Robert McNamara: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k bot Menambah: az:Robert Maknamara, lb:Robert McNamara |
Ukriana bro (bicara | kontrib) Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
||
| (32 revisi perantara oleh 25 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Robert S. McNamara
| image = Robert McNamara official portrait.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| order = [[Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Menteri Pertahanan A.S.]] ke-8
| term_start = 21 Januari 1961
| term_end = 29 Februari 1968
| president = [[John F. Kennedy]]<br />[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| deputy = [[Roswell Gilpatric]]<br />[[Cyrus Vance]]<br />[[Paul Nitze]]
| predecessor = [[Thomas S. Gates, Jr.]]
| successor = [[Clark Clifford]]
| order2 = [[Bank Dunia#Daftar Presiden Bank Dunia|Presiden Bank Dunia]] ke-5
| term_start2 = April 1968
| term_end2 = Juni 1981
| deputy2 =
| president2 =
| predecessor2 = [[George David Woods]]
| successor2 = [[Alden W. Clausen]]
| birth_date = 9 Juni 1916
| birth_place = [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[California]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|7|6|1916|6|9}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| party = [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Republik]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895133-1,00.html|title=National Affairs: Six for the Kennedy Cabinet|magazine=[[Time]]|date=26-12-1960|accessdate=21-01-2016|language=bahasa Inggris|journal=|archive-date=2013-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521171135/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895133-1,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://100days.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/missile-gaps-and-other-broken-promises/|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=Missile Gaps and Other Broken Promises|date=10-02-2009|accessdate=22-05-2010|language=bahasa Inggris|last=Reeves|first=Richard}}</ref>
| spouse = Margaret Craig McNamara (1940-1981)<br />Diana Masieri Byfield<br />(2004-2009)
| alma_mater = [[Universitas California, Berkeley]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])</small> <br /> [[Universitas Harvard]] <small>([[MBA]])</small>
| religion = [[Gereja Presbiterian (AS)|Presbiterian]]
| signature = Robert S McNamara Signature.svg
| branch = [[Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat|Angkatan Udara A.S.]]
| serviceyears = 1943-1946
| rank = [[Letnan Kolonel]]
| awards = {{plainlist|style = white-space: nowrap;|
* [[Legion of Merit]]
*[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1968)}}
| footnotes = <ref name=NYTobit>
{{cite news
|title=Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93 - Obituary
|first=Tim|last=Weiner|authorlink=Tim Weiner|date=06-07-2009|accessdate=06-07-2009
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/us/07mcnamara.html?pagewanted=5&_r=1&hp|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|curly=|author=|author2=|author3=|author4=|author5=|author6=|author7=
|format=|agency=
|publisher=|location=|isbn=|issn=|oclc=|pmid=|pmd=|bibcode=|doi=|id=
|page=|pages=|language =|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=}}
</ref>
| caption = Robert McNamara Tahun 1961
}}
[[Berkas:RobertMcNamara55.jpg|jmpl|Robert McNamara Tahun 1964]]
'''Robert Strange McNamara''' ({{lahirmati|[[San Francisco, California]]|9|6|1916|[[Washington, D.C.]]|6|7|2009}}) adalah seorang eksekutif bisnis dan [[Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat]] yang kedelapan. Ia menjadi Menteri Pertahanan A.S. di bawah pemerintahan Presiden [[John F. Kennedy]] dan [[Lyndon Johnson]] dari tahun [[1961]] sampai tahun [[1968]] selama [[Perang Vietnam]]. Ia mundur dari posisi itu dan menjadi Presiden [[Bank Dunia]] ([[1968]]-[[1981]]).<ref>Radin, Beryl (2000), Beyond Machiavelli: Policy Analysis Comes of Age. Georgetown University Press.</ref> Mcnamara mengonsolidasikan fungsi intelijen dan logistik [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Pentagon]] pada dua badan terpusat, yaitu ''[[DIA|Defense Intelligence Agency]]'' dan ''[[DLA|Defense Supply Agency]]''.
Robert McNamara lahir di [[San Francisco, California]], tempat ayahnya bekerja sebagai ''sales manager'' untuk perusahaan sepatu.
McNamara merupakan lulusan [[Universitas Harvard]] dengan nilai kelulusan Phi Beta Kappa. Hanya 3 orang yang lulus dengan nilai tersebut dan salah satunya adalah McNamara. Dalam film dokumenter ''[[The Fog of War]]'' McNamara menjelaskan dan mengeluarkan 11 aturan atau lebih dikenal sebagai ''McNamara 11 Way''. Film tersebut merupakan suatu penggambaran perjalanan dirinya dari seorang perwira perang, direktur di perusahaan [[Ford]], sampai ia diminta oleh Presiden Kennedy untuk menjadi menteri pertahanan.
Pada akhir kariernya di Pentagon, ia dianugerahi Bintang Kemerdekaan oleh Presiden Lyndon Johnson.
== Hasil karya ==
* (1968) ''The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office.'' New York, [[Harper & Row]], 1968; London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1968. ISBN 0-340-10950-5.
* (1973) ''One hundred countries, two billion people: the dimensions of development.'' New York, Praeger Publishers, 1973. ASIN B001P51NUA<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lY4rAAAAMAAJ Google Books]</ref>
* (1981) ''The McNamara years at the World Bank: major policy addresses of Robert S. McNamara, 1968-1981''; dengan kata pengantar oleh Helmut Schmidt and Léopold Senghor. Baltimore: Diterbitkan untuk Bank Dunia oleh [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1981. ISBN 0-8018-2685-3.
* (1985) ''The challenges for sub-Saharan Africa.'' Washington, DC: 1985.
* (1986) ''Blundering into disaster: surviving the first century of the nuclear age.'' New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. ISBN 0-394-55850-2 (hardcover); ISBN 0-394-74987-1 (pbk.).
* (1989) ''Out of the cold: new thinking for American foreign and defense policy in the 21st century.'' New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. ISBN 0-671-68983-5.
* (1992) ''The changing nature of global security and its impact on South Asia.'' Washington, DC: Washington Council on Non-Proliferation, 1992.
* (1995) ''[[In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam]].'' (with Brian VanDeMark.) New York: Times Books, 1995. ISBN 0-8129-2523-8; New York: Vintage Books, 1996. ISBN 0-679-76749-5.
* (1999) ''Argument without end: in search of answers to the Vietnam tragedy.'' (Robert S. McNamara, James G. Blight, and Robert K. Brigham.) New York: Public Affairs, 1999. ISBN 1-891620-22-3 (hc).
* (2001) ''Wilson’s ghost: reducing the risk of conflict, killing, and catastrophe in the 21st century.'' (Robert S. McNamara and James G. Blight.) New York: Public Affairs, 2001. ISBN 1-891620-89-4.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commonscat|Robert McNamara}}
* [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13983224&fsrc=nwl Berita kematian ''The Economist'']
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/5760914/Robert-McNamara.html Robert McNamara] - berita kematian ''Daily Telegraph''
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Menteri Pertahanan A.S.]]
|before= [[Thomas S. Gates Jr.]]
|after= [[Clark Clifford]]
|years= 1961–1968}}
{{s-npo}}
{{succession box
|before=[[George David Woods]]
|title=[[Bank Dunia#Daftar Presiden Bank Dunia|Presiden Bank Dunia]]
|after=[[Alden W. Clausen]]
|years=1968–1981
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Bank Dunia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{lifetime|1916|2009|McNamara, Robert}}
[[Kategori:Politikus Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Politikus Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)]]
{{Amerika-Serikat-bio-stub}}
| |||