Kritik teks (Alkitab): Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Kritik teks''' adalah salah satu metode [[Hermeneutika Alkitab|penafsiran]] [[Alkitab]] yang mempelajari [[teks]] yang ada secara terperinci untuk memahami makna yang terkandung di dalamnya.

 

* Perbedaan sumber asal.

* Perbedaan interpretasi pada saat menerjemahkan.

== Sejarah ==

Kritik teks sudah dimulai dari zaman kuno tetapi metode kritik teks modern untuk [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]] yaitu [[Perjanjian Lama]] dan [[Perjanjian Baru]] berawal dari rasionalisme abad ke-17 dan ke-18 dan dikembangkan dalam konteks pendekatanan ilmiah kepada humanitas (terutama sejarah) yang tumbuh pada abad ke-19.<!-- Studies of the Old and New Testaments were often independent of each other, largely due to the difficulty of any single scholar having a sufficient grasp of the many languages required or of the cultural background for the different periods in which texts had their origins.

Astruc's methods were adopted by German scholars such as [[Johann Gottfried Eichhorn]] (1752–1827) and [[Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette]] (1780–1849) in a movement which became known as the [[higher criticism]] (to distinguish it from the far longer-established close examination and comparison of individual manuscripts, called the [[lower criticism]]); this school reached its apogee with the influential synthesis of [[Julius Wellhausen]] (1844–1918) in the 1870s, at which point it seemed to many that the Bible had at last been fully explained as a human document.

 

The implications of "higher criticism" were not welcomed by many religious scholars, not least the Catholic Church. [[Pope Leo XIII]] (1810–1903) condemned secular biblical scholarship in his encyclical ''[[Providentissimus Deus]]'';<ref>Fogarty, page 40.</ref> but in 1943 [[Pope Pius XII]] gave license to the new scholarship in his encyclical ''[[Divino afflante Spiritu]]'': "textual criticism ... [is] quite rightly employed in the case of the Sacred Books...Let the interpreter then, with all care and without neglecting any light derived from recent research, endeavor to determine the peculiar character and circumstances of the sacred writer, the age in which he lived, the sources written or oral to which he had recourse and the forms of expression he employed".<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_30091943_divino-afflante-spiritu_en.html Encyclical ''Divino afflante Spiritu''], 1943.</ref> Today the modern [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|Catechism]] states: "In order to discover the sacred authors' intention, the reader must take into account the conditions of their time and culture, the literary genres in use at that time, and the modes of feeling, speaking and narrating then current. For the fact is that truth is differently presented and expressed in the various types of historical writing, in prophetical and poetical texts, and in other forms of literary expression".<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PQ.HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church, Article III, section 110] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816202810/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PQ.HTM |date=August 16, 2014 }}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[[Phyllis Trible]], a student of Muilenburg, applied and developed his methods, while adding her own [[Christian feminism|Christian feminist]] perspective to biblical scholarship.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tull|first1=Patricia K.|editor1-last=Haynes|editor1-first=Stephen R.|editor2-last=McKenzie|editor2-first=Steven L.|title=To each its own meaning : an introduction to biblical criticisms and their applications|date=1999|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, Ky.|isbn=978-0664257842|edition=Rev. and expanded.|chapter=Chapter 8: Rhetorical Criticism and Intertextuality}}</ref>{{rp|158-159}}<ref name=UTSaid>{{cite web|title=Finding Aid for Phyllis Trible Papers, 1954-2015|url=http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/locations/burke/fa/awts/ldpd_5635427.pdf|publisher=Archives of Women in Theological Scholarship The Burke Library Columbia University Libraries Union Theological Seminary, New York|accessdate=4 April 2018|date=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vater|first1=Ann M.|title=Review of God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|date=1980|volume=99|issue=1|pages=131–133|doi=10.2307/3265712|jstor=3265712}}</ref>

 

 

===Psychological criticism===

* [[William F. Albright|William Albright]] (1891–1971): profesor pada [[Johns Hopkins University]] dan pendiri "[[:en:biblical archaeology|biblical archaeology (arkeologi Alkitab)]]" yang mendukung otentisitas naskah-naskah kuno Alkitab, terutama [[Perjanjian Lama]].

<!--* [[Albrecht Alt]] (1883–1956): berperan dalam debat awal mengenai agama leluhur di Alkitab; <!-- ; he was also an important influence on the generation of mid-20th century German scholars like [[Martin Noth]] and [[Gerhard von Rad]]-->

<!--* [[Margaret Barker]] (1944–): maintains that the polytheistic practices of the First Jewish Temple survived and influenced gnosticism and early Christianity

* [[Walter Bauer]] (1877–1960): redefined the parameters of orthodoxy and heresy with his multiregional hypothesis for the origins of early Christianity

* [[Thomas Jefferson]] (1743–1826): Presiden Amerika Serikat. Pengarang "Jefferson Bible", sebuah rekonstruksi Perjanjian Baru yang menghilangkan rujukan bersifat mujizat.

* [[Baruch Spinoza]] (1632–1677): filsuf Belanda, yang mengumpulkan diskrepansi, kontradiksi dan anakronisme dari Taurat dan berpendapat bahwa Taurat tidak dapat ditulis oleh Musa. Pendapatnya disanggah secara detail oleh [[Jean Astruc]].

* [[David Friedrich Strauss]] (1808–1874): kritikus Jerman yang berfokus pada penelitian [[Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah]], terutama dengan bukunya ''Das Leben Jesu''. Pendapatnya sudah ditinggalkan karena temuan-temuan arkeologi modern.

<!--* [[Thomas L. Thompson]] (1939–): penyanggah kesimpulan Albright mengenai arkeologi dan sejarah Pentateukh-->

* [[Joseph Wheless]] (1868–1950): ahli hukum Amerika Serikat yang menentang bahwa Yesus pernah hidup.-->

* [[R. N. Whybray]] (1923–1997): penyanggah asumsi "kritik sumber" yang mendasari [[hipotesis dokumen]].

 

== Lihat pula ==

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* {{cite book

|author=Birch, Bruce C., Walter Brueggemann, Terence E. Fretheim, and David L. Petersen

|isbn = 0-334-00294-X

|location = London

|publisher = SCM Press; Philadelphia: Trinity Press International

}}

|volume=

|issue=

|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco

|authorlink=Bart D. Ehrman

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.shef.ac.uk/bibs/DJACcurrres/Postmodern1/Possibilities.html David J. A. Clines, "Possibilities and Priorities of Biblical Interpretation in an International Perspective", in ''On the Way to the Postmodern: Old Testament Essays 1967–1998'', Volume 1 (JSOTSup, 292; Sheffield: [[Sheffield Academic Press]], 1998), pp.&nbsp;46–68] See Section 6, Future Trends in Biblical Interpretation, overview of some current trends in biblical criticism.

* [http://biblicalauthorship.blogspot.com/2011/07/library.html Library of latest modern books of biblical studies and biblical criticism]