Deepwater Horizon: Perbedaan antara revisi

|Ship image = [[FileBerkas:Deepwater Horizon.jpg|300px]]

|Ship builder = [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]]<ref name="mms ivanivan2" />

|Ship original cost = {{US$|560 millionjuta}}<ref>{{cite press release | title=Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update | url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26 | publisher=Transocean Ltd | date=26 April 2010 | accessdate=21 May 2010 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-10-12 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722131354/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events | url=http://www.offshore-technology.com/features/feature84446/ | work=Offshore-Technology | publisher=Net Resources International | date=7 May 2010 | accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref>

|Ship notes =<ref name="rig specspec2" /><ref name=abs />

'''''Deepwater Horizon''''' adalah sebuah anjungan pengeboran lepas pantai semi-selam, [[Pemosisian dinamis|diposisikan secara dinamis]],<ref name="rig spec2"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html "Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html |date=2010-06-19 }} </cite></ref> yang dimiliki oleh [[Transocean]]. Dibuat pada tahun 2001 di [[Korea Selatan]] oleh [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]],<ref name="mms ivan2"><cite class="citation web">Malcolm Sharples ''et al'' for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). </cite></ref>  anjungan ini dijalankan oleh R&B Falcon (nantinya aset Transocean),<ref name="merger2"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234 "Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January&nbsp;31,&nbsp;2001"]. </cite></ref> yang terdaftar di [[Majuro]], dan disewakan ke  [[Bp|BP]] dari tahun 2001 sampai September 2013.<ref name="offshore-mag0111092"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html "Deepwater Horizon contract extended"]. </cite></ref> Pada bulan September 2009, anjungan ini mengebor  [[sumur minyak]]  terdalam dalam sejarah pada kedalaman vertikal  <span>35.050</span>&#x20; <span>ft (10.683</span>&#x20; <span>m)</span> dan diukur kedalaman terukur pada <span>35.055</span>&#x20; <span>ft (10.685</span>&#x20; <span>m)</span><ref name="Transocean Release2"><cite class="citation pressrelease">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html "Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well"] (Press release). </cite></ref> di [[Ladang Minyak Tiber]]  di [[Keathley Canyon]] blok 102, sekitar <span>250 mil (400</span>&#x20; <span>km)</span> tenggara  [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], pada kedalaman  <span>4.132 kaki (1.259</span>&#x20; <span>m)</span> dari permukaan air.<ref name="rigzone200909022"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=79913 "BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber"]. </cite></ref>

Pada tanggal 20 April 2010, ketika sedang melakukan pengeboran di [[Prospek Macondo]], terjadi  [[ledakan]]  tak terkendali yang disebabkan ledakan di anjungan  yang menewaskan 11 ABK dan bola api yang terpercik terlihat dari jarak  {{Convert|40|mi}}  dari lokasi.<ref><cite class="citation web">Crittenden, Guy (10 May 2010). </cite></ref>  Api tak terpadamkan dan, dua hari kemudian, pada tanggal 22 April, anjungan ini  tenggelam, meninggalkan sumur mengalir di [[dasar laut]] dan menyebabkan [[Kebocoran minyak Deepwater Horizon|tumpahan minyak terbesar di perairan AS]].<ref name="largest in US hist2"><cite class="citation news">Staff and wire (27 May 2010). </cite></ref>  Film yang disutradarai oleh [[Peter Berg]] dan dibintangi  [[Mark Wahlberg]], berjudul  ''[[Deepwater Horizon (film)|Deepwater Horizon]]'' menampilkan peristiwa ledakan ini, dirilis pada tanggal 30 September 2016.

''Deepwater Horizon'' adalah anjungan pengeboran lepas pantai generasi kelima,<ref name="mms ivanivan2"><cite class="citation web">Malcolm Sharples ''et al'' for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). </cite></ref> semi-selam  yang dirancang untuk pengeboran sumur  [[bawah laut]]  untuk eksplorasi dan produksi minyak mentah menggunakan [[pencegah ledakan]]  {{Convert|18.75|in|mm|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|15000|psi|abbr=on}}, dan ''marine riser'' berdiameter luar 21 in.<ref name="rig specspec2"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html "Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon"]. </cite></ref>

''Deepwater Horizon''  adalah anjungan semi-selam kedua yang dibangun, meskipun pendahulunya  ''[[Deepwater Nautilus]]'', tidak diposisikan secara dinamis. Anjungan ini berukuran  396 x 256&#x20; <span>ft (121 78</span>&#x20; m) dan mampu beroperasi di perairan hingga kedalaman  <span>8.000 kaki (2,400</span>&#x20; <span>m)</span>  untuk kedalaman bor maksimum  <span>30,000</span>&#x20; <span>kaki (9,100</span>&#x20; <span>m)</span>.<ref name="rig specspec2"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html "Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon"]. </cite></ref> Pada tahun 2010 anjungan ini merupakan satu dari sekitar 200 anjungan lepas pantai yang yang mampu mengebor di perairan lebih dalam dari 5.000 &nbsp;ft (1.500 m).<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.rigzone.com/data "Rig Data Centre"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120749/http://www.rigzone.com/data/ |date=2010-05-27 }} </cite></ref> 

Sistem canggih memainkan peran kunci dalam pengoperasian anjungan ini, dari teknologi pemantauan tekanan dan bor, pematian sistem otomatis<ref><cite class="citation news">[http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/20481/bp-oil-spill-slows-but-serious-it-failures-come-to-surface/ "BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface"]. </cite></ref> dan sistem permodelanpemodelan untuk [[peralatan penyemenan|penyemenan]]. Sistem permodelan pemodelan semen OptiCem, digunakan oleh [[Halliburton]] pada bulan April 2010, memainkan bagian penting dalam campuran bubur semen dan keputusan penyangganya. Keputusan ini menjadi fokus untuk penyelidikan terhadap ledakan anjungan itu.<ref><cite class="citation news">[http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/it-business/3248321/deepwater-horizon-modelling-software-showed-bp-cement-conditions-unstable/ "Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable"]. </cite></ref>

''Deepwater Horizon'' dibuat untuk R&B Falcon (yang kemudian menjadi bagian dari [[Transocean]])<ref name="mergermerger2"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=62234 "Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January&nbsp;31,&nbsp;2001"]. </cite></ref> oleh [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]] di [[Ulsan]], Korea Selatan.<ref name="mms ivanivan2"><cite class="citation web">Malcolm Sharples ''et al'' for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). </cite></ref> Pembangunan dimulai pada bulan Desember 1998, [[Lunas|keel]] dibaringkan pada tanggal 21 Maret 2000,<ref name="abs"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.eagle.org/safenet/record/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290 "ABS Record: ''Deepwater Horizon''"]. </cite></ref> dan anjungan tiba pada tanggal 23 Februari 2001,<ref name="abs"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.eagle.org/safenet/record/record_vesseldetailsprinparticular?Classno=0139290 "ABS Record: ''Deepwater Horizon''"]. </cite></ref> setelah akuisisi R&B Falcon oleh Transocean.<ref name="marketwatch1"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26 "Transocean Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722131354/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26 |date=2010-07-22 }}</cite></ref> Sampai 29 Desember 2004, anjungan ini terdaftar di Republik Panama.<ref name="MHL"><cite class="citation report">[http://www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report] (PDF) (Report). </cite></ref>

Transocean, melalui anak perusahaannya di  Steinhausen, Swiss<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/u/triton_asset_leasing_gmbh_CH-170.4.009.095-7.htm "Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH"]. </cite></ref> <ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.secinfo.com/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm "Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228151536/http://www.secinfo.com/d12Pk6.u4f8.c.htm |date=2021-02-28 }}. </cite></ref> Triton Asset Leasing GmbH,<ref name="subsidiaries"><cite class="citation web">[http://yahoo.brand.edgar-online.com/EFX_dll/EDGARpro.dll?FetchFilingHtmlSection1?SectionID=7076647-692062-717773&SessionID=5LklHjM7t3WLn47 "Subsidiaries of Transocean Ltd"]. <{{Webarchive|url=https:/cite></ref><ref name="abs"><cite class="citation web">[.archive.org/web/20100615121127/http://wwwyahoo.eaglebrand.orgedgar-online.com/safenetEFX_dll/record/record_vesseldetailsprinparticularEDGARpro.dll?ClassnoFetchFilingHtmlSection1%3FSectionID=01392907076647-692062-717773&SessionID=5LklHjM7t3WLn47 "ABS|date=2010-06-15 Record: ''Deepwater Horizon''"]}}. </cite></ref> <ref name="abs"/> mengoperasikan anjungan ini di bawah bendera negara [[Kepulauan Marshall]].<ref name="lease"><cite class="citation news">Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). </cite></ref>  Anjungan  disewakan ke BP untuk kontrak 3 tahun di [[Teluk Meksiko]]  setelah konstruksi.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/105846/articles/offshore/volume-61/issue-6/departments/vessels-rigsupgrade/deepwater-horizon-launched-by-tsf.html "Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF"]. </cite></ref>  Sewa diperbaharui pada tahun 2004 selama satu tahun,<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040426006148/en/Transocean-Receives-Contract-Extensions-High-Specification-Rigs-Discoverer#.VVO0SfbiCDg "Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon."]</cite></ref> tahun 2005 selama 5 tahun,<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4124320/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html "Transocean Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920151627/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4124320/Transocean-Inc-Announces-Contract-Awards.html |date=2011-09-20 }}</cite></ref> dan 2009 selama 3 tahun untuk tahun 2010 hingga 2013.<ref name="offshore-mag011109mag0111092"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/6112303380/articles/offshore/volume-69/issue-11/departments/gulf-of_mexico/gulf-of_mexico.html "Deepwater Horizon contract extended"]. </cite></ref><ref name="lease"/><cite class="citationKontrak news">Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). </cite></ref> Kontrak terakhir senilai $544&#x20; juta, atau $496,800 hari,<ref><cite class="citation news">[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6672098.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+houstonchronicle%2Fbusiness+%28chron.com+-+Business%29 "The Well"]. </cite></ref> untuk anjungannya saja,<ref name="forensic"><cite class="citation web">Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010).</cite></ref> dengan kru, peralatan, dan bejana pendukung diperkirakan memakan biaya yang sama.<ref name="forensic" />

''Deepwater Horizon'' bekerja pada sumur-sumur di [[ladang minyak Atlantis]] (BP 56%, [[BHP Billiton]] 44%) dan [[Ladang minyak Thunder Horse|Thunder Horse]] (BP 75%, [[ExxonMobil]] 25%).<ref><cite class="citation news">Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). </cite></ref>. Anjungan ini sering disebut-sebut  "beruntung" dan "terkenal",<ref name="mcclatchy"><cite class="citation news">Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). </cite></ref> dan pada tahun 2007 masih disebutkan sebagai "salah satu anjungan paling kuat di dunia".<ref><cite class="citation web">[https://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22One+of+the+most+powerful+rigs+in+the+world%22+deepwater+horizon&btnG=Search+Archives&hl=en&num=100 "Kaskida"]. </cite></ref> Pada tahun 2006 anjungan ini menemukan minyak di [[ladang minyak Kaskida]], dan pada tahun 2009 di  [[ladang minyak Tiber]].<ref name="Rigzone"><cite class="citation pressrelease">[http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=35730 "BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico"] (Press release). </cite></ref><ref name="Discovery"><cite class="citation pressrelease">[http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C1.html?LayoutID=6 "Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428004206/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C1.html?LayoutID=6 |date=2010-04-28 }} (Press release). </cite></ref>  Sumur di Tiber berada pada kedalaman vertikal  {{Convert|35050|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} dan kedalaman terukur  {{Convert|35055|ft|m|0|abbr=on}},  {{Convert|4132|ft|abbr=on}} dibawah air.<ref name="offshore"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/7488119241/articles/offshore/drilling-completion/us-gulf-of-mexico/2009/08/bp-drills__giant_.html "BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico"]. </cite></ref>  Sumur ini adalah sumur minyak terdalam di dunia,<ref name="Discovery"><cite class="citation pressrelease">[http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C1.html?LayoutID=6 "Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well"] (Press release). </cite></ref><ref name="offshore"><cite class="citation news">[http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/7488119241/articles/offshore/drilling-completion/us-gulf-of-mexico/2009/08/bp-drills__giant_.html "BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico"]. </cite></ref><ref name="reuters020909"><cite class="citation news">Braden Reddall (2 September 2009). </cite></ref><ref name="Deepest"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.yourindustrynews.com/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html "Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120619/http://www.yourindustrynews.com/transocean%27s+deepwater+horizon+drills+world%27s+deepest+oil+and+gas+well_38385.html |date=2010-05-27 }}. </cite></ref> dan lebih dari {{Convert|5000|ft}} jauh di bawah dasar laut.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.deepwater.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/fleetupdate/2010/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls "Fleet Status Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307062815/http://www.deepwater.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/fleetupdate/2010/RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls?FileName=RIGFLT-APR-2010.xls |date=2012-03-07 }}. </cite></ref>

* [http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html ''Deepwater Horizon'' detail di Transocean website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619121120/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C17.html |date=2010-06-19 }} dan di [http://www.rigzone.com/data/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=153 ''RigZone.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030083458/http://rigzone.com/data/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=153 |date=2012-10-30 }}

* <cite class="citation journal">Griffitt, Michelle. </cite><cite class="citation journal">[http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/PLANS/29/29977.pdf "Eksplorasi awal Rencana Mississippi Canyon Block 252 OCS-G 32306"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705055816/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PI/PDFImages/PLANS/29/29977.pdf |date=2010-07-05 }} (PDF). ''[[Bp|BP Eksplorasi dan Produksi]]''. </cite><cite class="citation journal">[[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]: Minerals Management Service.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wiki-indonesia.club%3ADeepwater+Horizon&rft.atitle=Initial+Exploration+Plan+Mississippi+Canyon+Block+252+OCS-G+32306&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.aulast=Griffitt&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomr.mms.gov%2FPI%2FPDFImages%2FPLANS%2F29%2F29977.pdf&rft.jtitle=BP+Exploration+and+Production&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal">&#x20; </span>

* <cite class="citation news">Washburn, Markus (14 Mei 2010). </cite><cite class="citation news">[http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html "Huff dan boom berakhir Deepwater Horizon good luck"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619120659/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html |date=2010-06-19 }}. McClatchy Perusahaan<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite><cite class="citation news"><span class="reference-accessdate">Diakses Tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 Juni</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wiki-indonesia.club%3ADeepwater+Horizon&rft.atitle=A+huff+and+boom+ended+Deepwater+Horizon%27s+good+luck&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F2010%2F05%2F14%2F94184%2Fa-huff-and-boom-ended-deepwater.html&rft.jtitle=%27%27The+McClatchy+Company%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal">&#x20; </span> - media rinci deskripsi dari peristiwa hari Deepwater Horizon ledakan ([http://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/20100514/sc_mcclatchy/3505296_1 yahoo news cermin])