Ethiopian Airlines Penerbangan 961: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| occurrence_type = Pembajakan
| name = Ethiopian Airlines Penerbangan 961
| image = ET-AIZ Boeing 767 Ethiopian Airlines at Frankfurt Oct 1989.jpg
| caption = ET-AIZ, pesawat yang terlibat kecelakaan, di [[Bandar Udara Frankfurt am Main]] tahun 1989
| date = 23 November 1996
| type = [[Kehabisan bahan bakar]] karena [[pembajakan pesawat|pembajakan]], [[pendaratan air]]
| site = [[Grande Comore]], Kepulauan Komoro
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 767#767-200ER|Boeing 767-260ER]]
| origin = [[Bandar Udara Internasional Bole]]<br/>[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
| stopover0 = [[Bandar Udara Internasional Jomo Kenyatta]]<br/>[[Nairobi]], Kenya
| stopover1 = [[Bandar Udara Maya-Maya]]<br/>{{nowrap|[[Brazzaville]], [[Republik Kongo]]}}
| last_stopover = [[Bandar Udara Internasional Murtala Mohammed]]<br/>[[Lagos]], Nigeria
| destination = [[Bandar Udara Port Bouet]]<br/>[[Abidjan]], Côte d'Ivoire
| operator = [[Ethiopian Airlines]]
| tail_number = ET-AIZ
| aircraft_name =
| passengers = 163 (termasuk 3 pembajak)
| crew = 12
| fatalities = 125 (termasuk 3 pembajak)
| injuries = 46
| survivors = 50
}}
'''Ethiopian Airlines Penerbangan 961''', [[Boeing 767-200ER]], dibajak pada tanggal 23 November 1996<ref name="1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals"/> di tengah penerbangan dari [[Addis Ababa]] ke [[Nairobi]] dalam rute Addis Ababa–Nairobi–[[Brazzaville]]–[[Lagos]]–[[Abidjan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=9/99 |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> oleh tiga orang Etiopia yang hendak mencari [[suaka di Australia]].<ref name="ASN">{{ASN accident|id= 19961123-0|type= Hijacking|title=|accessdate=24 May 2011}}</ref> Pesawat ini [[pendaratan darurat|mendarat jatuh]] di Samudra Hindia dekat [[Grande Comore]], [[Kepulauan Komoro]], karena [[kehabisan bahan bakar]]; 125 dari 175 penumpang dan awak kabin tewas beserta ketiga pelaku.<ref name="ASN"/> Laporan kecelakaan resmi menyatakan bahwa penumpang yang selamat tanpa luka berjumlah empat orang.
== Pesawat ==
Pesawat yang terlibat dalam kecelakaan ini adalah [[Boeing 767-200ER|Boeing 767-260ER]], [[registrasi pesawat|registrasi]] ET-AIZ, [[nomor seri pabrik|c/n]] 23916, yang terbang perdana pada tanggal 17 September 1987.<ref name="Airfleets.net">{{cite web|title= Boeing 767 – MSN 23916|url= http://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b767-23916.htm|work= Airfleets.net|accessdate= 3 January 2012|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170441/http://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b767-23916.htm|archivedate= 22 February 2014}}</ref> Dilengkapi dua mesin [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D|Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4E]], pesawat ini dikirimkan ke Ethiopian Airlines tanggal 22 Oktober 1987.<ref name="Airfleets.net"/><ref>{{cite web|title= Accident information : Boeing 767 Ethiopian Airlines ET-AIZ|url= http://www.airfleets.net/crash/crash_report_EthiopianAirlines_ET-AIZ.htm|work= Airfleets.net|accessdate=3 January 2012|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170438/http://www.airfleets.net/crash/crash_report_EthiopianAirlines_ET-AIZ.htm|archivedate= 22 February 2014}}</ref> Pesawat ini menghabiskan masa gunanya di dalam armada Ethiopian Airlines, tetapi sempat disewa oleh [[Air Tanzania]] pada {{Start date|df=yes|1991|5}} sampai {{Start date|df=yes|1992|2}}.<ref name="Airfleets.net"/> Ketika insiden ini terjadi, pesawat ini berusia {{Age|1987|9|17|1996|11|23}} tahun.
Kapten [[Leul Abate]] (42), seorang pilot dengan pengalaman terbang 11.5500 jam, adalah [[pilot bertugas]]. Kopilotnya adalah Yonas Mekuria (34) dengan pengalaman terbang 6.500 jam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Oceanon November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
Penerbangan ini ditunda agar penumpang dari penerbangan lain bisa menaiki pesawat ini. Pesawat lepas landas pukul 08:09 [[UTC]].<ref name=Reportp9OF99>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=3 (9/99) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
== Deskripsi ==
=== Pembajakan ===
Sekitar pukul 08:29 UTC,<ref name=Reportp9OF99/> ketika pesawat berjulukan ''Zulu'' ini<ref name="AfricanHijack">"African Hijack"/"Ocean Landing," ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday series]]''', season 3, episode 13</ref> masih terbang di atas Etiopia,<ref name="AirDisaster"/> tiga pria Etiopia menyerbu [[kokpit]] dan [[pembajakan pesawat|membajak pesawat]] setelah mengambil kapak dan APAR dari kokpit.<ref name=Reportp7OF99>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=1 (7/99) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Menurut ''[[Airdisaster.com]]'', "Salah satu pembajak berlari menuju kokpit, meneriakkan kata-kata yang tidak bisa dipahami, lalu diikuti dua rekannya." Airdisaster melaporkan bahwa mereka "muda (20 tahunan), tidak berpengalaman, psikologisnya rapuh, dan [[mabuk]]."<ref name="AirDisaster"/> Radio pemerintah Etiopia mengidentifikasi pelaku sebagai dua lulusan SMA yang masih pengangguran dan satu perawat; mereka bernama Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay, dan Sultan Ali Hussein (urutan nama tidak sesuai urutan identifikasi).<ref>{{cite news
|work=[[Minnesota Daily]]
|title=Government Names Ethiopian Airlines Hijackers
|url=http://www.mndaily.com/1996/12/05/world-nation
|date=5 December 1996
|archivedate=24 May 2012
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67uBVAAH4?url=http://www.mndaily.com/1996/12/05/world-nation
|accessdate=24 May 2012
|quote=Two unemployed high school graduates and a nurse were identified Wednesday as the hijackers of a jet that crashed off the Comoros Islands last month... The Ethiopian men were identified as Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay and Sultan Ali Hussein. Officials did not say which was the nurse or how old they were.
|deadurl=yes
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
Mereka mengancam meledakkan pesawat di udara apabila pilot tidak memenuhi tuntutan mereka.<ref name=Reportp10OF99>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=4 (10/99) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Mereka mengaku ada 11 pembajak di pesawat, padahal kenyataannya cuma tiga.<ref name="AfricanHijack" /><ref name=Reportp10OF99/> Setelah memukul dan memaksa kopilot Yonas Mekuria<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> masuk kabin, mereka membuat pengumuman. Melalui interkom, mereka mengatakan dalam bahasa Amharik, Prancis, dan Inggris bahwa apabila siapapun mencoba ikut campur, mereka akan meledakkan bom di pesawat.<ref name="AfricanHijack" /><ref name=Reportp10OF99/> Pihak berwenang kemudian menemukan bahwa "bom" tersebut sebenarnya botol [[minuman keras]].<ref name="Telegraph"/>
Pelaku meminta agar pesawat diterbangkan ke Australia.<ref name="ASN"/> Leul<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> mencoba menjelaskan bahwa bahan bakar pesawat hanya cukup untuk rute yang ditetapkan sehingga tidak bisa terbang seperempat jalan ke Australia, tetapi pelaku tidak percaya.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> Salah satu pelaku membawa majalah pesawat ''Selamta'' ke kokpit dan membuka halaman armada, lalu menunjukkan bahwa 767 mampu terbang selama 11 jam.<ref name=Reportp10OF99/>
Bukannya terbang ke Australia, kapten menyusuri pesisir Afrika ke arah selatan. Pelaku sadar bahwa daratan masih terlihat dan memaksa pilot berbelok ke timur. Leul diam-diam terbang ke [[Kepulauan Komoro]] yang berada di antara [[Madagaskar]] dan benua Afrika.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/>
=== Pendaratan jatuh ===
[[Berkas:Ditching of Ethiopian Airlines Flt 961.JPG|jmpl|Urutan pendaratan jatuh pesawat seperti yang direkam oleh seorang wisatawan Afrika Selatan.]]
Pesawat hampir kehabisan bahan bakar ketika memasuki wilayah kepulauan Komoro, tetapi para pembajak mengabaikan peringatan kapten. Karena kehabisan opsi, Abate mulai terbang mengelilingi daerah itu supaya bisa mendarat di bandara utama Komoro. Abate pun terpaksa mendarat dengan kecepatan lebih dari {{convert|175|kn|km/h mph}}.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/>
Abate mencoba melakukan pendaratan darurat di [[Bandar Udara Internasional Prince Said Ibrahim]] di [[Grande Comore]], tetapi perkelahian dengan para pembajak di menit-menit terakhir membuatnya kehilangan acuan visual. Ia pun tidak bisa mengarahkan pesawat ke bandara. Di tengah perkelahian, ia mencoba mendaratkan pesawat di perairan dangkal {{convert|500|yd|sigfig=3}} dari Le Galawa Beach Hotel, dekat [[Mitsamiouli]], di ujung utara Pulau Grande Comore. Abate mencoba mendarat sejajar dengan gelombang agar pendaratannya mulus. Beberapa detik sebelum mendarat di air, pesawat belok sekitar 10 derajat ke kiri;<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities"/> mesin kiri dan ujung sayap kiri menghantam air lebih dulu. Mesin langsung dibanjiri air dan menabrak [[terumbu karang]] sehingga memperlambat laju belok pesawat dan memiringkan pesawat ke kiri secara mendadak. Badan pesawat mendarat dengan tidak seimbang sehingga terbelah. Kecuali bagian belakang pesawat, seluruh badan pesawat tenggelam dengan cepat.<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities"/> Banyak penumpang yang tewas karena mengembangkan [[baju pelampung]] di dalam kabin<ref name="AirDisaster"/><ref name="Telegraph"/> sehingga mereka terjebak dan tenggelam.
Penduduk pulau dan wisatawan, termasuk penyelam skuba dan beberapa dokter Prancis yang sedang berlibur, langsung membantu para korban.<ref name="Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons"/><ref name="AfricanHijack"/> Seorang wisatawan merekam video pendaratan jatuh ET-AIZ. Ia mengatakan bahwa ia mulai merekam karena mengira pesawat itu bagian dari pertunjukan udara untuk wisatawan.<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash" />
=== Penanganan ===
Korban selamat awalnya dilarikan ke Rumah Sakit Mitsamiouli. Lokasi kejadian berjarak kurang dari {{convert|2|km|mi}} dari rumah sakit ini. Mereka dipindahkan ke Pusat Rumah Sakit Daerah El-Maarouf (''Centre Hospitalier National El Maarouf'') di Moroni pada hari itu juga.<ref name=Reportp25>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=25 (31/99) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Dua orang Prancis yang selamat dan 19 korban cedera dibawa ke [[Réunion]].<ref name=Reportp80>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=80/99 |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Di Réunion, salah satu korban luka meninggal dunia sehingga total korban tewas berjumlah 125 jiwa.<ref name=Reportp81>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=81/99 |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Selain ke Réunion, korban selamat juga dipindahkan ke Nairobi dan Afrika Selatan.<ref name=Reportp80/>
Waktu itu tidak ada kamar mayat di Moroni. Jadi, 124 jenazah disimpan di ruang pendingin.<ref name=Reportp81/>
=== Investigasi ===
Pada tanggal 3 Desember 1996, ''[[Direction Generale de l'Aviation Civile des Comores]]'' Komoro sepakat untuk menyerahkan penyelidikan ET961 kepada [[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] (ECAA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=6/99 (Preface) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]] (AAIB) menganalisis perekam penerbangan.<ref name=Reportp23OF99>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=17 (23/99) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
== Korban ==
Laporan kecelakaan resmi mencantumkan daftar penumpang dan awak yang selamat dan meninggal dunia. Ke-12 awak kabin merupakan warga negara Etiopia. Enam di antaranya selamat, termasuk pilot dan kopilot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=Appendix E (Page 1 of 6), p. 61 (PDF document 67/99) - List of Surviving Crew Members (Table 1), List of Fatally Injured Crew Members (Table 2) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
Penumpang berasal dari 36 negara. Berikut daftar penumpang pesawat (termasuk pembajak; kecuali awak kabin):
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"
|-
!Kebangsaan!!Jumlah penumpang!!Selamat
|-
|align=left|{{AUT}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Belgia}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Benin}}||2||0
|-
|align=left|{{CMR}}||2||0
|-
|align=left|{{CAN}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Chad}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{COG}}||5||2
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Pantai Gading}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Djibouti}}||2||2
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Mesir}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia|1996}}||19||3
|-
|align=left|{{FRA}}||4||2
|-
|align=left|{{DEU}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{HUN}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{IND}}||20||6
|-
|align=left|{{ISR}}||8||1
|-
|align=left|{{ITA}}||4||4
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Jepang|1947}}||2||1
|-
|align=left|{{KEN}}||14||6
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Korea Selatan|1984}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Lesotho|1987}}||1||1
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Liberia}}||2||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Mali}}||12||3
|-
|align=left|{{NGA}}||23||4
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Pakistan}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{SOM}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{LKA}}||9||0
|-
|align=left|{{SWE}}||2||0
|-
|align=left|{{CHE}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{UGA}}||1||1
|-
|align=left|{{UKR}}||4||3
|-
|align=left|{{GBR}}||7||2
|-
|align=left|{{USA}}||5||3
|-
|align=left|{{YEM}}||1||0
|-
|align=left|{{flag|Zaire}}||1||0
|- class="unsortable"
! Total !! 163 !! 44
|}
[[Berkas:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 seating plan.svg|jmpl|400px|Denah pesawat yang menunjukkan tempat duduk penumpang dan awak yang meninggal dan selamat]]
Tiga pelaku pembajakan turut menjadi korban tewas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=Appendix E (Pages 2–6 of 6) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
42 penumpang di antaranya berangkat di [[Mumbai|Bombay]], termasuk:<ref name="NYT"/>
* 3 warga negara Amerika Serikat
* 9 warga negara Nigeria
* 9 warga negara Sri Lanka
* 19 warga negara India
Sisanya berangkat di Addis Ababa.
Dari 175 penumpang dan awak, 125 tewas, termasuk tiga pembajak. Menurut laporan kecelakaan, keenam awak dan 38 penumpang yang selamat mengalami cedera parah, dua penumpang cedera ringan, dan empat penumpang tidak cedera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=10 (PDF 16/99) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Seorang anak warga negara Etiopia merupakan salah satu korban tewas.<ref name=Reportp66>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996 |date=4 May 1998 |page=66 (72/99) |publisher=[[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] |url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ONsgTEDd?url=http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
Banyak korban tewas awalnya selamat dari pendaratan jatuh, tetapi mereka tidak peduli atau tidak mendengar peringatan kapten agar tidak mengembangkan baju pelampung di dalam pesawat. Ketika air membanjiri pesawat, penumpang yang telanjur mengembangkan baju pelampungnya semakin terperangkap ke atas langit-langit. Karena tidak dapat melepaskan diri, mereka tenggelam. Sekitar 60 sampai 80 penumpang diduga tenggelam karena belum melepaskan sabuk pengamannya.<ref name="Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off East Africa"/><ref name="Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50"/>
Leul dan Yonas<!--Ethiopians do not have family names--> selamat. Atas keberaniannya, Leul dianugerahi Flight Safety Foundation Professionalism in Flight Safety Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightsafety.org/aviation-awards/fsf-professionalism-award-flight-safety|title=Flight Safety Foundation Award in Flight Professionalism|date=|accessdate=8 October 2009|work=Flight Safety Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521071136/http://flightsafety.org/aviation-awards/fsf-professionalism-award-flight-safety|archivedate=21 May 2013}}</ref>
=== Penumpang ternama ===
Salah satu korban meninggal adalah [[Mohamed Amin]], fotojurnalis perang dan penerbit ''Selamta'', majalah pesawat Ethiopian Airlines.<ref>Episode Seven, ''[[Mo & Me]]'': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XLbaOfqM6I Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6m-d2GWY1M Part 2]</ref> Ia diketahui berdiri di dekat pintu kokpit sambil bernegosiasi dengan pembajak dan menjaga kokpit pada detik-detik terakhir kecelakaan. Brian Tetley, kolega Amin, juga meninggal dunia.<ref name="Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia"/>
Pejabat [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], Leslianne Shedd, yang ditugaskan ke Ethiopia, meninggal dalam kecelakaan ini. Dalam upacara Annual Memorial Ceremony to Honor Fallen Colleagues tahun 2012, CIA mengatakan bahwa sejumlah korban selamat memberitahu CIA bahwa "Leslianne...menghabiskan masa-masa terakhirnya menenangkan para penumpang di sekitarnya."<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=22 May 2012 |title=CIA Holds Annual Memorial Ceremony to Honor Fallen Colleagues |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2012-press-releasese-statements/2012-memorial-ceremony.html |accessdate=25 May 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vlUWWdQ?url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2012-press-releasese-statements/2012-memorial-ceremony.html |archivedate=25 May 2012 |quote=Leslianne Shedd was serving a highly successful tour in Ethiopia when, in November 1996, hijackers forced down her plane over the Indian Ocean, killing over 125 people. Survivors of that flight tell us that Leslianne—an outstanding young woman—spent her final moments comforting those around her. |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2012-press-releasese-statements/2012-memorial-ceremony.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2018-05-30 |archive-date=2012-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010063231/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2012-press-releasese-statements/2012-memorial-ceremony.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
[[Franklin Huddle]], Konsul Jenderal A.S. di Bombay, bersama istrinya, Chanya "Pom" Huddle, selamat dalam peristiwa ini.<ref name="FinishedLife">{{cite news|title= 'I Thought I Had Finished My Life' – Tale Depicts Drunken Abductors Who Fought With Pilot – Survivors Tell of Terror As Jetliner Tumbles Across Ocean's Surface|publisher= The Seattle Times|date= 25 November 1996|url= http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19961125&slug=2361682|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130925142410/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19961125&slug=2361682|archivedate= 25 September 2013}}</ref> Huddle mengatakan bahwa ia memilih terbang dengan Ethiopian Airlines ketika merencanakan liburan [[safari]] ke [[Kenya]] karena reputasinya bagus; Ethiopian Airlines adalah salah satu maskapai Afrika yang mendapat sertifikasi [[Federal Aviation Administration]]. Huddle ingin terbang pada siang hari karena "lebih aman."<ref name="AfricanHijack"/> Ia merasa dirinya dan istrinya selamat setelah memutuskan pindah ke kelas bisnis pada menit-menit terakhir.<ref name="Brown">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090213173928/http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/may/june-2002/no-resting-place.html No Resting Place]," () ''[[Brown University]] Alumni Magazine''</ref>
Penumpang lain yang tewas adalah Letjen Purnawirawan [[Antal Annus]], duta besar Hungaria untuk Kenya<ref name="Sinking">{{cite news|title= I was sinking fast . . . I had to get out |first= Tom|last= Cohen|agency= [[Associated Press]]|newspaper= [[The Independent]]|date= 25 November 1995|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/i-was-sinking-fast----i-had-to-get-out-1354170.html}}</ref> dan seorang pejabat Kementerian Luar Negeri Prancis.<ref name="Bizarre ordeal recounted in Ethiopian Airlines crash"/>
== Peta ==
{|
|-
|{{Location map many
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|width = 254
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|caption = Lokasi kecelakaan dan bandara
|alt = Lokasi kecelakaan dan bandara
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||{{location map|Comoros|relief=1|width=356
|caption = Lokasi kejadian di Komoro<!--This is confirmed by p. 62 of 99 of the crash report-->
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|position = <!-- or: pos2 -->
|background = <!-- or: bg2 -->
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== Buntut ==
Upacara peringatan diadakan di Galawa pada tanggal 30 November 1996.<ref name=Reportp81/>
Insiden ini menjadi kasus pembajakan terkenal karena ada rekamannya.<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash"/> Ini merupakan salah satu [[pendaratan air]] yang melibatkan pesawat berbadan besar dan kasus pendaratan air pertama yang disebabkan oleh pembajakan. Kapten dan kopilot menerima penghargaan atas aksi mereka dan tetap melanjutkan kariernya di Ethiopian Airlines.<ref name="AfricanHijack"/>
== Media ==
Kecelakaan ini dibahas dalam [[Daftar episode Mayday|tiga episode]] ''[[Mayday (seri TV Kanada)|Mayday]]'' (''Air Emergency'', ''Air Crash Investigation''). Kasus ini pertama kali muncul dalam musim pertama untuk menjelaskan apa yang mungkin saja terjadi apabila [[Air Transat Penerbangan 236]] mendarat di air alih-alih di bandara terdekat. Dalam musim ketiga, episode "Ocean Landing" membahas Penerbangan 961 secara lebih rinci. Kasus ini dibahas di musim ke-10, episode [[US Airways Penerbangan 1549]], untuk menjelaskan risiko keputusan mendaratkan pesawat di Sungai Hudson. Kasus ini juga dibahas dalam episode seri ''[[I Survived...]]'' tahun 2010 di [[Biography Channel]]; seorang korban selamat menceritakan detik-detik peristiwa ini.<ref name="I Survived">{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/tv/i-survived/episodes/37-franklinjeff-and-frankconnie|title=37 – Franklin/Jeff and Frank/Connie|accessdate=January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902054058/http://www.biography.com/tv/i-survived/episodes/37-franklinjeff-and-frankconnie|archivedate=2 September 2012}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Ethiopia|Penerbangan|1990-an}}
* [[Air Canada Penerbangan 143]]
* [[Air Transat Penerbangan 236]]
* [[US Airways Penerbangan 1549]]
* [[Kecelakaan dan insiden Ethiopian Airlines]]
* [[Tabrakan pesawat terbang Guangzhou]]
* [[Daftar kecelakaan dan insiden yang melibatkan pesawat komersial]]
* [[Daftar penerbangan maskapai yang terbang layang]]
{{Clear}}
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<!-- -->
<ref name="AirDisaster">{{cite web|title=Special Report: Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 |publisher=[[Airdisaster.com]] |url=http://www.airdisaster.com/special/ethiopian961.shtml |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AtdKPxWo?url=http://www.airdisaster.com/special/ethiopian961.shtml |archivedate=23 September 2012 |accessdate=23 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="Bizarre ordeal recounted in Ethiopian Airlines crash">{{cite news|title= Bizarre ordeal recounted in Ethiopian Airlines crash|publisher= CNN|location= [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]]|date=24 November 1996|url= http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/24/ethiopia.hijack/index.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070205144457/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/24/ethiopia.hijack/index.html|archivedate= 5 February 2007|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50">{{cite news|title=Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50 |location=Moroni |publisher=CNN |date=23 November 1996 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/hijack.ethiopia.pm/index.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AqQleHIC?url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/hijack.ethiopia.pm/index.html |archivedate=21 September 2012 |accessdate=21 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities">{{cite journal|title=Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities |journal=Flight International |date=4–10 December 1996 |page=8 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%203180.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AMKLJQE2?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%203180.html |archivedate=1 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
<!-- + -->
<ref name="Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash">{{cite news|title=Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash |work=[[CNN]] |date={{Date|1996-11-26}} |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/26/comoros.crash/index1.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117075208/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/26/comoros.crash/index1.html |archivedate=17 January 1999 |df= }} </ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia">{{cite news|title=Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia |publisher=The New York Times |date=26 November 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/26/world/mohamed-amin-53-camera-eye-during-the-famine-in-ethiopia.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AM34cxKz?url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/26/world/mohamed-amin-53-camera-eye-during-the-famine-in-ethiopia.html |archivedate=1 September 2012 |accessdate=1 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title= Terror in the Air, and Frantic Rescue From the Sea|last= McNeil Jr.|first= Donald G.|newspaper= [[The New York Times]]|date= 25 November 1996|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/25/world/terror-in-the-air-and-frantic-rescue-from-the-sea.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108114727/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/25/world/terror-in-the-air-and-frantic-rescue-from-the-sea.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|archivedate= 8 January 2014}}</ref>
<!-- + -->
<ref name="Plane is hijacked; crashes in ocean off East Africa">{{cite news|title= Plane is hijacked; crashes in Ocean off east Africa|newspaper= [[The New York Times]]|date= 24 November 1996|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140304084158/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print|archivedate= 4 March 2014}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121044/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/plane-is-hijacked-crashes-in-ocean-off-east-africa.html?pagewanted=print |date=25 February 2014 }}</ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons">{{cite news|title=Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons |first=Brad |last=Lendon |date=16 January 2009 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/16/air.crash.ditching/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170617/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/us/air.crash.ditching_1_dc-9-ditchings-plane?_s=PM%3AUS |archivedate=18 January 2012 |accessdate=24 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|title=Beirut: 90 feared dead as Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes into Mediterranean |first=Adrian |last=Blomfield |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/7069269/Beirut-90-feared-dead-as-Ethiopian-Airlines-plane-crashes-into-Mediterranean.html |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67uAts3yp?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/7069269/Beirut-90-feared-dead-as-Ethiopian-Airlines-plane-crashes-into-Mediterranean.html |archivedate=24 May 2012 |accessdate=24 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
<!-- -->
<ref name="1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals">{{cite news|title=1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals |agency=[[Flight International]] |publisher=[[Flightglobal]] |date=15 January 1997 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/01/15/1383/1996-spawns-worst-ever-accident-totals.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67uAO5RHu?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/1996-spawns-worst-ever-accident-totals-1383/ |archivedate=24 May 2012 |accessdate=24 May 2012 |quote=The 23 November 1996, hijack of an Ethiopian Airlines 767 resulted in the death of 128 people when the pilots were forced to ditch the aircraft near the Comoros Islands. |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
|30em}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015746/http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/dvdfiles/ET/1996-11-23-ET.pdf Final Incident Report]() - [[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] - Includes list of passengers, surviving and deceased
* "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985682,00.html Milestones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106180841/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985682,00.html |date=2010-11-06 }}." ''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]''. 9 December 1996. – Announcement of deaths of Mohammed Amin and Brian Tetley
* "[http://www.lubbockonline.com/news/112596/rescuers.htm Rescuers continue search for victims of hijacked plane]." ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908071111/http://lubbockonline.com/news/112596/rescuers.htm |date=2012-09-08 }}) ''[[Associated Press]]'' at the ''[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]''. 1996.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824121125/http://www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf The Hijacking of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 (Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation – 1996, FAA)] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6MJSynKLW?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060824121125/http://www.tsa.dot.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Criminal_Acts_Against_Civil_Aviation_1996.pdf Archive])
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zA5FMFVbVZ0 Video clip of the crash]
{{Ethiopian Airlines}}
{{Pendaratan air komersial}}
{{Kecelakaan dan insiden penerbangan tahun 1996}}
{{coord|11|22.0|S|43|18.0|E|region:Africa_type:landmark_scale:1000000|display=title}}
[[Kategori:Komoro dalam tahun 1996]]
[[Kategori:Etiopia dalam tahun 1996]]
[[Kategori:Kecelakaan dan insiden yang melibatkan Boeing 767]]
[[Kategori:Kecelakaan dan insiden pesawat akibat kehabisan bahan bakar]]
[[Kategori:Pembajakan pesawat]]
[[Kategori:Kecelakaan dan insiden pesawat akibat pembajakan]]
[[Kategori:Kecelakaan dan insiden penerbangan tahun 1996]]
[[Kategori:Kecelakaan dan insiden penerbangan di Komoro]]
[[Kategori:Kecelakaan dan insiden pesawat yang melibatkan pendaratan air]]
[[Kategori:Kecelakaan dan insiden Ethiopian Airlines|961]]
[[Kategori:Insiden teroris di Etiopia]]
[[Kategori:Terorisme tahun 1996]]
[[Kategori:Pembunuhan massal tahun 1996]]
[[Kategori:Peristiwa bulan November 1996]]
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