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Seorang '''khalifah''' ({{Arabiyyah|خِلافة}} ''khilāfah'') adalah sebuah negara di bawah kepemimpinan [[Islam]] yang dikenal sebagai '''khalifah''' ({{IPAc-en}}, {{Arabiyyah|خَليفة}} ''khalīfah'', [[Berkas:Loudspeaker.svg|pra=Berkas:Ar-khalifa.ogg|11x11px|
Sebelum munculnya Muhammad dan penyatuan suku-suku Arab dari [[Jazirah Arab]] di bawah Islam, suku-suku Arabia mengikuti kepercayaan pra-Islam sebagai [[Mitologi Arab|Politeisme Arab]], hidup dengan pemerintahan sendiri dan hidup [[nomaden]] komunitas dan sering menyerang suku tetangga mereka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478|title=The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture|last=Rubin|first=Barry|date=2015-03-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317455783|pages=478|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpPRVVxQDxUC&pg=PA11|title=United Arab Emirates|last=Incorporated|first=Facts On File|date=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438105840|location=|pages=11|language=en}}</ref> Setelah [[Penaklukan Islam|penaklukan di bawah Muhammad]] dari Semenanjung Arab, wilayah ini menjadi bersatu dan sebagian besar dari suku-suku ini menganut Islam.
Khilafah Pertama adalah [[Kekhalifahan Rasyidin]], dibentuk segera setelah kematian Muhammad pada tahun 632.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my7hnALd_NkC&pg=PA18|title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices|last=Nigosian|first=Solomon A.|date=2004-01-29|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0253110742|pages=18|language=en}}</ref> Empat khalifah [[Khulafaur Rasyidin|Rasyidin]], sebagai Pewaris
Khilafah Kedua adalah Khilafah Umayyah dikuasai oleh Bani Umayyah, sebuah klan di [[Mekkah]] yang terhubung dengan Muhammad digaris kakek buyut. Khilafah melanjutkan penaklukan Arab, menggabungkan [[Kaukasus]], [[Transoxiana]] (Uzbekistan dan sekitarnya), [[Sindh]], [[Arab Maghrib|Maghrib]] dan [[Iberia|Semenanjung Iberia]] ([[Al-Andalus]]) menjadi [[Dunia Muslim]]. Khilafah memiliki penerimaan yang cukup besar dari [[Kekristenan|orang-orang Kristen]] dalam wilayahnya, disebabkan oleh jumlah mereka besar, terutama di wilayah [[Syam|Suriah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Umayyad-dynasty-Islamic-history|title=Umayyad dynasty {{!}} Islamic history|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2017-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA185&dq=Muawiyah%20syria%20powerbase&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IgitUdCUNa-X0AWswoGIDg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Muawiyah%20syria%20powerbase&f=false|title=World and Its Peoples|last=Cavendish|first=Marshall|date=1 September 2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTPC09XoKs0C&pg=PT20&dq=Muawiyah%20syria%20powerbase&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IgitUdCUNa-X0AWswoGIDg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ|title=The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States|last=Haag|first=Michael|date=1 November 2012|publisher=Profile Books}}</ref> Setelah Revolusi Abbasiyah dari 746-750, muncul dari larangan pencabutan hak Muslim non-[[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] , Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah didirikan di 750.
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Khilafah ketiga, Khilafah Abbasiyyah diperintah oleh kaum Abbasiyyah, sebuah dinasti di Mekkah yang berasal dari [[Hasyim bin Abdu Manaf|Hasyim]], yang merupakan kakek buyut dari Muhammad, mereka merupakan bagian dari Bani Hasyim, melalui [[Abbas bin Abdul-Muththalib|Abbas]], paman nabi Muhammad. Khalifah [[al-Mansur]] mendirikan ibukota kedua yaitu [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] pada tahun 762 yang menjadi kota ilmiah, budaya, dan pusat seni utama, seperti halnya wilayah secara keseluruhan selama periode yang dikenal sebagai [[Zaman Kejayaan Islam]]. Dari abad ke-10, pemerintahan Abbasiyah terbatas pada daerah di sekitar Baghdad. Dari 945 untuk 1157, Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah berada di bawah [[Dinasti Buwayhiyah]] dan kemudian dibawah kontrol militer [[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Saljuk]]. Pada tahun 1250, tentara non Arab yang dibuat oleh bani Abbasiyyah yang disebut [[Mamluk]] [[Kesultanan Mamluk (Kairo)|berkuasa di Mesir]]. Pada tahun 1258, bangsa [[Kekaisaran Mongol|Mongol]][[Kekaisaran Mongolia|<nowiki/>]] [[Pengepungan Baghdad (1258)|menghancurkan Baghdad]], mengakhiri Khilafah Abbasiyah, dan di 1261 Mamluk di Mesir mendirikan kembali Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah di [[Kairo]]. Meskipun kurang dalam politik kekuasaan, dinasti Abbasiyah terus mengklaim otoritas dalam masalah agama sampai Ottoman [[Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk (1516–1517)|menaklukan Mamluk Mesir]] pada tahun 1517.{{Sfn|Holt|1984}}
Khilafah ke empat, Khilafah Utsmaniyah, didirikan setelah penaklukan mereka atas Mamluk Mesir pada tahun 1517. Penaklukan ini memberi [[Turki Utsmani]] kontrol atas kota suci Mekkah dan [[Madinah]], yang sebelumnya dikendalikan oleh Mamluk. Turki Utsmani berangsur-angsur dipandang sebagai pemimpin dan wakil dari [[Dunia Muslim|dunia Islam]] secara [[de facto]]. Setelah kekalahan mereka dalam [[Perang Dunia I]], kesultanan [[Pemisahan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah|dibagi]] oleh [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] dan [[Republik Ketiga
Islam [[Sunni]] menetapkan bahwa sebagai seorang kepala negara, seorang khalifah harus [[Pemilihan umum|dipilih]] oleh umat Islam atau wakil-wakil mereka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXACBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|title=Islam|last=Googelberg|first=compiled form Wikipedia entries and published by Dr|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781291215212|pages=258|language=en}}</ref> para engikut [[Syi'ah|Islam Syiah]], percaya seorang khalifah harus seorang [[Imam (Islam)|Imam]] yang dipilih oleh [[Tuhan dalam Islam|Allah]] dari Ahlul Bait (Keluarga "Rumah", Muhammad keturunan langsung). Dalam istilah sederhana, Sunni mendukung sistem pemilihan Syiah mendukung keturunan.
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=== Pengganti Muhammad ===
Dalam bukunya The Early Islamic Conquests(1981), Fred Donner berpendapat bahwa praktek standar orang Arab
[[Sunni|Muslim Sunni]] percaya bahwa [[Abu Bakar Ash-Shiddiq|Abu Bakar]] dipilih oleh masyarakat dan bahwa ini adalah prosedur yang tepat. Sunni lebih lanjut berpendapat bahwa seorang khalifah idealnya harus dipilih oleh pemilu atau konsensus masyarakat.
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== Kekhalifahan Umayyah (661-750) ==
[[Berkas:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|kiri|jmpl|Khilafah pada 622-750 {{Legend|#a1584e|Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632}} {{Legend|#ef9070|Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphs, 632–661}} {{Legend|#fad07d|Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]]
Umayyah memelopori gelar khalifah menjadi turun-temurun.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA129&dq=sunni+caliph&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sunni%20caliph&f=false|title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures|last=Cavendish|first=Marshall|year=2010|isbn=9780761479260|page=129|chapter=6}}</ref> Di masa Umayyah, Khilafah tumbuh pesat dibeberapa wilayah dengan
[[Kategori:
Secara geografis, kekhilafahan dibagi menjadi beberapa provinsi, batas-batasnya berubah berkali-kali selama pemerintahan Umayyah. Masing-masing provinsi memiliki seorang gubernur yang ditunjuk oleh khalifah. Namun, untuk berbagai alasan, mereka tidak dipilih oleh Syura dan perilaku jahat mereka, dinasti Umayyah tidak didukung secara penuh dalam masyarakat Muslim. Beberapa [[Sahabat nabi|sahabat]] seperti [[Zubair bin Awwam]]; merasa hanya anggota dari klan Muhammad, [[Bani Hasyim]], atau garis keturunan dari Ali yang harus memerintah.
Ada berbagai pemberontakan terhadap bani Umayyah, serta perpecahan dalam jajaran Umayyah
== Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah (750-1258, 1261-1517) ==
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=== Khalifah Abbasiyah di Baghdad ===
[[Berkas:Mustansiriya_University_CPT.jpg|ka|jmpl|Al-Mustansiriya Universitas di [[Bagdad|Baghdad]]]]
Di tahun 750, dinasti Umayyah digulingkan oleh keluarga lain dari [[Mekkah|Mekah]], Abbasiyyah. Periode mereka ditandai dengan penelitian ilmiah, budaya dan kemakmuran religius. Seni dan musik Islam juga berkembang secara signifikan selama pemerintahan mereka. kota-kota besar mereka dan ibukota [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] mulai berkembang sebagai pusat pengetahuan, budaya dan perdagangan. Periode keemasan ini berakhir pada tahun 1258 dengan [[Pengepungan Baghdad (1258)|Pengepungan Baghdad]] oleh bangsa Mongol di bawah [[Hulagu Khan]].
Pada abad ke-9, Abbasiyyah menciptakan sebuah pasukan yang hanya patuh dengan Khalifah yang dikenal sebagai Mamluk terdiri dari Turki Cuman, Sirkasia, dan budak dari Georgia. Pada tahun 1250 Mamluk berkuasa di Mesir. Tentara Mamluk, meskipun sering dipandang negatif, baik membantu dan menyakiti khalifah.
=== Di bawah Kesultanan Mamluk di Kairo (1261-1517) ===
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Fatimiyah membangun kota [[Mahdia]] sebagai ibu kota mereka, sebelum menaklukkan Mesir, dan membangun kota [[Kairo]] ada pada tahun 969. Setelah itu, Kairo menjadi ibukota khilafah, dengan Mesir menjadi pusat politik, budaya dan agama di tengah-tengah negara. Pengamat dunia islam [[Louis Massignon]] menjuluki abad ke-4 H / 10 M sebagai "abad [[Ismailiyah]] dalam sejarah Islam".<ref>In his “Mutanabbi devant le siècle ismaëlien de l’Islam”, in Mém. de l’Inst. Français de Damas, 1935, p.</ref>
Istilah ''Fatimite'' kadang-kadang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada penduduk khilafah ini.
Khilafah dikenal memiliki tingkat toleransi terhadap non syiah termasuk sekte-sekte Islam lainnya serta terhadap [[Yahudi|orang-orang Yahudi]], Maltese orang-orang Kristen dan [[Koptik|orang-orang Koptik]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Islam|last=Wintle|first=Justin|date=May 2003|publisher=Rough Guides Ltd|isbn=1-84353-018-X|location=London|pages=136–7}}</ref>
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Selama dinasti Umayyah, [[Iberia|Semenanjung Iberia]] adalah provinsi yang integral dengan Kekhalifahan Umayyah yang berkuasa di [[Damaskus]]. Bani Umayyah kehilangan posisi Khalifah di Damaskus pada 750, dan [[Abdurrahman Ad Dakhil|Abdurrahman I]] menjadi Amir Cordoba pada 756 setelah enam tahun di pengasingan. Bertekad untuk mendapatkan kembali kekuasaan, dia mengalahkan penguasa Islam yang ada di wilayah yang menentang peraturan Umayyah dan menggabungkan berbagai wilayah lokal ke dalam sebuah keamiran.
Penguasa keamiran digunakan gelar "amir" atau "sultan" sampai abad ke-10, ketika [[Abdurrahman III]] menghadapi ancaman invasi dari Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah. Untuk membantu melawan invasi Fatimiyah, yang mengklaim berlawanan dengan khilafah yang diakui secara umum, Kekhilafahan Abbasiyah di Baghdad, [[Al-Mu'tadhid]], [[Abdurrahman III]] mengklaim dirinya sebagai khalifah. Hal ini menjadikan Abdurrahman III mendapatkan prestise dari rakyatnya, dan gelar itu dipertahankan hingga Fatimiyah tumbang.
===
[[Berkas:Empire_almohade.PNG|jmpl|Wilayah khilafah Muwahhidun pada tingkat terbesar, sekitar 1180-1212]]
Khilafah Muwahhidun ({{lang-ber|Imweḥḥden}}, dari [[Bahasa Arab|bahasa arab]] {{Lang|ar|الموحدون}} ''al-Muwaḥḥidun'', "[[Monoteisme|Yang Monoteis]]" atau "Pemersatu") adalah sebuah gerakan [[Muslim|Muslim Berber]] Maroko<ref>B. Lugan, ''Histoire du Maroc'', {{ISBN|2-262-01644-5}}</ref><ref>''Concise Encyclopaedia of World History'', by Carlos Ramirez-Faria, pp.23&676 [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC]</ref> yang didirikan pada abad ke-12.<ref name="brit1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16820/Almohads|title=Almohads|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="Indicate that a given span of text belongs to a particular language. Allows browsers to correctly present and pronounce foreign languages.">Lang</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="1" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Language tag</span><span data-key="1" title="A language tag, or an ISO 639 language code." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="1" style="position: relative;">ar</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Text</span><span data-key="2" title="The text belonging to the language specified." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="2" style="position: relative;">الموحدون</div></div></div></div>Gerakan Muwahhidun dibentuk oleh Ibnu Tumart adi antara suku [[Masmuda]] di selatan Maroko.
Muwahhidun menguasai Iberia hingga 1212, ketika Muhammad al-Nasir (1199-1214) dikalahkan pada [[Pertempuran Las Navas de Tolosa]] di Sierra Morena oleh aliansi Pangeran Kristen dari [[Kerajaan Kastila|Kastila]], [[Takhta Aragon|Aragon]], [[Kerajaan Navarra|Navarra]] dan [[Kerajaan Portugal|Portugal]]. Hampir semua kekuasaan [[Moor|Moorish]] di Iberia hampir hilang setelah itu, dengan kota-kota Moorish
Muwahhidun terus memerintah di Afrika utara sampai sedikit demi sedikit kehilangan wilayah melalui pemberontakan suku dan distrik memungkinkan bangkitnya musuh mereka yang paling efektif, [[Banu Marin|dinasti Mariniyyah]], pada tahun 1215. [[Idris al-Watsiq]] yang merupakan pewaris tahta terakhir dari Muwahhidun, dia dibunuh oleh seorang budak pada 1269; [[Banu marin|Banu Marin]] merebiut [[Marrakesh]] mengakhiri dominasi [[Muwahhidun]] di [[Arab Maghrib|Maghrib]] Barat.
== Kekhalifahan Utsmaniyah (1517-1924) ==
[[Daftar sultan Utsmaniyah|Sultan Utsmaniyah]] mengklaim dirinya sebagai khilafah yang diawali dengan [[Murad I]] (1362 - 1389),<ref name="Lambton">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west|last=Lambton|first=Ann|last2=Lewis|first2=Bernard|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780521223102|volume=2|page=320|author-link=Ann Lambton|author-link2=Bernard Lewis|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> mereka tidak mengakui kewenangan dari khalifah Abbasiyah dari Kairo yang dikuasai Mamluk. Oleh karena itu kursi kekhalifahan pindah ke Utsmaniyah dengan ibukota [[Edirne]]. Pada tahun 1453, setelah [[Mehmed II|Muhammad al-Fatih]] [[Kejatuhan Konstantinopel|membebaskan Konstantinopel]], pusat kekuasaan pindah ke [[Konstantinopel]], hari ini dikenal dengan [[Istanbul]]. Pada 1517, sultan Utsmaniyyah [[Selim I]] mengalahkan dan merebut Kesultanan Mamluk dari Kairo ke kerajaannya.<ref name="BritCal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/89726/caliph|title=caliph - Islamic title|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Melalui penaklukkan dan penyatuan negeri-negeri Muslim, Selim I menjadi pembela kota-Kota Suci [[Mekkah]] dan [[Madinah]], yang selanjutnya memperkuat klaim Utsmani sebagai khilafah di dunia Islam.
Menurut Barthold, pertama kali gelar "khalifah" digunakan sebagai politik bukan simbol agama oleh Utsmani adalah [[Perjanjian Küçük Kaynarca]] dengan [[Kekaisaran Rusia|Kekaisaran rusia]] pada tahun 1774, ketika Kekaisaran mempertahankan otoritas moral di wilayah yang kedaulatannya diserahkan ke Kekaisaran Rusia.
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=== Penghapusan Khilafah (1924) ===
[[Berkas:Portrait_Caliph_Abdulmecid_II.jpg|jmpl|354x354px|[[Abdul Mejid II]] Khalifah Islam terakhir dari [[Dinasti Osman|dinasti Utsmaniyah]].]]
Setelah [[Gencatan Senjata Mudros|gencatan senjata Mudros]] oktober 1918 dengan
Pada tanggal 3 Maret 1924, [[Daftar Presiden Turki|Presiden Republik Turki]] yang pertama, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], sebagai bagian dari [[Kontitusi Atatürk|Konstitusi Atatürk]], peraturan yang menghapuskan institusi khilafah. Tampuk kekuasaan Turki dipindahkan ke [[Majelis Agung Nasional Turki]], parlemen yang dibentuk saat Republik Turki berdiri. Gelar ini kemudian diklaim oleh [[Syarif Husain|Hussein bin Ali, Syarif Mekkah]] dari [[Hijaz]], pemimpin [[Pemberontakan Arab|Revolusi Arab]], tetapi kerajaan-nya dikalahkan dan dicaplok oleh [[Abdul Aziz bin Saud|Ibnu Saud]] pada tahun 1925.
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Meskipun gelar ''Amirul Mukminin'' diadopsi oleh Raja Maroko dan oleh [[Mohammed Omar]], mantan kepala [[Taliban]] dari [[Afganistan|Afghanistan]], keduanya mengaku tidak ada legal standing atau wewenang atas umat Islam di luar perbatasan negara mereka masing-masing.
Sejak akhir Kekaisaran Ottoman, sesekali demonstrasi
== Kekhalifahan Sokoto (1804-1903) ==
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* {{Cite book|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936]]|last=Arnold|first=T. W.|publisher=BRILL|year=1993|isbn=978-90-04-09790-2|editor-last=Houtsma|editor-first=M. Th|volume=Volume IV|location=Leiden|pages=881–885|chapter=Khalīfa|access-date=2010-07-23|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA881}}
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936]]</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Arnold</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">T. W.</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">BRILL</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1993</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">978-90-04-09790-2</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Editor last name</span><span data-key="editor-last" title="The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-last" style="position: relative;">Houtsma</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Editor first name</span><span data-key="editor-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-first" style="position: relative;">M. Th</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Editors list</span><span data-key="editors" title="Free-form list of editor names; use of this parameter is discouraged" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editors" style="position: relative;">Houtsma</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" style="position: relative;">Volume IV</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" style="position: relative;">Leiden</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pages" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Page(s) cited</span><span data-key="pages" title="A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pages" style="position: relative;">881–885</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="chapter" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Chapter</span><span data-key="chapter" title="The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapterurl' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="chapter" style="position: relative;">Khalīfa</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="access-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL access date</span><span data-key="access-date" title="The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="access-date" style="position: relative;">2010-07-23</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="chapter-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Chapter URL</span><span data-key="chapter-url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="chapter-url" style="position: relative;">https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA881</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, "lastn" to "firstn" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" style="position: relative;">Arnold</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.">Cite book</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the book; displays in italics" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Last name</span><span data-key="last" title="The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Arnold</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">First name</span><span data-key="first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">T. W.</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; displays after title" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">BRILL</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Year of publication</span><span data-key="year" title="Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1993</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span><span data-key="isbn" title="International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">978-90-04-09790-2</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Editor last name</span><span data-key="editor-last" title="The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-last" style="position: relative;">Houtsma</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editor-first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Editor first name</span><span data-key="editor-first" title="Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editor-first" style="position: relative;">M. Th</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="editors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Editors list</span><span data-key="editors" title="Free-form list of editor names; use of this parameter is discouraged" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="editors" style="position: relative;">Houtsma</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Volume</span><span data-key="volume" title="For one publication published in several volumes" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" style="position: relative;">Volume IV</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Location of publication</span><span data-key="location" title="Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" style="position: relative;">Leiden</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="pages" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Page(s) cited</span><span data-key="pages" title="A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="pages" style="position: relative;">881–885</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="chapter" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Chapter</span><span data-key="chapter" title="The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapterurl' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="chapter" style="position: relative;">Khalīfa</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="access-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL access date</span><span data-key="access-date" title="The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="access-date" style="position: relative;">2010-07-23</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="chapter-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Chapter URL</span><span data-key="chapter-url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="chapter-url" style="position: relative;">https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA881</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authors" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Authors list</span><span data-key="authors" title="List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, "lastn" to "firstn" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authors" style="position: relative;">Arnold</div></div></div></div>
* {{Citation|title=God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam|year=1986|last1=Crone|last2=Hinds|first1=Patricia|first2=Martin|authorlink1=Patricia Crone|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32185-3|ISBN=978-0-521-32185-3}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.">Citation</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">title of source</span><span data-key="title" title="Title of source; displays in italics." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">year</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1986</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last1" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">last1</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last1" style="position: relative;">Crone</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">last2</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last2" style="position: relative;">Hinds</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first1" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">first1</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first1" style="position: relative;">Patricia</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first2" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">first2</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first2" style="position: relative;">Martin</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authorlink1" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">authorlink1</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authorlink1" style="position: relative;">Patricia Crone</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">location</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" style="position: relative;">Cambridge, England</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">publisher</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Cambridge University Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">isbn</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">978-0-521-32185-3</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ISBN" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ISBN" style="position: relative;">978-0-521-32185-3</div></div></div></div>
* {{Citation|last=Donner|first=Fred McGraw|title=The Early Islamic Conquests|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00877|year=1981|author-link=Fred Donner|authorlink=Fred Donner|location=Princeton, N.J|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-05327-1|ISBN=978-0-691-05327-1}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author-link=</code>, <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author-link=</code>, dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|authorlink=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]); More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.">Citation</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author surname</span><span data-key="last" title="surname of the author of the cited material" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Donner</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author given name</span><span data-key="first" title="given name (first name) of the author of the cited material" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">Fred McGraw</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">title of source</span><span data-key="title" title="Title of source; displays in italics." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The Early Islamic Conquests</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">url of source</span><span data-key="url" title="URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00877</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">year</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">1981</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="author-link" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author-link</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="author-link" style="position: relative;">Fred Donner</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authorlink" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">authorlink</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authorlink" style="position: relative;">Fred Donner</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">location</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" style="position: relative;">Princeton, N.J</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">publisher</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Princeton University Press</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">isbn</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">978-0-691-05327-1</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ISBN" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ISBN" style="position: relative;">978-0-691-05327-1</div></div></div></div>
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Caliphate|first=Michael Jan de|last=Goeje|authorlink=Michael Jan de Goeje|volume=5}}
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title">Cite EB1911</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="wstitle" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">wstitle</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="wstitle" style="position: relative;">Caliphate</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">first</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">Michael Jan de</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">last</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Goeje</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authorlink" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">authorlink</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authorlink" style="position: relative;">Michael Jan de Goeje</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="author-link" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author-link</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="author-link" style="position: relative;">Michael Jan de Goeje</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="volume" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">volume</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="volume" style="position: relative;">5</div></div></div></div>
* {{Citation|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11|year=2007|author-link=Lawrence Wright|authorlink=Lawrence Wright|origyear=2006|location=London|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-1-4000-3084-2|ISBN=978-1-4000-3084-2}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author-link=</code>, <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author-link=</code>, dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|authorlink=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]); More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:
<div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" dir="ltr" style="display: none;" lang="en"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.">Citation</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="last" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author surname</span><span data-key="last" title="surname of the author of the cited material" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="last" style="position: relative;">Wright</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="first" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author given name</span><span data-key="first" title="given name (first name) of the author of the cited material" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="first" style="position: relative;">Lawrence</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">title of source</span><span data-key="title" title="Title of source; displays in italics." class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="year" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">year</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="year" style="position: relative;">2007</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="author-link" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">author-link</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="author-link" style="position: relative;">Lawrence Wright</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="authorlink" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">authorlink</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="authorlink" style="position: relative;">Lawrence Wright</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="origyear" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">origyear</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="origyear" style="position: relative;">2006</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="location" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">location</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="location" style="position: relative;">London</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">publisher</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">Vintage</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="isbn" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">isbn</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="isbn" style="position: relative;">978-1-4000-3084-2</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="ISBN" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">ISBN</span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="ISBN" style="position: relative;">978-1-4000-3084-2</div></div></div></div>
* {{Cite journal|last=Holt|first=Peter M.|author-link=Peter M. Holt|year=1984|title=Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|publisher=University of London|volume=47|issue=3|pages=501–507|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00113710|ref=harv}}
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