Gereja Timur]]'' tahun 1990 (CCEO) yang digunakan [[Gereja-Gereja Katolik Timur]]. [[Konstitusi apostolik|Konstitusi dogmatis]] ''[[Lumen gentium]]'' yang ditetapkan [[Konsili Vatikan II]] tahun 1964 menyatakan bahwa "kuasa keutamaan Sri Paus berdasarkan jabatannya adalah kuasa selaku [[Vikaris Kristus|Wakil Kristus]] dan gembala segenap Gereja," dan merupakan kuasa "penuh, tertinggi, dan semesta atas segenap Gereja" yang "senantiasa bebas ia jalankan."{{sfn|LG|loc=n. 22}}{{sfn|DH|loc=n. 4146}} Di dalam ''Catholic Dictionary'', [[John Hardon]] menjelaskan bahwa keutamaan Uskup Roma adalah "keutamaan yurisdiksi, yang berarti kepemilikan kuasa penuh dan tertinggi atas pengajaran, pengundang-undangan, dan keimaman di dalam Gereja Katolik, bukan semata-mata dalam urusan iman dan moral melainkan juga dalam urusan tata tertib Gereja dan penyelenggaraan Gereja."{{sfn|Hardon|2013|loc=Primacy}}
 
Berdasarkan kanon 331 CIC 1983, "Uskup Gereja Roma" adalah "Wakil Kristus" sekaligus "gembala Gereja semesta di muka bumi."{{sfn|CIC|1983|loc=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P16.HTM c. 331]}} Di dalam ''New commentary on the Code of Canon Law'', Knut Walf mencermati bahwa istilah "Uskup Gereja Roma" hanya terdapat di dalam kanon ini, sementara istilah yang umum dipakai di dalam CIC 1983 adalah ''Pontif Roma''.{{sfn|Walf|2000|p=431}} Di dalam ''Code of Canon Law Annotated'', Ernest Caparros dll. mengulas bahwa kanon ini berlaku atas semua orang pribadi maupun kelompok umat beriman di dalam Gereja Latin, dari semua ritus dan jenjang hierarki, "bukan hanya dalam urusan iman dan moral, melainkan juga dalam segala urusan yang berkaitan dengan tata tertib dan penyelenggaraan Gereja di seluruh dunia."{{sfn|Caparros et al.|1993|p=273}} Di dalam ''[[Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum|Enchiridion symbolorum]]'', [[Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger|Heinrich Denzinger]], Peter Hünermann, dll. menyatakan bahwa Kristus membentuk Gereja bukan sebagai beberapa komunitas berlainan,{{sfn|DH|loc=n. 3303}} melainkan sebagai komunitas-komunitas yang dipersatukan oleh [[komuni penuh|persekutuan paripurna]] dengan Uskup Roma dan melalui [[kredo|pernyataan iman yang sama]] dengan Uskup Roma.{{sfn|DH|loc=n. 3060}}
== Lihat pula ==
 
{{col|2}}
Uskup Roma adalah subyek wewenang tertinggi atas Gereja-Gereja Katolik Timur ''[[sui iuris]]''.{{sfn|CCEO|1990|loc=[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P17.HTM c. 43]}} Menurut kanon 45 CCEO, "berdasarkan jabatannya" Uskup Roma memiliki "kuasa atas segenap Gereja" dan "keutamaan kuasa biasa atas semua [[eparki]] dan pengelompokannya" di dalam tiap-tiap Gereja Katolik Timur. Melalui jabatan "gembala tertinggi Gereja," Uskup Roma bersekutu dengan uskup-uskup lain dan dengan segenap Gereja, serta memiliki hak untuk memutuskan apakah wewenang tersebut dijalankan secara pribadi atau secara kolegial.{{sfn|CCEO|1990|loc=[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P19.HTM c. 45]}} "Keutamaan atas segenap Gereja" ini mencakup keutamaan atas batrik-batrik dan uskup-uskup eparki Katolik Timur,{{sfn|CCEO|1990|loc=[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P2K.HTM kanon 92], [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P5S.HTM kanon 208]}} atas penyelenggaraan lembaga-[[lembaga hidup bakti]],{{sfnm|CIC|1983|1loc=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM kanon 591]|CCEO|1990|2loc=[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PBG.HTM c. 412]}} dan atas urusan kehakiman.{{sfnm|CIC|1983|1loc=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5B.HTM c. 1417]|CCEO|1990|2loc=[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P19.HTM kanon 45], [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PTF.HTM kanon 1059]}}
* [[Dogma Katolik Roma]]
 
* [[Dokumen Ravenna]]
Keutamaan Uskup Roma juga termaktub di dalam kanon 218 sampai kanon 221 [[Kitab Hukum Kanonik 1917|''Kitab Hukum Kanonik'']] tahun 1917 (CIC 1917).{{sfnm|Bachofen|1918|Woywod|1948|2pp=98–99}}
 
== Pengembangan doktrin ==
{{Main|Sejarah keutamaan paus}}
Gereja Katolik menegakkan doktrin keutamaan paus berlandaskan keutamaan di antara [[para rasul]] yang dianugerahkan Yesus kepada Petrus, sebagaimana diriwayatkan di dalam nas {{Alkitab|Matius 16:16-19}}ː{{sfn|PA|loc=[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0063/_PE.HTM ch. 1]||p=}}
{{quote|Berbahagialah engkau Simon bin Yunus sebab bukan manusia yang menyatakan itu kepadamu, melainkan Bapa-Ku yang di sorga. Dan Akupun berkata kepadamu: Engkau adalah Petrus dan di atas batu karang ini Aku akan mendirikan jemaat-Ku dan alam maut tidak akan menguasainya. Kepadamu akan Kuberikan kunci Kerajaan Sorga. Apa yang kauikat di dunia ini akan terikat di sorga dan apa yang kaulepaskan di dunia ini akan terlepas di sorga.|author=|title=|source=}}
Demikian pula di dalam nas {{Alkitab|Yohanes 21:15-17}}:
{{quote|...Kata Yesus kepadanya untuk ketiga kalinya: "Simon, anak Yohanes, apakah engkau mengasihi Aku?" Maka sedih hati Petrus karena Yesus berkata untuk ketiga kalinya: "Apakah engkau mengasihi Aku?" Dan ia berkata kepada-Nya: "Tuhan, Engkau tahu segala sesuatu, Engkau tahu, bahwa aku mengasihi Engkau." Kata Yesus kepadanya: "Gembalakanlah domba-domba-Ku.|author=|title=|source=}}
 
Sekalipun mengakui bahwa "Perjanjian Baru tidak memuat catatan eksplisit apa pun mengenai pewarisan kepemimpinan Petrus, dan pewarisan wewenang rasuli pada umumnya pun tidak benar-benar jelas,"{{sfn|ARCIC I|1981|loc=n. 6}} Gereja Katolik beranggapan bahwa doktrinnya memiliki [[perke doctrine|sejarah perkembangan]]nya, dan bahwa ajarannya tentang berbagai pokok bahasan semisal [[Tritunggal]], keilahian [[Kristus]], dan kemanunggalan dwikodrat Kristus di dalam satu pribadi, berkembang sebagai hasil ikhtiar mengulik konsekuensi-konsekuensi dari kebenaran terwahyu mula-mula yang pada awalnya tampak samar. "Berkat pertolongan Roh Kudus, pemahaman akan kenyataan-kenyataan maupun perkataan-perkataan warisan iman dapat bertumbuh di dalam kehidupan Gereja 'melalui perenungan dan kajian umat beriman yang menyelami perkara-perkara ini di dalam hati mereka', khususnya 'telaah teologis [yang] memperdalam pengetahuan akan kebenaran terwahyu.'"<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|94}}</ref>
 
Oleh karena itu, merupakan suatu kekeliruan jika berharap menemukan doktrin keutamaan paus yang sudah matang sempurna pada abad-abad pertama, sehingga gagal menginsafi kenyataan sejarah Gereja.{{sfn|Schatz|1996|pp=1–3}} Ketokohan paus selaku pemimpin Gereja sedunia berkembang seiring bergulirnya waktu, karena ketokohan uskup selaku pemimpin Gereja lokal tampaknya muncul sesudah zaman rasul-rasul.{{efn|"Tidaklah lebih muskil Santo Ignasius tidak bersurat perihal paus kepada orang-orang Yunani di Asia, ketimbang Santo Paulus tidak bersurat perihal uskup kepada jemaat di Korintus. [...] Tidak ada doktrin yang ditetapkan sebelum timbul pelanggaran terhadapnya."{{sfn|Newman|1888|p=151}}}}
 
Bilamana berwacana tentang doktrin keutamaan paus, Kardinal [[John Henry Newman]] mengemukakan pandangan bahwa Kitab Suci Kristen, yang tidak berisi jawaban-jawaban siap-pakai bagi pertanyaan-pertanyaan semisal ada tidaknya pengampunan bagi dosa-dosa pascabaptis, dan perlu tidaknya kanak-kanak dibaptis, sedikit demi sedikit menjadi lebih jelas seiring dengan terjadinya beragam peristiwa. Pemikirannya ia rangkum dengan kalimat berikut ini:
{{quote|[...] perkembangan-perkembangan agama Kristen dibuktikan sudah terbetik di dalam perenungan Sang Pujangga Ilahinya, oleh argumen yang paralel dengan argumen yang kita pakai untuk menyimpulkan adanya kecerdasan di dalam tatanan dunia jasmaniah. Dalam arti apapun juga, kebutuhan dan pemenuhannya adalah bukti adanya perencanaan dalam ciptaan kasatmata, jadi demikian pula celah-celah, jika boleh kita gunakan kata itu, yang muncul di dalam struktur syahadat asli Gereja, membersitkan kemungkinan bahwa perkembangan-perkembangan tersebut, yang tumbuh menyeruak dari kebenaran-kebenaran yang tergeletak di sekitar celah-celah itu, dimaksudkan sebagai tambalannya."{{sfn|Newman|1888|p=63|ps=, dikutip di dalam {{harvtxt|Misner|1976|p=72}} dari edisi karya tulis Newman yang berbeda.}}}}
 
Para penulis semisal [[Nikolay Afanásiev]] dan [[Alexander Schmemann]] telah mengemukakan di dalam buku mereka bahwa frasa "memimpin di dalam ''[[agape]]''", yang dipakai untuk menyifatkan Gereja Roma di dalam surat [[Ignasius dari Antiokhia|Ignasius Uskup Antiokhia]] kepada jemaat di Roma pada awal abad ke-2, mengandung definisi keutamaan-semesta Gereja Roma.{{sfn|Schmemann|1995|pp=163–164}} Meskipun demikian, penulis Katolik Klaus Schatz mengingatkan bahwasanya merupakan suatu kekeliruan jika surat ini dan bahkan [[Surat Klemens yang Pertama|Surat Pertama Klemens]] yang lebih tua lagi (nama Klemens baru ditambahkan kemudian hari) dipahami sebagai pernyataan-pernyataan ajaran Katolik yang sudah matang tentang keutamaan paus, yang dengannya Gereja Roma mencampuri urusan-urusan Gereja Korintus, menasihati Gereja Korintus dengan nada berwibawa, bahkan berbicara atas nama Tuhan.{{sfn|Schatz|1996|pp=4–6}} Kemudian hari, barulah ungkapan Ignasius Uskup Antiokhia tersebut dapat ditafsirkan, sebagaimana yang dimufakati oleh wakil-wakil Gereja Katolik dan Gereja Ortodoks, bermakna bahwa "Roma, selaku Gereja yang 'memimpin di dalam cinta kasih' seturut frasa Santo Ignasius Uskup Antiokhia (''Kepada Jemaat di Roma'', Prakata), menduduki tempat pertama di dalam ''taxis'', dan bahwa oleh karena itu Uskup Roma adalah ''protos'' di antara para batrik".{{sfn|Ravenna Document|2007|loc=n. 41}}
 
Mufakat yang sama menandaskan sebagai berikut:
{{Quote|Di dalam sejarah Timur maupun Barat, setidaknya sampai abad kesembilan, diakui sejumlah prerogatif, senantiasa dalam konteks konsiliaritas, sejalan dengan keadaan pada masa itu, bagi ''protos'' atau ''kefale'' pada tiap-tiap tingkatan gerejawi yang ada, yaitu di tingkat lokal bagi uskup selaku ''protos'' para presbiter dan umat di keuskupannya, di tingkat regional bagi metropolit selaku ''protos'' para uskup di provinsinya, serta bagi batrik selaku ''protos'' para metropolit di kebatrikannya, dan di tingkat universal bagi Uskup Roma selaku ''protos'' para batrik. Pembedaan tingkatan ini tidak menghilangkan kesetaraan sakramental masing-masing uskup maupun kekatolikan masing-masing Gereja lokal.{{sfn|Ravenna Document|2007|loc=n. 44}}}}<!--
 
=== Dasar klaim keutamaan ===
==== Petrus dan Paulus ====
The evolution of earlier tradition established both Peter and Paul as the forefathers of the bishops of Rome, from whom they received their position as chief shepherd (Peter) and supreme authority on doctrine (Paul).{{sfn|Schimmelpfennig|1992|p=27}} To establish her primacy among the churches of the Western half of the empire, the bishops of Rome relied on a letter written in 416 by Innocent I to the Bishop of Gubbio, to show how subordination to Rome had been established. Since Peter was the only apostle (no mention of Paul) to have worked in the West, thus the only persons to have established churches in Italy, Spain, Gaul, Sicily, Africa, and the Western islands were bishops appointed by Peter or his successors. This being the case then, all congregations had to abide by the regulations set in Rome.{{sfn|Schimmelpfennig|1992|p=39}}
 
===== Keutamaan Rasul Petrus =====
{{Main|Keutamaan Petrus}}
[[File:São Pedro (c. 1529) - Grão Vasco (Museu Nacional Grão Vasco).png|300px|thumb|''[[Santo Petrus (Grão Vasco)|Santo Petrus]]'', karya [[Grão Vasco]] sekitar tahun 1529, menampilakan Petrus dengan segala [[Regalia dan insignia kepausan|tanda kebesaran paus]]]]
Because of its association with the supposed position of Peter among the apostles, the function that, within the Catholic Church, is exercised by the Bishop of Rome among the bishops as a whole is referred to as the Petrine function, and is generally believed to be of divine institution, in the sense that the historical and sociological factors that influenced its development are seen as guided by the Holy Spirit. Not all Catholic theologians see a special providential providence as responsible for the result, but most see the papacy, regardless of its origin, as now essential to the Church's structure.{{sfn|Miller|1980|p=203}}
 
The presence of Peter in Rome, not explicitly affirmed in, but consistent with, the New Testament, is explicitly affirmed by Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, [[Irenaeus of Lyon]] and other early Christian writers – and no other place has ever claimed to be the location of his death.{{sfn|Farmer|2004}}{{sfn|Boadt2008|p=88}} The same witnesses imply that Peter was the virtual founder of the Church of Rome,{{sfn|Farmer|2004}} though not its founder in the sense of initiating a Christian community there.{{sfn|O'Malley|2010|p=11}} They also speak of Peter as the one who initiated its episcopal succession,{{sfn|Farmer|2004}} but speak of [[Pope Linus|Linus]] as the first bishop of Rome after Peter, although some hold today that the Christians in Rome did not act a single united community under a single leader until the 2nd century.{{sfn|O'Malley|2010|p=11}}
 
{{Quote|Classic Roman Catholic tradition maintained that the universal primacy of the bishop of Rome was divinely instituted by Jesus Christ. This was derived from the Petrine texts, and from the gospel accounts of {{bibleref2|Matthew|16:17‑19|RSVCE|Matthew (16:17‑19)}}, {{bibleref2|Luke|22:32|RSVCE|Luke (22:32)}} and {{bibleref2|John|21:15‑17|RSVCE|John (21:15‑17)}} according to the Roman tradition, they all refer not simply to the historical Peter, but to his successors to the end of time. Today, scriptural scholars of many traditions agree that it is possible to discern in the New Testament an early tradition that attributes a special position to Peter among Christ's twelve apostles. The Church built its identity on them as witnesses, and responsibility for pastoral leadership was not restricted to Peter. In {{bibleref2|Matthew|16:19|RSVCE}}, Peter is explicitly commissioned to "bind and loose"; later, in {{bibleref2|Matthew|18:18|RSVCE}}, Christ directly promises all the disciples that they will do the same. Similarly, the foundation upon which the Church is built is related to Peter in {{bibleref2|Matthew|16:16|RSVCE}}, and to the whole apostolic body elsewhere in the New Testament (cf. {{bibleref2|Ephesians|2:20|RSVCE|Eph. 2:20}}).{{sfn|Clapsis|2000}}}} -->
 
===== Peran Paulus dalam pendirian Gereja Roma =====
[[Ireneus|Ireneus Uskup Lyon]] (Tahun 189) mengemukakan di dalam karya tulisnya bahwa [[Santo Petrus|Petrus]] dan [[Paulus dari Tarsus|Paulus]] mendirikan Gereja di Roma dan mengangkat [[Paus Linus|Linus]] menjadi [[uskup]], cikal bakal suksesi takhta Keuskupan Roma.{{efn|"[...] Gereja yang teramat agung, teramat purba, dan tersohor di seantero jagat, didirikan dan dilembagakan di Roma oleh dua rasul teramat mulia, Petrus dan Paulus; demikian pula iman yang diwartakan kepada umat manusia, yang terwariskan hingga ke zaman kita melalui suksesi uskup-uskup. [...] Rasul-rasul yang terberkati itu, sesudah mendirikan Gereja di Roma, selanjutnya mempercayakan jabatan uskup ke dalam tangan Linus."{{sfn|Irenaeus|''Against heresies'' 3.3|loc=}}|name=|group=}} Meskipun bukan keduanya yang membawa masuk agama Kristen ke Roma, "kedatangan, karya pelayanan, dan teristimewa kemartiran Petrus dan Paulus merupakan peristiwa-peristiwa semifinal yang sungguh-sungguh membentuk Gereja Roma. Dari zaman kedua rasul inilah, bukan sebelumnya, bermula suatu suksesi teratur uskup-uskup yang ditahbiskan secara layak."{{sfn|Tajra|1994|p=180}}
 
== Baca juga ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Dogma dalam Gereja Katolik]]
* [[Donasi Konstantinus]]
* [[Hamba parasegala hamba Allah]]
* [[Infalibilitas kepausanPaus]]
* [[Kolegialitas dalam Gereja Katolik]]
* [[Kekuasaan temporal (kepausan)]]
* [[Konsiliarisme]]
* [[Kolegialitas (Gereja Katolik)]]
* [[Konsili Vatikan I]]
* [[Kekuasaan temporal Takhta Suci|Kuasa temporer paus]]
* [[Kuria Roma]]
* [[Neo-ultramontanismeNeoultramontanisme]]
* [[Perbedaan-perbedaan teologis Ortodoksdi Timurantara –Gereja Katolik Romadan Gereja Ortodoks Timur]]
* [[Pontifex Maximus]]
* [[Reformasi Gregorian]]
* [[Sejarah kepausan]]
* [[Translatio imperii]]
* [[Ultramontanisme]]
* ''[[Unam Sanctam]]''
}}
{{EndDiv}}
 
== CatatanKeterangan ==
{{notelistNotelist}}
 
== Kutipan ==
{{reflist|20em}}
{{notelist-lr}}
 
== Referensi ==
{{refbegin|30emreflist}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''On 1 John''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1888|volume=7|chapter=Gospel According to St. John/Part 10|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VII|at=Tractate 10}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''Donatists''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1887|volume=4|chapter=The Correction of the Donatists/Chapter 10|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume IV/Donatist Controversy}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''On Christian doctrine''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1887|volume=2|chapter=On Christian Doctrine/Book I/Chapter 18|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume II}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Augustine|''On Gospel of John''}}|author=Augustine of Hippo|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1888|volume=7|chapter=Gospel According to St. John/Part 124|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VII|at=Tractate 124}}
* {{Citation-attribution|{{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|location=St. Louis, MO; London|publisher=B. Herder book|encyclopedia=A commentary on the new code of the canon law|last=Bachofen|first=Charles A.|edition=3rd|volume=2|year=1918|lccn=19004568|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.ah4gvz?urlappend=%3Bseq=225|pages=207–216}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|Beal et al.|2000}}|editor1-last=Beal|editor1-first=John P|editor2-last=Coriden|editor2-first=James A|editor3-last=Green|editor3-first=Thomas J|year=2000|encyclopedia=New commentary on the Code of Canon Law|edition=study|location=New York|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=0809105020}}
** {{harvc|last=Walf|first=Knut|chapter=The supreme authority of the Church|pp=423–453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YCpraE-7xcC&pg=PA431|in=Beal et al.|year=2000|ps=, translated by Ronny Jenkins.}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Boadt|first=Lawrence|year=2008|title=The life of St. Paul|location=Mahwah, NJ|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-80-910519-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93FSZsiM5cAC&pg=PA88}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|Caparros et al.|1993}}|editor1-last=Caparros|editor1-first=Ernest|editor2-last=Thériault|editor2-first=Michel|editor3-last=Thorn|editor3-first=Jean|year=1993|encyclopedia=Code of Canon Law annotated: Latin-English edition of the Code of Canon Law and English-language translation of the 5th Spanish-language edition of the commentary prepared under the responsibility of the Instituto Martín de Azpilcueta|location=Montréal|publisher=Wilson & Lafleur|isbn=2891272323|title=Canon 331|pages=272–273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mgmAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carlton|first=Clark|year=1999|title=The truth: what every Roman Catholic should know about the Orthodox Church|series=|location=Salisbury, MA|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-96-491418-6|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carson|first=Donald A.|year=1984|title=The expositor's Bible commentary: with the New International Version|volume=2|edition=|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310499-61-9|url=}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|CIC|1983}}|author=Catholic Church|year=1999|origyear=©1998|encyclopedia=Code of canon law: new English translation|version=IntraText|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Canon Law Society of America|isbn=0-943616-79-4|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM|via=vatican.va}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|CCEO|1990}}|author=Catholic Church|year=|origyear=©1992|encyclopedia=Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|version=IntraText|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Canon Law Society of America|isbn=978-0-94-361652-0|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_INDEX.HTM|via=intratext.com}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|CDF|1998}}|author=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|date=1998-10-31|title=The primacy of the successor of Peter in the Mystery of the Church|website=vatican.va|location=Vatican City|publisher=|publication-date=|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19981031_primato-successore-pietro_en.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208164458/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19981031_primato-successore-pietro_en.html|archivedate=2010-12-08|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|CDF|2007}}|author1=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|last2=Levada|first2=William|authorlink2=William Levada|date=2007-06-29|title=Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the Doctrine on the Church|website=vatican.va|location=Vatican City|publisher=|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|PA}}|author=Catholic Church. Vatican Council I|date=1870-07-18|title=First dogmatic constitution on the church of Christ: Pastor aeternus|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0063/_PD.HTM|deadurl=no|location=Rome|publisher=Èulogos SpA|edition=IntraText|publication-date=2007|accessdate=2015-05-25|via=The IntraText Digital Library}} Translation taken from {{cite book|location=London|publisher=Sheed & Ward|editor-last=Tanner|editor-first=Norman P.|title=Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils|year=1990|isbn=0-87-840490-2}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|LG}}|author1=Catholic Church. Vatican Council II|author2=Paul VI|date=1964-11-21|title=Lumen gentium|location=Vatican City|publisher=|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|catholicculture.org|2007}}|date=2007-11-14|title=Ecumenical talks reach partial accord on papal primacy|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54768|access-date=2009-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205193810/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=54768|archivedate=2010-12-05|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Clapsis|first=Emmanuel|year=2000|title=Orthodoxy in conversation: Orthodox ecumenical engagements|location=Geneva|publisher=World Council of Churches|isbn=978-2-82-541337-1}} Reprinted in {{cite web|date=|title=Papal primacy|website=goarch.org|location=New York|publisher=Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|publication-date=|url=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203104411/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523|archivedate=2008-12-03|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|''orthodoxanswers.org''}}|editor-last=Cleenewerck|editor-first=Laurent|date=|title=An Orthodox Christian historical timeline|website=orthodoxanswers.org|location=Eureka, CA|publisher=St. Innocent Orthodox Church|url=http://www.orthodoxanswers.org/history|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223102513/http://orthodoxanswers.org/history|archivedate=2010-12-23|deadurl=no}} {{tertiary|date=May 2015}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Cleenewerck|2009}}|last=Cleenewerck|first=Laurent|title=His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeKOUb6OcG4C&pg=PA155|accessdate=28 October 2012|date=2009|edition=revised|publisher=Euclid University Press|isbn=978-0-61-518361-9}}{{Self-published source|date=May 2015}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Colina|first=Jesús|date=2009-10-23|title=Orthodox-Catholic commission studies primacy of Peter|website=zenit.org|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-27320?l=english|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027020136/http://www.zenit.org/article-27320?|archivedate=2009-10-27|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Collins|first=Paul|title=Stress on papal primacy led to exaggerated clout for a pope among equals|website=natcath.org|location=|publisher=National Catholic Reporter|date=1997-10-24|url=http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/1997d/102497/102497f.htm|accessdate=2009-01-20}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Congar|first=Yves|year=1984|others=Translated by John Bowden|title=Diversity and communion|location=London|publisher=SMC Press|isbn=978-0-33-400311-3|pages=26–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej4tAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22regular+jurisdiction%22}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Conte|first=Ronald L.|date=2006-03-03|title=The limits of the magisterium|website=catholicplanet.com|location=|publisher=|publication-date=|url=http://www.catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184618/http://catholicplanet.com/TSM/limits-magisterium.htm|archivedate=2006-06-15|deadurl=no}}
* {{Source-attribution|{{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Council Of Chalcedon}}|author=Council Of Chalcedon|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 2|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1900|volume=14|chapter=Extracts from the Acts 1|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XIV/The Fourth Ecumenical Council}}}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=D'Agostino|first=Michele G.|year=2008|title=Il primato della sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049-1054): studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano|language=Italian|series=Storia della Chiesa|volume=24|location=Cinisello Balsamo, IT|publisher=San Paolo|isbn=978-8-82-156062-0|page=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Davis|first=Leo D.|year=1990|orig-year=|title=The first seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): their history and theology|series=Theology and life series|volume=21|location=Collegeville, MN|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-81-465616-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMhzlnY0P0QC&pg=PA1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|DH}}|editor1-last=Denzinger|editor1-first=Heinrich|editor2-last=Hünermann|editor2-first=Peter|editor3-last=Fastiggi|editor3-first=Robert L.|editor4-last=Nash|editor4-first=Anne Englund|display-editors=2|year=2012|encyclopedia=Enchiridion symbolorum: a compendium of creeds, definitions and declarations of the Catholic Church|edition=43rd|location=San Francisco|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=0898707463}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Dvornik|first=Francis|year=1966|title=Byzantium and the Roman primacy|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwfZAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Dvornik|first=Francis|year=1979|orig-year=|title=Byzantium and the Roman primacy|others=Translated by Edwin A. Quain|edition=2nd print with corrections|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-82-320701-5|url=}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Eusebius|''Church history''}}|author=Eusebius Pamphili|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 2|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=
|volume=1|chapter=Book V|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume I/Church History of Eusebius/}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Evans|first=Gillian R.|year=1986|title=The thought of Gregory the Great|series=Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought, 4th series|volume=2|edition=Reprint|publication-date=1999|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52-130904-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=276qdQQzzXIC&pg=PA128}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|editor-last=Farmer|editor-first=David H.|year=2004|orig-year=2003|title=Peter (1)|encyclopedia=The Oxford dictionary of saints|edition=5th|location=Oxford [u.a.]|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford paperback reference|isbn=978-0-19-860949-0|pages=|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Farmer+%22is+not+explicitly+affirmed%22&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1}}
* {{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|ARCIC I|1976}}|author=First Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission|year=1977|title=Agreed Statement on Authority in the Church|conference=Authority in the Church I, August 24 – September 2, 1976|location=Venice, IT|publisher=|url=https://iarccum.org/doc/?d=4|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6YnQiNA2W|archivedate=2015-05-25|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|ARCIC I|1981}}|author=First Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission|date=1981-09-03|title=Agreed Statement on Authority in the Church|conference=Authority in the Church II, August 24 – September 2, 1981|location=Windsor, GB|publisher=|url=https://iarccum.org/doc/?d=7|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6YnQb2Xny|archivedate=2015-05-25|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Gregory I|''to Mauricius Augustus''}}|author=Gregory I|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 2|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1895|volume=12|chapter=Register of Epistles/Book VII/Chapter 21|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XII/Gregory the Great|at=Letter 33 (to Mauricius Augustus)}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Gregory I|''to Eulogius''}}|author=Gregory I|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 2|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1895|volume=12|chapter=Register of Epistles/Book V/Chapter 22|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XII/Gregory the Great|at=Letter 43 (to Eulogius)}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Guettee|1866}}|last=Guettée|first=René François Wladimir|year=1866|title=The papacy its historic origin and primitive relations with the Eastern churches|edition=|url=https://archive.org/stream/papacyitshistori00guet#page/175/mode/1up|location=New York|publisher=Minos Publishing|oclc=263029067}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|last=Hardon|first=John A.|author-link=John Hardon|year=2013|title=Primacy|encyclopedia=Catholic dictionary: an abridged and updated edition of Modern Catholic dictionary|location=New York|publisher=Image|isbn=978-0-30-788634-7|pages=400–401|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MsufgDEL1oC&pg=PA400}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|Hilary|''On the Trinity''}}|author=Hilary of Poitiers|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 2|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1898|volume=9|chapter=De Trinitate or On the Trinity/Book VI|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume IX/Title Page/De Trinitate or On the Trinity}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Hourlier|1981}}|last=|first=|author-link=|year=1981|chapter=Anselme de Saint-Remy, ''Histoire de la Dédicace de Saint-Remy''|editor-last=Hourlier|editor-first=Jacques|title=La Champagne bénédictine : contribution à l'Année saint Benoît (480–1980)|language=French, Latin|series=Travaux de l'Academie Nationale de Reims|volume=160|location=Reims|publisher=Academie Nationale de Reims|oclc=11808869}}
* {{cite interview|ref=harv|last=Hovorun|first=Kirill|authorlink1=|interviewer=Taras Antoshevskyy|title=First of all, a balanced position concerning the question about the primacy in the church must be accepted|program=http://risu.org.ua|city=Lviv-Kyiv|date=2010-08-12|publisher=Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Ukrainian Catholic University|publication-place=Lviv, UA|publication-date=2010-08-17|url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/expert_thought/interview/37178/|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820123754/http://www.risu.org.ua/en/index/expert_thought/interview/37178/|archive-date=2010-08-20|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=L'Huillier|first1=Peter|year=1996|title=The church of the ancient councils: the disciplinary work of the first four ecumenical councils|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141007-5|url=}}
* {{cite wikisource|ref={{sfnRef|Ignatius|''Letter to the Smyrnaeans''}}|class=book|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Alexander|editor3-last=Donaldson|editor3-first=James|editor4-last=Coxe|editor4-first=A. Cleveland|display-editors=1|plaintitle=The Ante-Nicene Fathers: the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1885|volume=1|author=Ignatius of Antioch|chapter=Epistle to the Smyrnaeans|wslink=Ante-Nicene Christian Library}}
* {{cite wikisource|ref={{sfnRef|Irenaeus|''Against heresies'' 3.3}}|class=book|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Alexander|editor3-last=Donaldson|editor3-first=James|editor4-last=Coxe|editor4-first=A. Cleveland|display-editors=1|plaintitle=The Ante-Nicene Fathers: the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1885|volume=1|author=Irenaeus|chapter=Against Heresies: Book III/Chapter III.|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/IRENAEUS}}
* {{cite wikisource|class=book|ref={{sfnRef|John Chrysostom|''On the Gospel of John''}}|author=John Chrysostom|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Wace|editor2-first=Henry|plaintitle=A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church|series=Series 1|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1889|volume=14|chapter=On the Gospel of John/Preface|wslink=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume XIV}}
* {{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|Ravenna Document|2007}}|author=Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church|date=2007-10-13|title=Ecclesiological and canonical consequences of the sacramental nature of the church: ecclesial communion, conciliarity and authority|conference=Tenth Plenary Session, October 8–15, 2007|location=Ravenna, IT|publication-place=Vatican City|publisher=|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20071013_documento-ravenna_en.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117103025/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20071013_documento-ravenna_en.html|archivedate=2007-11-17|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite conference|ref={{sfnRef|Crete Draft|2008}}|author=Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church|date=2008-10-03|title=The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium|type=unpublished unofficial draft|conference=September 27 – October 4, 2008|location=Aghios Nikolaos, Crete, Greece}} Leaked in {{cite web|date=2010-01-23|title=The role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium|type=leaked unofficial draft|website=chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it|location=Rome|publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1341814?eng=y|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185512/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1341814?eng=y|archivedate=2010-01-30|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|UUS}}|author=John Paul II|date=1995-05-25|title=Ut unum sint|location=Vatican City|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|url=http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25051995_ut-unum-sint.html|access-date=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Jones|first=Chandler H.|date=2008-11-11|title=Anglican Catholicism and the Papal Primacy|website=philorthodox.blogspot.com|location=|publisher=|url=http://philorthodox.blogspot.com/2008/11/anglican-catholicism-and-papal-primacy_11.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708060626/http://philorthodox.blogspot.com/2008/11/anglican-catholicism-and-papal-primacy_11.html|archivedate=2011-07-08|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref={{sfnRef|Justinian I|Novel 131}}|author=Justinian I|year=2009|orig-year=promulgated 545-03-18|title=Novel 131: concerning ecclesiastical canons and privileges|editor1-last=Blume|editor1-first=Fred H.|editor1-link=Fred H. Blume|editor2-last=Kearley|editor2-first=Timothy|others=Translated by Fred H. Blume|encyclopedia=Annotated Justinian code|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/ajc-edition-2/novels/121-140/novel%20131_replacement.pdf|access-date=2015-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164310/http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/ajc-edition-2/novels/121-140/novel%20131_replacement.pdf|archivedate=2015-05-31|deadurl=no|edition=electronic version of 2nd|location=Laramie, WY|publisher=University of Wyoming College of Law|publication-date=2009|oclc=189852432}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|year=2010|orig-year=|last=Kelly|first=John N. D.|author-link=John Norman Davidson Kelly|title=Gregory I, St|editor-last=Walsh|editor-first=Michael J.|encyclopedia=The Oxford dictionary of popes|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [u.a.]|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford paperback reference|isbn=978-0-19-929581-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Knox|first=Ellis L.|year=1999|title=The papacy|website=the-orb.net|location=|publisher=Online Resource Book for Medieval Studies|oclc=35987956|url=http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/papacy.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030918013403/http://the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/papacy.html|archivedate=2003-09-18|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lançon|first=Bertrand|others=Translated by Antonia Nevill|year=2000|title=Rome in late antiquity: everyday life and urban change, AD 312-609|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-41-592975-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaTzyXVX-NgC&pg=PA27}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Larchet|first=Jean-Claude|year=2006|chapter=The question of the Roman primacy in the thought of Saint Maximus the Confessor|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mxbj99yRaQC&pg=PA188|others=Translated by Brian Farrell|editor-last=Kasper|editor-first=Walter|title=The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue: academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|url=|accessdate=22 December 2011|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-80-914334-4|quote=The question of the primacy of the Roman pope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their union.}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Larson|first=James|year=2003|title=Vatican I and the papal primacy|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4748|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526001111/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4748|archivedate=2015-05-26|deadurl=no}} Reprint of {{cite journal|last=|first=|date=June 2003|title=An exposition of Vatican I's teaching on papal primacy in its ''Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ (Pastor Aeternus)''|journal=Homiletic & pastoral review|issn=0018-4268|volume=|issue=|location=San Francisco, CA|publisher=Ignatius Press|pages=50–55}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lossky|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lossky|year=1976|orig-year=1957|title=The mystical theology of the Eastern Church|edition=reprint|others=Translated by members of the Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-91-383631-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqvWwPSCSwC&pg=PA176}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Mansi|''Concilium Remense''}}|chapter=Concilium Remense|year=1902|orig-year=1774|editor-last=Mansi|editor-first=Giovanni D.|editor-link=Giovanni Domenico Mansi|title=Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio|language=Latin|volume=19|edition=facsimile|location=Paris|publisher=H. Welter|oclc=682472075|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51603x}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|editor-last1=Matt|editor-first1=Michael J.|date=2011-03-21|title=A statement of reservations concerning the impending beatification of Pope John Paul II|type=Petition|website=remnantnewspaper.com|location=Forest Lake, MN|publisher=The Remnant Newspaper|url=http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325121738/http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm|archivedate=2011-03-25|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=McBrien|first=Richard P.|year=2008|title=The church: the evolution of Catholicism|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-124521-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-CIbADzAQsC&pg=PA99}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=McCarthy|first=James G.|year=1995|title=The Gospel according to Rome: comparing Catholic Tradition and the Word of God|location=Eugene, OR|publisher=Harvest House|isbn=978-1-56-507107-0|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Merle d'Aubigné|first=Jean Henri|author-link=Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné|year=1846|orig-year=|title=History of the Reformation in the sixteenth century|volume=1|others=Translated by David D. Scott|edition=|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Blackie and Son|oclc=|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afgpAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA27|accessdate=2011-11-01}} This work is found in numerous revisions.
* {{cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Meyendorff|editor-first=John|year=1995|orig-year=1963|title=The primacy of Peter: essays in ecclesiology and the early church|edition=reprinted and rev.|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141125-6|url=}}
** {{harvc|last=Afanassieff|first=Nicholas|chapter=The church which presides in love|pp=|url=|in=Meyendorff|year=1995}}
** {{harvc|last=Kesich|first=Veselin|chapter=Peter's primacy in the New Testament and the early tradition|pp=|url=|in=Meyendorff|year=1995}}
** {{harvc|last=Schmemann|first=Alexander|chapter=The idea of primacy in Orthodox ecclesiology|pp=|url=|in=Meyendorff|year=1995}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Miller|first1=J. Michael|year=1980|title=The divine right of the papacy in recent ecumenical theology|series=Analecta Gregoriana|volume=218|issn=0066-1376|location=Rome|publisher=Gregorian University Press|oclc=7634405|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njXIJaDZhV4C&pg=PA203}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Misner|first=Paul|year=1976|title=Papacy and development: Newman and the primacy of the Pope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9g3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA72|series=Studies in the history of Christian thought|volume=15|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00-404466-1}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Newman|first=John Henry|year=1888|orig-year=1845|title=An essay on the development of Christian doctrine|edition=6th|location=London; New York|publisher=Longmans, Green|oclc=676797352|pages=148–166|url=https://archive.org/details/a676975100newmuoft}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|NAOCTC|2009}}|author=North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation|authorlink=North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation|date=2009-10-24|title=A common response to the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue Between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church regarding the Ravenna Document ' ''Ecclesiological and Canonical Consequences of the Sacramental Nature of the Church: Ecclesial Communion, Conciliarity and Authority'' '|website=scoba.us|location=Washington, DC|publication-place=New York|publisher=[[Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas]]|url=http://www.scoba.us/resources/orthodox-catholic/response-ravenna.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612044157/http://www.scoba.us/resources/orthodox-catholic/response-ravenna.html|archivedate=2010-06-12|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Nichols|first=Aidan|year=2010|title=Rome and the Eastern Churches: a study in schism|edition=2nd|location=San Francisco|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=978-1-58-617282-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hje62q52XNsC&pg=PA202}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Nichols|first=Terence L.|year=1997|title=That all may be one: hierarchy and participation in the Church|location=Collegeville, MN|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-81-465857-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRG3L0eCh7AC&pg=PA113}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=O'Malley|first=John W.|year=2010|orig-year=2009|title=A history of the popes: from Peter to the present|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Rowland & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-58-051227-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWHwrmZowu8C&pg=PA11}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ott|first=Ludwig|year=1960|orig-year=|editor-last=Bastible|editor-first=James|title=Fundamentals of Catholic dogma|others=Translated by Patrick Lynch|edition=4th|location=St. Louis, MO|publisher=B. Herder|oclc=1265696|url=}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|P (pseud.)|1995}}|author=P (pseud. of unknown)|date=July 1995|title=Pope Gregory the Great and the 'Universal Bishop' controversy|website=biblicalcatholic.com|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.biblicalcatholic.com/apologetics/num7.htm|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811185930/http://www.biblicalcatholic.com/apologetics/num7.htm|archivedate=2014-08-11|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Phan|first=Peter C.|chapter=A North American ecclesiology: the achievement of Patrick Granfield|year=2000|editor-last=Phan|editor-first=Peter C.|title=The gift of the church: a textbook on ecclesiology in honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B.|location=Collegeville, MN|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-81-465931-1|pages=|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=2knW3bIxIYgC&pg=PA486}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|last=Schilling|first=Johannes|year=2005|title=Pope, Papacy|editor1-last=Fahlbusch|editor1-first=Erwin|editor2-last=Bromiley|editor2-first=Geoffrey W.|others=Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley|encyclopedia=The encyclopedia of Christianity|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Eerdmans|volume=4|isbn=978-0-80-282416-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA272}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Shaw|first=Russell|date=2000|title=The battle over primacy|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3218|access-date=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=no}} Reprint of {{cite journal|last1=|first1=|author-link1=|date=January 2000|title=The battle over primacy|journal=Crisis|volume=|issue=|location=Notre Dame, IN|publisher=Morley Publishing Group|pages=25–27|issn=1535-332X}}
* {{cite book|last1=Shotwell|first1=James T.|last2=Loomis|first2=Louise Ropes|year=1927|title=The See of Peter|series=Records of civilization, sources and studies|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|oclc=614952967|url=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Speciale|first=Alessandro|date=2011-09-25|title=Ratzinger's Ecumenism between light and shadows|website=vaticaninsider.lastampa.it|location=Turin, IT|publisher=La Stampa|publication-date=|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/homepage/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731130439/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/germania-germany-alemania-8380/|archivedate=2013-07-31|deadurl=no}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ray|first=Stephen K.|year=1999|title=Upon this rock: St. Peter and the primacy of Rome in scripture and the early church|series=Modern apologetics library|edition=|location=San Francisco|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=978-0-89-870723-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnQiVgUn728C&pg=PA11}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Reilly|first=Patrick J.|website=catholicculture.org|location=Manassas, VA|publisher=Trinity Communications|year=2005|title=Teaching euthanasia|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6635|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920120312/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=6635|archivedate=2014-09-20|deadurl=no}} Reprint of {{cite journal|last=Reilly|first=Patrick J.|date=June 2005|title=Teaching euthanasia|journal=Crisis|volume=|issue=|location=Notre Dame, IN|publisher=Morley Publishing Group|pages=28–35|issn=1535-332X}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|Sanchez|1968}}|last=Sánchez|first=Jesús Hortal|year=1968|orig-year=|title=De Initio potestatis primatialis romani pontificis: investigatio historico-juridica a tempore Sancti Gregorii Magni usque ad tempus Clementis V|language=Latin|series=Analecta Gregoriana|volume=167|location=Rome|publisher=Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana|oclc=864705|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schatz|first=Klaus|year=1996|chapter=The development of the primacy in the first five centuries|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeH4OKYflbkC&pg=PA1|title=Papal primacy: from its origins to the present|others=Translated by John A. Otto and Linda M. Maloney|location=Collegeville, MN|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-81-465522-1}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schimmelpfennig|first=Bernhard|year=1992|title=The papacy|others=Translated by James Sievert|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-23-107515-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05HtCjTpAFsC&pg=PA27}}
* {{Catholic|prescript=|last=Shahan|first=Thomas|title=First Council of Constantinople|volume=4|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04308a.htm}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sherrard|first=Philip|year=1978|title=Church, papacy, and schism: a theological enquiry|location=London|publisher=S.P.C.K.|isbn=978-0-28-103620-2|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Tajra|first=Harry W.|year=1994|title=The martyrdom of St. Paul: historical and judicial context, traditions, and legends|series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2|volume=67|location=Tübingen|publisher=Mohr|issn=0340-9570|isbn=978-3-16-146239-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d--2wss0t1cC&pg=PA180}}
* {{cite wikisource|ref={{sfnRef|Tertullian|''On modesty'', 21}}|class=book|editor1-last=Schaff|editor1-first=Philip|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Alexander|editor3-last=Donaldson|editor3-first=James|editor4-last=Coxe|editor4-first=A. Cleveland|display-editors=1|plaintitle=The Ante-Nicene Fathers: the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325|location=Buffalo|publisher=Christian Literature|edition=American|year=1885|volume=4|author=Tertullian|chapter=On Modesty/Chapter 21|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Tertullian: Part Fourth}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Thompson|first=Ernest T.|year=1965|title=Through the ages: a history of the Christian church|series=Covenant life curriculum|location=Richmond, VA|publisher=CLC Press|isbn=|oclc=|url=|page=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ware|first=Timothy|author-link=|year=1993|title=The Orthodox Church|series=Penguin religion and mythology|edition=New|location=London [u.a.]|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-014656-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7D-5Q-Q19MC&pg=PA28}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|Webster}}|last=Webster|first=William A.|date=|title=The Church Fathers' interpretation of the Rock of Matthew 16:18 : an historical refutation of the claims of Roman Catholicism|website=the-highway.com|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.the-highway.com/Matt16.18_Webster.html|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020625185244/http://the-highway.com/Matt16.18_Webster.html|archivedate=2002-06-25|deadurl=no}} Possibly based on {{cite book|last=Webster|first=William A.|year=1995|title=The Church of Rome at the bar of history|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Banner of Truth Trust|isbn=978-0-85-151673-8|pages=43–ff|url=}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv|last=Wetterau|first=Bruce|year=1994|title=|encyclopedia=World history: a dictionary of important people, places, and events from ancient times to the present|location=New York|publisher=H. Holt|isbn=978-0-80-502350-3|url=}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Wijngaards|first=John|date=2012-10-11|title=Jubilee declaration on authority in the Catholic Church<!--the name has changed overtime -->|type=petition|website=churchauthority.org|location=|publisher=Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research|url=http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015022156/http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp|archivedate=2012-10-15|deadurl=no}}
* {{Citation-attribution|{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Woywod|first=Stanislaus|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Callistus|year=1948|origyear=©1943|title=A practical commentary on the Code of canon law|location=New York|publisher=J. F. Wagner|volume=1|edition=Rev. and enl.|oclc=746242376|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.35112104152493?urlappend=%3Bseq=118}}}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Whelton|first=Michael|year=1998|title=Two paths: papal monarchy, collegial tradition|location=Salisbury, MA|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-96-491415-5|url=}}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|''02varvara.wordpress.com''}}|date=2010-09-24|title=Catholics and Orthodox discuss the role of the Pope of Rome in Vienna meeting|website=02varvara.wordpress.com|location=|publisher=|publication-date=|url=https://02varvara.wordpress.com/2010/09/24/catholics-and-orthodox-discuss-the-role-of-the-pope-of-rome-in-vienna-meeting/|access-date=2015-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084916/http://02varvara.wordpress.com/2010/09/24/catholics-and-orthodox-discuss-the-role-of-the-pope-of-rome-in-vienna-meeting/|archivedate=2011-07-18|deadurl=no}}{{Self-published source|date=May 2015}}{{tertiary|biblio=yes|date=May 2015}} Translated from {{cite web|date=2010-09-21|language=Russian|script-title=Католики и православные пытаются преодолеть главную причину 1000-летнего раскола в Церкви|trans-title=Catholics and Orthodox trying to overcome main reason for 1000 year schism in the Church|website=interfax-religion.ru|location=Moscow|publisher=|url=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=37468|access-date=2015-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018002418/http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=37468|archivedate=2010-10-18|deadurl=no}}
{{refend}}
 
== Sumber ==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.|author-link=|year=2001|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor1-last=Vryonis|editor1-first=Speros|editor2-last=Goodhue|editor2-first=Nicholas|title=Aspects of the mind of Byzantium: political theory, theology, and ecclesiastical relations with the See of Rome|series=Variorum collected studies|volume=717|others=|location=Burlington, VT|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-86-078840-9|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|year=2005|chapter=Annales Romani ''Description of the Synod of Sutri ca. 1046'' and Bonizo of Sutri ''Description of the Synod of Sutri ca. 1085''|chapterurl=|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Maureen C.|editor-link=|title=Power and the holy in the age of the investiture conflict: a brief history with documents|location=New York|publisher=St. Martins Press|isbn=978-0-31-240468-0|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Benson|first=Edward White|author-link=Edward Benson (bishop)|year=1897|orig-year=|title=Cyprian: his life, his times, his work|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|oclc=697711774|url=https://archive.org/details/cyprianhislifehi00bensuoft}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=|first=|author-link=|year=2001|orig-year=|editor1-last=Braaten|editor1-first=Carl E.|editor2-last=Jenson|editor2-first=Robert W.|title=Church unity and the papal office: an ecumenical dialogue on John Paul II's encyclical Ut unum sint|series=|volume=|others=|edition=|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=W. B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-80-284802-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6CeBGMSBn8C}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carlton|first=Clark|author-link=|year=1997|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=The faith: understanding Orthodox Christianity: an Orthodox catechism|series=Faith series|location=Salisbury, MA|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-96-491411-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WakqAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Chrestou|first=Panagiotes K.|author-link=|year=2005|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor-last=Dragas|editor-first=George D.|title=Greek Orthodox patrology: an introduction to the study of the church fathers|series=Orthodox theological library|volume=2|others=Translated by George D. Dragas|location=Rollinsford, NH|publisher=Orthodox Research Institute|isbn=978-1-93-327504-8|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Congar|first=Yves|year=1959|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=After nine hundred years: the background of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches|series=|volume=|others=|edition=|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-58-523800-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBzZAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Denny|first=Edward|author-link=|year=1912|title=Papalism A treatise on the claims of the papacy as set forth in the encyclical ''Satis Cognitum''|location=London|publisher=Rivingtons|oclc=693306249|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b776343}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=DeVille|first=Adam A. J.|year=2011|title=Orthodoxy and the Roman papacy: ''Ut Unum Sint'' and the prospects of East-West unity|series=|volume=|others=|edition=|location=Notre Dame, IN|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|isbn=978-0-26-802607-3|url=}}
* {{cite book|last=Chapman|first=John|year=1928|title=Studies on the early Papacy|location=London|publisher=Sheed & Ward|oclc=422117622|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=|first=|author-link=|year=1974|orig-year=|chapter=|chapterurl=|chapter-format=|editor1-last=Empie|editor1-first=Paul C.|editor2-last=Murphy|editor2-first=T. Austin|title=Papal primacy and the universal church|series=Lutherans and Catholics in dialogue|volume=5|others=|edition=|location=Minneapolis, MN|publisher=Augsburg Publishing House|isbn=978-0-80-661450-2|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=FitzGerald|first=Kyriaki Karidoyanes|year=2006|title=Persons in communion: a theology of authentic relationships|series=Distinguished lecture series|volume=|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=InterOrthodox Press|isbn=978-1-93-240108-0|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hasler|first=August B.|author-link=|year=1981|title=How the Pope became infallible: Pius IX and the politics of persuasion|series=|volume=|others=Translated by Peter Heinegg|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-38-515851-0|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herrin|first=Judith|author-link=|year=2007|title=Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-69-113151-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rktoAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hinson|first=E. Glenn|author-link=|year=1995|title=The church triumphant: a history of Christianity up to 1300|location=Macon, GA|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86-554436-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1SymrAGeEC}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Kelly|first=John N. D.|author-link=|year=1995|title=Golden mouth: the story of John Chrysostom, ascetic, preacher, bishop|location=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-80-143189-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2TNPY3qjlIC}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=|year=1989|orig-year=|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: the Church, 450-680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Morrison|first=John H.|year=1884|orig-year=|title=Disquisitions and notes on the Gospels: Matthew|edition=4th|location=Boston|publisher=American Unitarian Association|oclc=866896706|url=https://archive.org/stream/disquisitionsnot00moriuoft}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=|year=1990|orig-year=|editor-last=Chadwick|editor-first=Owen|editor-link=|title=A history of Christian mission|series=The Penguin history of the Church|volume=6|edition=2nd|location=London [u.a]|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-013763-7|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Palladius Helenopolitanus|author-link=Palladius of Galatia|year=1985|editor-last=Meyer|editor-first=Robert T.|editor-link=|title=Dialogue on the life of St. John Chrysostom|series=Ancient Christian writers: the works of the Fathers in translation|volume=45|others=Translated by Robert T. Meyer|edition=|location=Mahwah, NJ|publisher=Newman Press|isbn=978-0-80-910358-4|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Papadakis|first=Aristeides|author-link=|year=1983|orig-year=|title=Crisis in Byzantium: the Filioque controversy in the patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (1283-1289)|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-82-321088-6|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Papadakis|first1=Aristeides|author-link=|last2=Meyendorff|first2=John|year=1994|title=The Christian East and the rise of the papacy: the church 1071-1453 A.D|series=The church in history|volume=4|others=|edition=|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141058-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHvYAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Patsavos|first=Lewis J.|year=2003|title=Spiritual dimensions of the holy canons|location=Brookline, MA|publisher=Holy Cross Orthodox Press|isbn=978-1-88-565268-3|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pennington|first=Arthur R.|author-link=|year=1883|title=Epochs of the papacy: from its rise to the death of Pope Pius IX in 1878|location=New York|publisher=E. P. Dutton|oclc=844615469|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t044AQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Puller|first=Frederick W.|author-link=|year=1900|orig-year=|title=The primitive saints and the see of Rome|edition=3rd, rev. and enl.|location=London [u.a.]|publisher=Longmans, Green|oclc=679956657|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmhBAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Romanides|first=John|author-link=|year=2004|editor-last=Dragas|editor-first=George D.|editor-link=|title=An outline of Orthodox patristic dogmatics|series=Orthodox theological library|volume=1|others=Translated by George D. Dragas|edition=|location=Rollinsford, NH|publisher=Orthodox Research Institute|isbn=978-0-97-456184-4|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=|year=1977|title=The Byzantine theocracy|series=Weil lectures, 1973|location=Cambridge; New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52-121401-8|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schaeffer|first=Frank|author-link=|year=1994|title=Dancing alone: the quest for Orthodox faith in the age of false religion|location=Brookline, MA|publisher=Holy Cross Orthodox Press|isbn=978-0-91-765136-6|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Ignatius of Antioch|year=1919|orig-year=1900|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=The epistles of St. Ignatius: bishop of Antioch|series=Translations of Christian literature, Series I, Greek texts|volume=|others=Translated by James H. Srawley|edition=3rd|location=London|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|oclc=608472045|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WMMAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Stephens|first=William R. W.|author-link=|year=1883|title=Saint John Chrysostom, his life and times: a sketch of the church and the empire in the fourth century|edition=3rd|location=London|publisher=J. Murray|oclc=499596765|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924079612101}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Vasileios of Stavronikita|author-link=|year=1984|orig-year=|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|title=Hymn of entry: liturgy and life in the Orthodox church|series=Contemporary Greek theologians|volume=1|others=Translated by Elizabeth Briere|edition=|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141026-6|pages=52–53|url=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Whelton|first=Michael|year=2006|title=Popes and patriarchs: an Orthodox perspective on Roman Catholic claims|location=Ben Lomond, CA|publisher=Conciliar Press|isbn=978-1-88-821278-5|url=}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Keutamaan_Uskup_Roma"