Beitin: Perbedaan antara revisi

Pemukiman manusia di lokasi Beitin bertarikh sedini periode [[Zaman tembaga|Chalcolithic]]. Penggalian arkeologi pada tahun 1950 menemukan alat-alat batu, tembikar, dan tulang hewan dari waktu itu. Pada [[Zaman Perunggu|Awal Zaman Perunggu]] (sekitar 3200 SM) biasanya populasi nomaden menetap di daerah tersebut. Pemakaman [[Kanaan]], rumah-rumah dan pemerasan minyak zaitun ditemukan di sebelah utara dan tenggara dari desa itu. Sisa-sisa kuil Kanaan juga ditemukan oleh para arkeolog.<ref name="TWP">{{Cite journal|date=2007-07-09|title=Site of the Week: Beitin|url=http://thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=762&ed=68&edid=68|access-date=2011-12-19|journal=|archive-date=2012-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002133/http://thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=762&ed=68&edid=68|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada Zaman Perunggu Tengah (sekitar tahun 1750 SM) statusnya diangkat dari desa menjadi kota benteng Kanaan yang diyakini bernama Luz.<ref name="STFJ">[http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/048discuss.html Luza, also Bethel - (Beitin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003050538/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/048discuss.html |date=2013-10-03 }} Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem. 2000-12-19.</ref> Dua gerbang kota bertarikh periode ini telah digali, satu di timur dan yang lain di sebelah barat laut pada tembok kota. Bait suci kedua dibangun di Luz selama periode ini, tetapi hancur akibat gempa bumi.

=== Zaman Utsmaniyah ===

<!--The region had been part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] since 1517 and after Beitin was reestablished, the town came under the administration of the ''[[Mutasarrif]]'' ("Governorate") of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmcc.org/localiteis.aspx?idd=819&type=locality|title=Palestinian Places: Beitin|publisher=Jerusalem Media and Communications Center (JMCC)|accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref> -->Pada awal abad ke-19, orang-orang dari [[:en:Transjordan (region)|Trans-Yordan]] dan tempat-tempat lain pindah ke Beitin<ref name="STFJ"/><ref>Lutfiyya, 1966, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EK2V2pPs_T4C&pg=PA36 36]</ref> dan membangun sebuah [[masjid]] dekat situs gereja sebelumnya.<ref name="VP">[http://www.visitpalestine.ps/index.php?lang=en&page=sites.what_to_see.ramallah.bittin Visit Palestine: Bittin] Visit Palestine.</ref>

In 1863 [[Victor Guérin]] found the village to have 400 inhabitants,<ref name=Guerin>Guérin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n27/mode/1up 14]-26</ref> while an Ottoman village list from around 1870 showed that Beitin had an adult male population of 140, in a total of 55 houses (thus excluding women and children).<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/148/mode/1up 148]. It was noted in the Bire District</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n935/mode/1up 127] also noted 55 houses</ref>

In 1882 the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described Beitin as a village "built on the side of a flat spur which rises slightly on the north. On the south-east is a flat dell, with good fig and [[pomegranate]] gardens, and there are other fig-trees round the village and among the houses. The cottages have a ruinous appearance, with rough stone walls. There is one square white house in two stories, which is visible from a great distance. The ground is very open, and the slopes gentle; the village slopes down gradually south-east. The surrounding ground is quite bare of trees, of white [[chalk]], very barren and stony on the south; of hard [[limestone]] cropping up on the north; the fields divided off by low drystone walls. The contrast of the grey rocks, the red ploughland and the dark green figs is very striking. The remains of a good-sized tower exist towards the north, and on the south the walls of a church of [[Crusading]] date, once dedicated to [[St. Joseph]]. The population is stated at 400. The place is supplied from a fine spring on the south, which wells up in a circular basin. The spring is double, and was surrounded with a large reservoir, 314 feet long north-west and south-east, by 217 feet; of massive stones. The eastern and southern walls are standing about 10 feet high. The spring is [[perennial]]..." <ref name=SWP295>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/295/mode/1up 295]-296</ref>

=== Zaman Mandat Britania ===

Dalam [[:en:Village Statistics, 1945|statistika tahun 1945]] populasi berjumlah 690 Muslim,<ref name=1945p26>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg 26]</ref> sedangkan luas tanah seluruhnya 4.764 [[dunam]], menurut survey tanah dan penduduk resmi.<ref name=Hadawi64>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-064.jpg 64]</ref><!-- Of this, 1,348 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 1,853 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-111.jpg 111]</ref> while 38 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-161.jpg 161]</ref>

=== Pasca 1967 ===

Setelah [[Perang Enam Hari]] pada tahun 1967, Beitin, sebagaimana wilayah Tepi Barat lain, [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|diduduki oleh Israel]]. Populasi menurut sensus tahun 1967 yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Israel berjumlah 958, di mana 134 berasal dari teritori Israel.<ref name=67census>{{cite web |url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |title=The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |author=Perlmann, Joel |date=November 2011 – February 2012 |website=[[Levy Economics Institute]] |publisher= |access-date=23 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref>

Akibat [[:En:Oslo II Accord|perjanjian 1995 accords]], 19,1% tanah desa digolongkan sebagai [[:en:Area B|Area B]], sementara 80.9% sisanya digolongkan tanah [[:En:Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] (dalam kontrol Israel penuh). Tanah desa Beitin juga diambilalih untuk membangun post luar Israel, [[:en:Givat Asaf|Givat Asaf]].<ref>[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Beitin_vp_en.pdf Beitin (village profile)], ARIJ, pp. 17-19</ref><ref>Nahum Barnea, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4780153,00.html 'Beitunian nights: The IDF in the West Bank'], [[Ynet]] 18 March 2016.</ref>

Pada tanggal 19 Desember 2011, [[:en:Israeli settler|para pemukim Israel]] dituduh menjalankan [[:en:price tag policy|serangan tag harga]] kedua dalam hanya empat hari, di mana lima mobil milik orang Palestina dibakar dan tembok-tembok beberapa rumah disemprot dengan coret-coretan.<ref name=Maan446133>{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=446133|title=Settlers burn 5 cars in Ramallah village|work=[[Ma'an News Agency]]|date=2011-12-19|accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref> Dalam insiden pertama (15 Desember 2011), para penyerang tidak hanya memvandalisasi sebuah masjid, tetapi juga menyerang sebuah basis militer [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel|Pasukan Pertahanan Israel (''IDF'')]] di Tepi Barat, melukai seorang komandan Israel.<ref name=NewsOK.com>{{cite news | last =Teibel | first =Amy | coauthors = | title = Jewish radicals get off hook in Israel| work = | pages = | language = English|publisher =NewsOK.com | date =15 December 2011 | url =http://newsok.com/article/feed/327312 | accessdate =17 February 2017 }}</ref> Menurut para saksi insiden kedua, tentara Israel membubarkan para pemukim tanpa menahan mereka,<ref name=Maan446133/> termasuk yang diduga menyerang komandan Israel, meskipun insiden empat hari sebelumnya membuat Perdana Menteri Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, berkata: "Kami tidak akan membiarkan mereka menyerang tentara kami. Kami tidak akan membiarkan mereka menyulut perang agama dengan para tetangga kami. Kami tidak akan membiarkan mereka menajiskan masjid-masjid. Kami tidak akan membiarkan mereka melukai orang Yahudi maupun orang Arab."<ref name=NewsOK.com/>

Reruntuhan lain yang disebut "al-Burj Beitin" ("menara Beitin"; "''the Tower of Beitin''") atau hanya ''al-Burj'' terletak di bagian barat kota.<ref name="STFJ"/> Juga digambar dalam tahun 1880-an.<ref>Wilson, c1881, vol 1, p. [https://archive.org/stream/picturesquepales01wilsuoft#page/217/mode/1up 217] (ill.)</ref> Reruntuhan Burj sekitar 1 meter tingginya, dan nampaknyatampaknya dibangun di atas reruntuhan yaitu biara [[Bizantin]] yang ada sebelumnya.<ref>Finkelstein and Lederman, 1997, p. 522</ref> Ada yang percaya bahwa bangunan itu didirikan di atas situs di mana [[Abraham]] mendirikan mezbah.<ref name="VP"/><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/307/mode/1up 307]</ref> Menurut sarjana Alkitab [[:En:Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] yang mengunjungi [[Palestina]] pada abad ke-19, al-Burj Beitin terbuat dari batu-batu ''dilapidated'' yang digunakan untuk membentuk sebagian benteng dan gereja Yunani.<ref name="Robinson">Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n147/mode/1up/search/Beitin 125]-130.</ref> Al-Burj was used as a watch tower by the Crusaders.<ref name="STFJ"/>

== Demografi ==

[[FileBerkas:Bitin147.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|Pemandangan Beitin dari tepi jalan, 2011]]

Pada tahun 1997, [[:en:Palestinian refugee|para pengungsi Palestina]] berjumlah tepat 30% populasi, yang berjumlah 1.510 saat itu.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/ram_t6.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119061257/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/ram_t6.aspx |date=2008-11-19 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]].</ref>

Menurut [[:en:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS), Beitin mempunyai populasi lebih dari 3.050 penduduk pada tahun 2006.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006] [[:en:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS)</ref> Pada tahun 2007, suatu sensus PCBS mencatat populasi 2.143 orang (1.128 pria dan 1.015 wanita). Ada 717 rumah di desa itu dan rata-rata setiap rumah tangga terdiri dari 4,9 anggota keluarga.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 PCBS Census]. [[:en:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. p.114.</ref>