Kelompok minoritas di Turki: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Illchy (bicara | kontrib)
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(52 revisi perantara oleh 13 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{bar box|title=Kelompok etnis di Turki ([[World Factbook]])<ref name="CIA World Factbook: Turkey">CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702111626/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |date=2017-07-02 }}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd|left1='''Kelompok etnis'''|right1='''Persentase'''|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Orang Turki|Turki]] (Turki Anatolia)|red|72.5|70–75%}}
{{bar percent|[[Orang Kurdi|Kurdi]]|green|18|18%}}
{{bar percent|Lainnya|blue|9.5|7–12%}}}}Berbagai macam kelompok '''Minoritas di Turki''' menyusun komposisi demografi di negara tersebut. Kaum Minoritas di Turki dapat digolongkan menjadi dua bagian, yaitu minoritas secara etnis dan minoritas secara agama. Kaum minoritas terbesar di Turki datang dari golongan minoritas secara etnis, adalah suku bangsa [[Orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] dengan persentase mencapai 18% dari keseluruhan populasi penduduk di Turki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29702440|title=Who are the Kurds?|date=2017-10-31|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> Berdasarkan [[Perjanjian Lausanne]] yang ditandatangani oleh pihak Turki dan negara-negara [[blok Sekutu]] pasca [[Perang dunia pertama|Perang Dunia Pertama]], Pemerintah [[Turki|Republik Turki]] mengakui secara resmi keberadaan beberapa etnis minoritas, seperti [[Bangsa Armenia|etnis Armenia]], [[Orang Yunani|etnis Yunani]], dan [[Bangsa Yahudi|keturunan Yahudi]]. Namun, pengakuan secara resmi ini tidak didapatkan oleh etnis minoritas muslim lainnya. Etnis muslim seperti [[Orang Kurdi|suku bangsa Kurdi]] tidak diakui menurut kosntitusi dan undang-undang negara [[Turki]] meskipun jumlah orang Kurdi di Turki cukup signifikan, sekitar 18%. Pada umumnya orang-orang Kurdi di Turki digolongkan (dianggap) sebagai orang dari [[Bangsa Turki|etnis Turki]]. Generalisasi ini juga seringkalisering kali diterapkan pada etnis lainnya, seperti [[Orang Albania di Turki|etnis Albania]], [[Orang Yunani Pontos|etnis Yunani Pontos]], [[Bangsa Arab|etnis Arab]], [[Orang Bosnia di Turki|etnis Bosnia]], [[Orang Sirkasia|suku bangsa Sirkasia]], dan [[suku Chechen]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.al/books?id=vM5hZEsdz94C&pg=PA98&dq=5+million+albanians+in+turkey&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAWoVChMI3M_xuaXfxgIVgVkUCh1fTQRg#v=onepage&q=5%20million%20albanians%20in%20turkey&f=false|title=Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity|last=Saunders|first=Robert A.|date=2011|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739141946|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-deki-kurtlerin-sayisi--magazin-873452/|title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!|last=sitesi|first=milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber|newspaper=MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>
 
Sebagian besar kaum minoritas secara etnis di Turki ([[Orang Albania di Turki|etnis Albania]], [[Orang Bosnia di Turki|etnis Bosnia]], [[Tatar Krimea|orang Tatar Krimea]], dan berbagai suku bangsa yang tinggal di kawasan [[Kaukasus]] termasuk [[Bangsa Turk|suku bangsa Turki]] itu sendiri) berasal dari bekas wilayah koloni Kesultanan Utsmaniyah yang mengungsi ke negara Turki akbiat Kesultanan Utsmaniyah mengalami kekalahan dalam perang.<ref>{{Cite news|urlname=http":0"//www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-deki-kurtlerin-sayisi--magazin-873452/|title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!|last=sitesi|first=milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber|newspaper=MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> Seiring berjalannya waktu para pendatang tersebutsecara alami berasimilasi terhadap budaya dan bahasa setempat serta banyak pula diantara mereka menikah dengan orang Turki dan melanjutkan keturunannya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/turkey-arrested-kosovo-born-general-as-coup-leader--07-18-2016|title=Alleged Coup Leader in Turkey 'Born in Kosovo' :: Balkan Insight|website=www.balkaninsight.com|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>
 
Walaupun banyak diantara kaum etnis minoritas di Turki tidak mendapatkan pengakuan secara resmi oleh pemerintah Turki, ''[[Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu]]'' (Lembaga Penyiaran Televisi dan Radio Turki) menyiarkan beberapa program dengan menggunakan beberapa bahasa dari etnis minoritas di Turki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trt.net.tr/Anasayfa/anasayfa.aspx|title=TRT - Anasayfa|website=TRT|language=tr-TR|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> Pelajaran bahasa selain bahasa Turki juga diajarkan di tingkat sekolah dasar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18410596|title=Turkey 'to allow Kurdish lessons'|date=2012-06-12|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>
Baris 163:
 
== Etnis minoritas ==
Berikut ini adalah nama-nama etnis minoritas yang terdapat di Turki :
 
=== Abdal ===
Suku Abdal adalah suku bangsa minoritas yang umumnya dapat ditemukan di kawasan tengah dan barat [[Semenanjung Anatolia]]. Suku Abdal masih menjalankan hidup secara berpindah-pindah dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain. Suku Abdal menuturkan bahasa [[argot]] dengan versinya sendiri. Pada umumnya suku Abdal menganut kepercayaan Syi'ah dari sekte [[Alevi]].<ref>Abdal by Peter Alford Andrews pages 435 to 438 in Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey / compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews, with the assistance of Rüdiger Benninghaus (Wiesbaden : Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1989) {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}</ref>
 
=== Orang-orang keturunan Afganistan ===
Orang-orang [[Afganistan]] di Turki sebagian besar berasal dari latar belakang pengungsi. Gelombang migrasi orang-orang Afganistan di Turki pertama kali terjadi pada zaman [[Perang Soviet–Afganistan]]. Jumlah orang keturunan Afganistan di Turki tidak diketahui secara pasti, namuntetapi sebuah artikel pada koran nasional Turki ''Hurriyet'' terbitan tahun 2002 menyatakan terdapat "ribuan" orang-orang keturunan Afganistan tinggal di Turki. Mayoritas orang Afganistan di Turki terdiri dari etnis [[Orang Persia|Persia]] dan etnis [[Uzbek]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldrefugeesurvey.org/images/b/bb/TurkeyMap.jpg|title=Archived copy|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601183426/http://www.worldrefugeesurvey.org/images/b/bb/TurkeyMap.jpg|archivedate=2010-06-01|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2017-12-10|df=}}</ref>
 
=== Orang-orang keturunan Afrika ===
[[Berkas:Ottoman_eunuch,_1912.jpg|ka|jmpl|Seorang kepala kasim Kesultanan utsmaniyah yang berasal dari keturunan Afrika dipada tahun 1912.]]
Kehadiran orang-orang keturunan Afrika di Turki berawal dari sejarah perdanganan budak di [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Budak-budak Afrika yang dibawa ke [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] berasal dari [[Niger]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Libya]], [[Kenya]], dan [[Sudan]] yang umumnya didatangkan melalui [[Zanzibar|Pulau Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827055914/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522|title=Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt|date=2008-08-27|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-date=2008-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827055914/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Wilayah dengan populasi orang keturunan Afrika di Turki adalah [[Kawasan Aegea]], terutama [[İzmir]], Aydın, dan Muğla. Terdapat pula komunitas orang-orang keturunan Afrika di pedesaan dan kota-kota besar di Provinsi [[Antalya]] dan Provinsi [[Adana]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.afroturk.org/yasam_alanlari.aspx|title=Yerleşim Yerleri ve Göç|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Afroturk.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218151253/http://www.afroturk.org/yasam_alanlari.aspx|archivedate=18 February 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2017-12-10}}</ref> Jumlah orang-orang keturunan Afrika di Turki tidak diketahui secara pasti.<ref>[http://www.yeniasir.com.tr/haber_detay.php?hid=13561 Afrika'nın kapıları İzmir'e açılıyor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217223142/http://www.yeniasir.com.tr/haber_detay.php?hid=13561|date=17 February 2009}}, ''Yeni Asır'', 21 November 2008. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-10.</ref>
 
=== Etnis Albania ===
Laporan Dewan  Keamanan Nasional Turki (bahasa Turki:  ''Milli Güvenlik Kurulu'', MGK)  tahun 2008 menyatakan sekitar 1,3 juta orang yang memiliki darah keturunan [[Orang Albania di Turki|Albania]] menetap di Turki. Lebih dari 500.000 orang keturunan Albania di Turki masih mempertahankan budaya dan bahasa Albania di kehidupan sehari-hari mereka. Menurut sumber-sumber lain orang-orang keturunan [[Albania]] di Turki mencapai 5 juta orang.<ref name="sablon.sdu.edu.tr">{{Cite web |url=http://sablon.sdu.edu.tr/dergi/sosbilder/dosyalar/27/OS_16.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-12-11 |archive-date=2015-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927134953/https://sablon.sdu.edu.tr/dergi/sosbilder/dosyalar/27/OS_16.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.al/books?id=vM5hZEsdz94C&pg=PA98&dq=5+million+albanians+in+turkey&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAWoVChMI3M_xuaXfxgIVgVkUCh1fTQRg#v=onepage&q=5%20million%20albanians%20in%20turkey&f=false|title=Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity|author=Robert A. Saunders|publisher=Lexington Books|page=98}}</ref> Sebagian besar dari mereka berasal dari etnis Albania Kosovo/Makedonia dan Cameria Tosk yang melarikan diri dari penganiayaan orang [[Yunani]] dan [[Serbia]] pasca [[Perang Balkan]]. Terdapat juga beberapa orang Albania dari [[Orang Albania di Montenegro|Montenegro]] dan [[Albania]] di Turki.
 
Sebuah lembaga ''Turkish-Albanian Brotherhood Culture and Solidarity Association'' dibentuk untuk melestarikan tradisi dan budaya Albania. Lembaga ini sering mengadakan festival-festival [[folklor]] dan malam budaya Albania di Turki. Organisasi ini berpusat di [[Bayrampaşa]] di kota [[Istanbul]] dan memiliki tiga cabang yang terletak di [[Küçükçekmece]] dan terdapat di [[Provinsi Ankara]] dan Provinsi [[Provinsi Bursa|Bursa]]. Setiap tahun lembaga ini menyediakan kelas-kelas bahasa Albania dan menyelenggarakan perayaan-perayaan untuk memperingati kemerdekaan Albania.
 
=== Etnis Arab ===
Jumlah orang-orang keturunann Arab di Turki berkisar antara 800.000 hingga satu juta jiwa. Sebagian besar etnis Arab di Turki tinggal di provinsi-provinsi yang berbatasan dengan [[Suriah]], terutama di daerah Hatay dimana orang-orang Arab menyusun dua pertiga dari populasi di Hatay. Sebagian besar dari etnis Arab ini menganut agama Islam aliran ''[[Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|ahlus sunnah wal jamaah]]'', sebgaian lainnya menganut agama Islam [[Syi'ah]] dari sekte [[Alawi]].<ref>''Turkey: A Country Study'', Federal Research Division, Kessinger Publishing, June 30, 2004 - 392 pages. Page 140 [https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzYk_gzpJ0C&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=arabs+in+turkey+1+million&source=bl&ots=DmeMgSSIm3&sig=WQY_eSeqLuysUyEJ76D6uRRe7D0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xv1eUICaJ4G2hAeXzYCQDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arabs%20in%20turkey%201%20million&f=false].</ref>
 
=== ArmeniansEtnis Armenia ===
[[Berkas:Marcharmenians.jpg|jmpl|Para pengungsi etnis Armenia yang menjadi tawanan perang pada tahun 1915.]]
{{Main article|Armenians in Turkey}}
Suku bangsa Armenia adalah penduduk asli dataran tinggi Armenia yang sekarang wilayahnya terbagi menjadi wilayah kedaulatan [[Turki|Republik Turki]], [[Republik Armenia]], bagian selatan dari negara [[Georgia]], wilayah barat dari negara [[Azerbaijan]], dan bagian barat laut negara [[Iran]].<ref>Modern History of Armenia in the Works of Foreign Authors [Novaya istoriya Armenii v trudax sovremennix zarubezhnix avtorov], edited by R. Sahakyan, Yerevan, 1993, p. 15 (in Russian)</ref> Pada tahun 1880 pemerintah Turki melarang penggunakaan kata "Armenia" di kalangan pers, buku-buku sekolah, dan pemerintahan. Pemerintah Turki mengganti kata "Armenia" dengan istilah lain seperti Anatolia Timur atau Kurdistan bagian Utara.<ref>{{cite book|title=Crooks, crime and corruption|url=https://archive.org/details/crookscrimecorru0000boar|last=Blundell|first=Roger Boar, Nigel|publisher=Dorset Press|year=1991|isbn=9780880296151|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/crookscrimecorru0000boar/page/232 232]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|last=Balakian|first=Peter|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780061860171|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900-1925|url=https://archive.org/details/worldinarmstimef00time|last=Books|first=the editors of Time-Life|publisher=Time-Life Books|year=1989|isbn=9780809464708|edition=U.S.|location=Alexandria, Va.|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldinarmstimef00time/page/84 84]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&lpg=PA9&dq=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&f=false|title=Media Practice in Iraq.|last=K. Al-Rawi|first=Ahmed|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=9780230354524|location=|page=9|pages=|accessdate=2017-12-11}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Populasi orang keturunan Armenia di Turki telah mengalami penurunan yang signifikan akibat peristiwa Pembantaian Hamidian dan [[Genosida Armenia]]. Diperkirakan lebih dari satu setengah juta etnis Armenia menjadi korban jiwa dalam peristiwa Pembantaian Hamidian dan Genosida Armenia. Sebelum terjadinya genosida, etnis Armenia di Turki pada tahun 1914 tercatat berjumlah 1.914.620 jiwa.<ref>[http://www.armenian- history.com/books/Arm-pop-Ottoman-Emp.pdf THE POPULATION OF THE OTTOMAN ARMENIANS by Justin McCarthy]{{Pranala mati|date=Desember 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Raymond H. Kevorkian and Paul B. Paboudjian, ''Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la vielle du génocide'', Ed. ARHIS, Paris, 1992</ref>
{{Further information|Armenian Genocide}}
{{Further information|Hemshin peoples}}
{{Further information|Hidden Armenians}}
Armenians are indigenous to the [[Armenian Highlands]] which corresponds to the eastern half of modern-day Turkey, the Republic of Armenia, southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran. Although in 1880 the word ''Armenia'' was banned from being used in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments in Turkey and was subsequently replaced with words like eastern Anatolia or northern Kurdistan, Armenians had maintained much of their culture and heritage.<ref>Modern History of Armenia in the Works of Foreign Authors [Novaya istoriya Armenii v trudax sovremennix zarubezhnix avtorov], edited by R. Sahakyan, Yerevan, 1993, p. 15 (in Russian)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blundell|first=Roger Boar, Nigel|title=Crooks, crime and corruption|year=1991|publisher=Dorset Press|location=New York|isbn=9780880296151|page=232}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780061860171|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Books|first=the editors of Time-Life|title=The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900-1925|year=1989|publisher=Time-Life Books|location=Alexandria, Va.|isbn=9780809464708|edition=U.S.|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=K. Al-Rawi|first=Ahmed|title=Media Practice in Iraq.|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230354524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&lpg=PA9&dq=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&f=false|accessdate=16 January 2013|page=9}}</ref> The Armenian population of Turkey was greatly reduced following the [[Hamidian massacres]] and especially the [[Armenian Genocide]], when over one and half million Armenians, virtually the entire Armenian population of Anatolia, were massacred. Prior to the Genocide in 1914, the Armenian population of Turkey numbered at about 1,914,620.<ref>[http://www.armenian- history.com/books/Arm-pop-Ottoman-Emp.pdf THE POPULATION OF THE OTTOMAN ARMENIANS by Justin McCarthy]</ref><ref>Raymond H. Kevorkian and Paul B. Paboudjian, ''Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la vielle du génocide'', Ed. ARHIS, Paris, 1992</ref> The Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire before the Armenian genocide had an estimated 2,300 churches and 700 schools (with 82,000 students).<ref name=Bedrosyan>{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title=Bedrosyan: Searching for Lost Armenian Churches and Schools in Turkey|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/08/01/searching-for-lost-armenian-churches-and-schools-in-turkey/|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=The Armenian Weekly|date=August 1, 2011}}</ref> This figure excludes churches and schools belonging to the Protestant and Catholic Armenian parishes since only those churches and schools under the jurisdiction of the Istanbul Armenian Patriarchate and the Apostolic Church were counted.<ref name=Bedrosyan /> After the Armenian genocide however, it is estimated that 200,000 Armenians remained in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|title=ONLY 200,000 ARMENIANS NOW LEFT IN TURKEY|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0815FA395D16738DDDAB0A94D8415B858DF1D3|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 22, 1915}}</ref> Today there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians in Turkey, not including the [[Hamshenis]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Turay | first=Anna | title=Tarihte Ermeniler | publisher=[http://www.bolsohays.com Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians] | url=http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 | accessdate=2007-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/Yazar.asp?id=12
|accessdate=2008-09-02
|title=Türk Ermenisiz, Ermeni Türksüz olmaz!
|work=[[Taraf]]
|first=Ayşe
|last=Hür
|date=2008-08-31
|quote=Sonunda nüfuslarını 70 bine indirmeyi başardık.
|language=Turkish
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902110745/http://www.taraf.com.tr/yazar.asp?id=12
|archivedate=2008-09-02
|df=
}}</ref>
 
Sebelum pecahnya peristiwa genosida terhadap etnis Armenia, diketahui terdapat 2.300 buah bangunan gereja berdiri dan 700 buah sekolah dibanguan dengan jumlah siswa sekitar 82.000 orang.<ref name="Bedrosyan">{{cite news|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/08/01/searching-for-lost-armenian-churches-and-schools-in-turkey/|title=Bedrosyan: Searching for Lost Armenian Churches and Schools in Turkey|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|date=August 1, 2011|work=|newspaper=The Armenian Weekly|accessdate=2017-12-11|via=}}</ref> Angka ini belum termasuk jumlah bangunan gereja dan sekolah dari denominasi Protestan dan Paroki Katolik Armenia.<ref name="Bedrosyan" /> Setelah peristiwa genosida etnis [[Orang Armenia di Turki|Armenia]] berakhir, diperkirakan 200.000 orang etnis Armenia tersisa di Turki.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0815FA395D16738DDDAB0A94D8415B858DF1D3|title=ONLY 200,000 ARMENIANS NOW LEFT IN TURKEY|last=|first=|date=October 22, 1915|work=|newspaper=New York Times|accessdate=2017-12-11|via=}}</ref> Saat ini diperkirakan jumlah etnis Armenia di Turki berjumlah sebesar 40.000 hingga 70.000 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1|title=Tarihte Ermeniler|last=Turay|first=Anna|date=|website=|publisher=[http://www.bolsohays.com Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians]|accessdate=2017-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/Yazar.asp?id=12|title=Türk Ermenisiz, Ermeni Türksüz olmaz!|last=Hür|first=Ayşe|date=2008-08-31|work=[[Taraf]]|language=Turkish|quote=Sonunda nüfuslarını 70 bine indirmeyi başardık.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902110745/http://www.taraf.com.tr/yazar.asp?id=12|archivedate=2008-09-02|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2017-12-11|via=|df=}}</ref>
Armenians under the Turkish Republican era were subjected to many policies which attempted to abolish Armenian cultural heritage such as the [[Surname Law|Turkification of last names]], [[Islamification]], [[Geographical name changes in Turkey|geographical name changes]], [[Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey|confiscation of properties]], [[Animal name changes in Turkey|change of animal names]],<ref name=Animals>{{cite news|title=Turkey renames 'divisive' animals|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=8 March 2005|quote=Animal name changes: Red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica becomes Vulpes Vulpes. Wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana becomes Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus Roe deer known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus becomes Capreolus Cuprelus Capreolus.}}</ref> change of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent [[Balyan family]] were concealed under an identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani),<ref>{{cite news|title=Yiğidi öldürmek ama hakkını da vermek...|url=http://www.lraper.org/main.aspx?Action=DisplayNews&NewsCode=N000001527&Lang=TR|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=Lraper|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021094318/http://www.lraper.org/main.aspx?Action=DisplayNews&NewsCode=N000001527&Lang=TR|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Patrik II. Mesrob Hazretleri 6 Agustos 2006 Pazar|url=http://www.bolsohays.com/haberdetay-32339/patrik-ii-mesrob-hazretleri-6-agustos-2006-pazar-kumkapi-daki-surp-asdvadzadzin-meryem-ana-pat.html|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=Bolsohays News|date=August 7, 2006|language=Turkish}}</ref> and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=ed. by Richard G.|title=The Armenian genocide in perspective|year=1991|publisher=Transaction|location=New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]|isbn=9780887386367|edition=4. pr.}}</ref>
 
Saat Turki memasuki babak baru sebagai negara Republik sekuler dan mulai membuat berbagai kebijakan untuk mencoba menghapuskan warisan kebudayaan Armenia di Turki. Contoh dari kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut antara lain adalah pemaksaan menggunakan nama belakang ala Turki, perubahan nama-nama geografis, penyitaan properti, hingga penggantian nama binatang.<ref name="Animals">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm|title=Turkey renames 'divisive' animals|date=8 March 2005|newspaper=BBC|quote=Animal name changes: Red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica becomes Vulpes Vulpes. Wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana becomes Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus Roe deer known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus becomes Capreolus Cuprelus Capreolus.|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> Orang-orang etnis Armenia di Turki sekarang banyak terkonsentrasi di kota paling besar di Turki, [[Istanbul]]. Sebagian besar orang-orang etnis Armenia di Turki menjalankan media cetak koran dan sekolah. Mayoritas orang Armenia di Turki menganut agama Kristen Ortodoks Armenia, sebagian kecil lainnya menganut agama Kristen Katolik, Gereja Injili Armenia.<ref name="Bedrosyan" />
Armenians today are mostly concentrated around [[Istanbul]]. The [[Armenians]] support their own newspapers and schools. The majority belong to the [[Armenian Apostolic]] faith, with much smaller numbers of [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholics]] and [[Armenian Evangelical Church|Armenian Evangelicals]]. The community currently functions 34,{{clarify|reason=34 what? Churches?|date=July 2016}} 18 schools, and 2 hospitals.<ref name=Bedrosyan />
 
=== AssyriansAsiria ===
Suku bangsa [[Asiria]] dulunya pernah menjadi suku bangsa minoritas dengan jumlah yang signifikan di [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Namun, akibat terjadinya peristiwa [[genosida Asiria]] selama [[Perang Dunia I|Perang Dunia yang Pertama]], banyak orang-orang dari etnis Asiria dibunuh, dideportasi, atau melarikan diri dari wilayah Turki.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CB4Bh0-zrgoC|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|date=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412806190|language=en}}</ref> Terdapat pula orang-orang etnis Asiria yang bertahan hidup di bawah pemerintahan Turki, mereka ini adalah komunitas Asiria yang menjadi pribumi di wilayah bagian tenggara Turki dan kota [[Istanbul]] (meskipun banyak juga suku bangsa minoritas lain yang mengalami hal yang serupa, seperti etnis Armenia dan etnis Yunani). Jumlah populasi etnis Asiria di Turki diperkirakan sekitar 30.000 orang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html|title=Refworld {{!}} World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Turkey : Assyrians|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|newspaper=Refworld|language=en|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>
{{Main article|Assyrians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Assyrian genocide}}
[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] were once a large ethnic minority in the [[Ottoman Empire]], but following the early 20th century [[Assyrian Genocide]], many were murdered, deported, or ended up emigrating. Those that remain live in small numbers in their [[Tur Abdin|indigenous South Eastern Turkey]] (although in larger numbers than other groups murdered in [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]] or [[Greek genocide]]s) and Istanbul. They number around 30,000.
 
=== AustraliansEtnis Bosnia ===
Suku bangsa Bosnia adalah termasuk kaum minoritas etnis yang tergolong cukup dominan di Turki. Keberadaan etnis Bosnia dapat ditemukan dengan mdah di negara ini. Di kota-kota besar seperti İstanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara, İzmir, atau Adana sangat mudah untuk ditemui distrik, jalan, toko-toko, atau rumah makan yang menggunakan nama-nama seperti Bosna, Yenibosna, Mostar, atau Novi Pazar yang identik dengan negara [[Bosnia dan Herzegovina]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|author=Bernard Lewis|page=87}}</ref> Meskipun jumlah etnis Bosnia di Turki terbilang cukup banyak, tetapi sangat sulit untuk menentukan berapa jumlah pasti populasi suku bangsa Bosnia di Turki. Beberapa peneliti asal Bosnia menyatakan bahwa jumlah populasi orang Bosnia di Turki mencapai empat juta jiwa. Para politisi di Turki menyadari akan eksistensi etnis Bosnia di Turki. Pada tahun 2010 Menteri Luar Negeri Turki [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] mengatakan "Terdapat lebih banyak orang keturunan Bosnia tinggal di Turki dibandingkan dengan yang tinggal di [[Bosnia dan Herzegovina]]."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-313388-the-impact-of-bosnians-on-the-turkish-stateby-karol-kujawa-.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-12-11 |archive-date=2014-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514101712/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-313388-the-impact-of-bosnians-on-the-turkish-stateby-karol-kujawa-.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
{{Main article|Australians in Turkey}}
There are as many as 12,000 '''Australians in Turkey.'''<ref>[http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf Numbers of Australians Overseas in 2001 by Region - Southern Cross Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720101723/http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf |date=2008-07-20 }}</ref> Of these, the overwhelming majority are in the capital [[Ankara]] (roughly 10,000) while the remaining are in [[Istanbul]]. Australian expatriates in Turkey form one of the largest overseas Australian groups in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The vast majority of Australian nationals in Turkey are [[Turkish Australian]]s.
 
=== AzerbaijanisSuku bangsa Britania Raya ===
Terdapat sekitar 34.000 orang yang berasal dari Britania Raya ([[Suku Briton|Briton]]) yang tinggal di Turki.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/europe.stm Brits Abroad: BBC]</ref> Sebagian besar dari mereka adalah warga negara Britania Raya yang menikah dengan pasangan [[orang Turki]]. Orang Britania Raya yang tinggal di Turki umumnya adalah pelajar dan [[ekspatriat]] yang bekerja di berbagai bidang industri.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=http://www.capital.com.tr/the-number-of-expats-has-reached-26000-haberler/20006.aspx|title=The Number Of Expats Has Reached 26,000|last=Yavuz|first=Hande|work=Capital|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-date=2011-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114013411/http://www.capital.com.tr/the-number-of-expats-has-reached-26000-haberler/20006.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{{Main article|Azerbaijanis in Turkey}}
It is hard to determine how many ethnic [[Azeris]] currently reside in Turkey because ethnicity is a rather fluid concept in this country.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey/turkey993-08.htm Human Rights Watch] 1999 Report on Turkey</ref> and According to the [[Looklex Encyclopaedia]], [[Azerbaijani people]] make up 800,000 of [[Turkey]]'s population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/turkey.peoples.htm |title=Turkey-Peoples |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/life.html Life of Azerbaijanis in Turkey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031229094340/http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/Life.html |date=2003-12-29 }}. An interview with Sayyad Aran, Consul General of the Azerbaijan Republic to Istanbul. ''Azerbaijan Today''</ref> In the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]], Azeris are sometimes referred to as ''acem'' (see [[Ajam]]) or ''tat''.<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.durna.eu/Arshiv/qarsli.htm Qarslı bir azərbaycanlının ürək sözləri]. Erol Özaydın</ref> They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of [[Iğdır]]<ref>{{tr icon}} Iğdır Sevdası, Mücahit Özden Hun</ref> and second largest ethnic group in [[Kars Province|Kars]].<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/06/23/guncel/gun01.html KARS: AKP'nin kozu tarım desteği]. ''[[Milliyet]]''. 23 June 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2008</ref>
 
=== BosniaksEtnis Bulgaria ===
Terdapat sejumlah orang etnis Bulgaria di Turki yang sebagian besar terdiri dari orang-orang dari suku bangsa [[Pomak]] dan sebagian kecil lainnya adalah orang-orang [[Bangsa Bulgaria|etnis Bulgaria]] yang beragama Krsiten Ortodoks.<ref>The Balkans, Minorities and States in Conflict (1993), Minority Rights Publication, by Hugh Poulton, p. 111.</ref><ref>Richard V. Weekes; Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1; 1984; [https://books.google.com/books?ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&ct=result&id=aVdIAAAAMAAJ&dq=pomaks&q=%22pomaks+exist%22#search_anchor p.612]</ref><ref>Raju G. C. Thomas; Yugoslavia unraveled: sovereignty, self-determination, intervention; 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9L6ZayN27PAC&pg=PA105&dq=pomaks&hl=en&ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.105]</ref> Menurut seorang ahli [[etnologi]], terdapat sekitar 300.000 jiwa etnis [[Pomak]] di [[Turki]] yang menuturkan [[bahasa Bulgaria]] sebagai bahasa ibu mereka.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ethnologue.com|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|year=2005|isbn=978-1-55671-159-6|editor=Gordon, Raymond G. Jr.|edition=Fifteenth|location=[[Dallas, Texas]]|chapter=Languages of Turkey (Europe)|chapterurl=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRE}}</ref> Sangat sulit mengetahui jumlah pasti orang Bulgaria khususnya etnis Pomak di Turki karena banyak orang Pomak yang sudah berintegrasi dan berasimilasi dengan budaya dan bahasa setempat.<ref name="hurriyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10|title=Trial sheds light on shades of Turkey|last=|first=|date=2008-06-10|work=|publisher=''Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review''|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xPCtaAXt?url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10|archivedate=2011-03-23|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2017-12-11|via=|df=}}</ref> Menurut laporan ''[[Milliyet]]'' dan Berita Harian Turki, jumlah etnis Pomak dan orang Pomak yang sudah berasimilasi dengan [[Orang Turki|etnis Turki]] berjumlah sekitar 600.000 jiwa.<ref name="hurriyet" /><ref name="Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı">{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16|title=Milliyet - Turkified Pomaks in Turkey|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=www.milliyet.com.tr|language=tr|accessdate=2017-12-11}}</ref> Menurut Kementerian Urusan Luar Negeri Bulgaria terdapat komunitas Kristen Ortodoks Bulgaria di Turki dengan jumlah sekitar 500 orang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/pages/view/5360 |title="Българската общност в Република Турция " |access-date=2017-12-11 |archive-date=2012-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808034529/http://www.mfa.bg/bg/pages/view/5360 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
{{Main article|Bosniaks in Turkey}}
Today, the existence of [[Bosniaks]] in the country is evident everywhere. In cities like İstanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara, İzmir, or Adana, one can easily find districts, streets, shops or restaurants with names such as Bosna, Yenibosna, Mostar, or Novi Pazar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=87}}</ref> However, it is extremely difficult to estimate how many Bosniaks live in this country. Some Bosnian researchers believe that the number of Bosniaks in Turkey is about four million. Turkish politicians are aware of the large number of Bosniaks living in Turkey, and, referencing this in 2010, Turkish Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] said: "There are more Bosniaks living in Turkey than in Bosnia."<ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/news-313388-the-impact-of-bosnians-on-the-turkish-stateby-karol-kujawa-.html</ref>
 
=== Suku Bangsa Turki dari Asia Tengah ===
=== Britons ===
==== Suku Kazakh ====
{{Main article|Britons in Turkey}}
Terdapat sekitar 30.000 orang keturunan [[Bangsa Kazakh|Kazakh]] menetap di Zeytinburnu, di kota [[Istanbul]]. Selain di Istnabul komunitas [[Bangsa Kazakh|orang Kazakh]] juga terdapat di wilayah lainnya di Turki, seperti di wilayah Manisa di kota [[Konya]]. Gelombang migrasi orang-orang Kazakh ke Turki terjadi pada tahun 1969 dan 1954. Pada mulanya mereka menetap di wilayah Salihi, Develi, dan Altay.<ref name="Espace">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan&dq=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiby-XQ5urOAhVEpx4KHR4dCd04ChDoAQhAMAY|title=Espace populations sociétés|publisher=Université des sciences et techniques de Lille, U.E.R. de géographie|year=2006|page=174}}</ref> Terdapat beebrapa organisasi bagi para keturunan Kazakh di Turki, seperti Yayasan Kazakh-Turki ([[bahasa Turki]]: Kazak Türkleri Vakfı)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118|title=|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=Kazak Türkleri Vakfı Resmi Web Sayfası|publisher=|access-date=|quote=|archive-date=2016-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180046/http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan Organisasi Diaspora Kazakh di Turki ([[bahasa Turki]]: ''Kazak Kültür Derneği'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazakkultur.org/|title=|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=Kazak Kültür Derneği|publisher=|access-date=|quote=|archive-date=2020-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411101654/http://www.kazakkultur.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
There are at least 34,000 '''Britons in Turkey'''.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/europe.stm Brits Abroad: BBC]</ref> They consist mainly of [[United Kingdom|British]] citizens married to [[Turkey|Turkish]] spouses, [[British Turks]] who have moved back into the country, students and families of long-term expatriates employed predominately in white-collar industry.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=http://www.capital.com.tr/the-number-of-expats-has-reached-26000-haberler/20006.aspx|title=The Number Of Expats Has Reached 26,000|work=Capital|first=Hande|last=Yavuz}}</ref>
 
==== BulgariansKirgiz ====
{{Main article|Bulgarians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Pomaks in Turkey}}
People identifying as [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] include a large number of the [[Pomaks|Pomak]] and a small number of Orthodox Bulgarians.<ref>The Balkans, Minorities and States in Conflict (1993), Minority Rights Publication, by Hugh Poulton, p. 111.</ref><ref>Richard V. Weekes; Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1; 1984; [https://books.google.com/books?ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&ct=result&id=aVdIAAAAMAAJ&dq=pomaks&q=%22pomaks+exist%22#search_anchor p.612]</ref><ref>Raju G. C. Thomas; Yugoslavia unraveled: sovereignty, self-determination, intervention; 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9L6ZayN27PAC&pg=PA105&dq=pomaks&hl=en&ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.105]</ref><ref>R. J. Crampton, Bulgaria, 2007, p.8</ref><ref>Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic politics in Eastern Europe: a guide to nationality policies, organizations, and parties; 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AcqFSfvzAC&pg=PA243&dq=pomaks&hl=en&ei=G4aCTb3qNcaOswa7uLCeAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgy#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.237]</ref> According to [[Ethnologue]] at present 300,000 Pomaks in [[East Thrace|European Turkey]] speak Bulgarian as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|editor=Gordon, Raymond G. Jr.|publisher=SIL International|location=[[Dallas, Texas]]|year=2005|edition=Fifteenth|isbn=978-1-55671-159-6|url=http://www.ethnologue.com|chapterurl=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRE|chapter=Languages of Turkey (Europe)}}</ref>
It is very hard to estimate the number of Pomaks along with the [[turkification|Turkified]] Pomaks who live in Turkey, as they have blended into the Turkish society and have been often linguistically and culturally dissimilated.<ref name="hurriyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |title=Trial sheds light on shades of Turkey |date=2008-06-10 |publisher=''Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review'' |accessdate=2011-03-23 |archivedate=2011-03-23 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xPCtaAXt?url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> According to ''[[Milliyet]]'' and ''[[Turkish Daily News]]'' reports, the number of Pomaks along with the Turkified Pomaks in the country is about 600,000.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı">
{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16|title=Milliyet - Turkified Pomaks in Turkey|publisher=www.milliyet.com.tr|accessdate=2011-02-08|last=|first=|language=tr}}</ref><ref name="hurriyet"/> According to the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Bulgarian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] community in Turkey stands at 500 members.<ref>[http://www.mfa.bg/bg/pages/view/5360 "Българската общност в Република Турция "]</ref>
 
Kawasan sekitar [[Danau Van]] di Turki adalah rumah bagi pengungsi etnis Kirgiz dari [[Afganistan]].<ref name="Planet2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DWvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Great Adventures|author=Lonely Planet|date=1 June 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-102-0|pages=}}</ref> Turki menjadisalah satu tujuan tempat pengungsian bagi para pengungsi etnis Kirgiz selama [[Perang Soviet–Afganistan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finkel|first=Michael|last2=|first2=|date=February 2013|title=Wakhan Corridor|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/wakhan-corridor/finkel-text|journal=National Geographic|publisher=|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> Terdapat sebuah organisasi bagi etnis Kirgiz di Turki yang bernama Persahabatan dan Masyarakat Budaya Kirgiztan ([[bahasa Kirgiz]]: ''Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому'', [[bahasa Turki]]: ''Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html|title=|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi)|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008052336/http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html|archive-date=2017-12-11|dead-url=yes|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> Tidak diketahui secara pasti jumlah etnis Kirgiz di Turki.
===Central Asian Turkic peoples===
Turkey received refugees from among the Pakistan-based Kazakhs, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbeks numbering 3,800 originally from Afghanistan during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5AgAQAAMAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjavKHrhevOAhXFGR4KHT-NBCQQ6AEIPjAE|date=July 1982|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses.|page=861}}</ref> Kayseri, Van, Amasva, Cicekdag, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinvol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Problèmes politiques et sociaux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWWzAAAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjavKHrhevOAhXFGR4KHT-NBCQQ6AEIWzAJ|year=1982|publisher=Documentation française.|page=15}}</ref>
 
==== KazakhsUzbek ====
[[Uzbek|Suku bangsa Uzbek]] berjumlah sekitar 45.000 jiwa di Turki. Pada dekade 1800-an wilayah utara Bogrudelik di [[Konya]] dikuasai oleh orang Tatar Bukharlyks. Pada tahun 1981 gelombang pengungsi dari etnis Uzbek di wilayah Pakistan bermigrasi ke Turki. Pemukiman pertama mereka terletak di Kayseri, Izmir, Ankara, dan Zeytinburnu.<ref name="Espace" />
They are about 30,000 [[Kazakh people]] living in [[Zeytinburnu]]-Istanbul. It is known that there are Kazakh people in other parts of Turkey, for instance Manisa, Konya. In 1969 and 1954 Kazakhs migrated into Anatolia's Salihli, Develi and Altay regions.<ref name="Espace">{{cite book|title=Espace populations sociétés|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan&dq=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiby-XQ5urOAhVEpx4KHR4dCd04ChDoAQhAMAY|year=2006|publisher=Université des sciences et techniques de Lille, U.E.R. de géographie|page=174}}</ref> Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs.<ref name="Forbes1986">{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=156–}}{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=236–}}</ref> The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118 |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Kazak Türkleri Vakfı Resmi Web Sayfası |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Kazakhs in Turkey came via Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="Gladney2004">{{cite book|author=Dru C. Gladney|title=Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 April 2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-29776-7|pages=184–}}</ref> ''Kazak Kültür Derneği'' (Kazakh Culture Associration) is a Kazakh diaspora organization in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakkultur.org/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= Kazak Kültür Derneği |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
 
==== KyrgyzUighur ====
Terdapat sekitar 50.000 jiwa etnis [[Suku Uighur|Uighur]] di Turki.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|title=ISIL recruits Chinese with fake Turkish passports from Istanbul|last=|first=|date=April 9, 2015|work=|newspaper=BGNNews.com|location=Istanbul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925213242/http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|archive-date=2017-12-11|dead-url=yes|access-date=|via=}}</ref> Kota [[Kayseri]] menerima sejumlah pengungsi etnis Uighur melalui [[Komisioner Tinggi PBB untuk Pengungsi]] pada rentang tahun 1966 hingga 1967. Komunitas Uighur dapat ditemui di kota Istanbul. Kantong populasi etnis Uighur di [[Istanbul]] terletak di distrik Küçükçekmece, Sefaköy, dan Zeytinburnu. Terdapat dua buah masjid (masjid Tuzla dan masjid Zeytinburnu) yang digunakan komunitas Uighur di Istanbul.<ref name="Starr2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA391&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=community%20mosques%20zeytinburnu&f=false|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|author=S. Frederick Starr|date=4 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45137-2|pages=391–}}</ref><ref name="JenkinsGottlieb2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm-ZG42HZgwC&pg=PA108&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIJDAB#v=onepage&q=community%20mosques%20zeytinburnu&f=false|title=Identity Conflicts: Can Violence be Regulated?|author2=Esther E. Gottlieb|date=31 December 2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0924-5|pages=108–|author1=J. Craig Jenkins}}</ref> Pada tahun 2015 pemerintah Turki membuka diri untuk menerima pengungsi Uighur yang tinggal di Thailand. Keputusan Turki untuk membuka diri bagi etnis Uighur ini ditentang oleh pemerintah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20150705145031-113-64470/turki-terima-ratusan-warga-uighur-china-meradang/|title=Turki Terima Ratusan Warga Uighur, China Meradang|last=Armandhanu/Reuters|first=Denny|work=[[CNN Indonesia]]|language=en|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>
 
=== Sirkasia ===
Turkey's [[Lake Van]] area is the home of [[Kyrgyz people#In Afghanistan|Kyrgyz refugees from Afghanistan]].<ref name="Planet2014">{{cite book|author=Lonely Planet|title=Great Adventures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DWvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 June 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-102-0|pages=}}</ref> Turkey became a destination for [[Kyrgyz in Pakistan|Kyrgyz refugees]] due to the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] from Afghanistan's Wakhan area<ref>{{cite journal |last=Finkel |first=Michael |last2= |first2= |date=February 2013 |title=Wakhan Corridor |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/wakhan-corridor/finkel-text |journal=National Geographic |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> 500 remained and did not go to Turkey with the others.<ref name="Phillips2001">{{cite book|author=David J. Phillips|title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&pg=PA314#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2001|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-352-7|pages=314–}}</ref> ''Friendship and Culture Society of Kyrgyzstan'' (Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому) (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi) is a Kyrgyz diaspora organization in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008052336/http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-10-08 |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=
Menurut laporan laporan surat kabar Turki, [[Milliyet]], ada sekitar 2,5 juta etnis Sirkasia tinggal di Turki.<ref name="Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı" /> Namun, menurut laporan [[Uni Eropa]] terdapat tiga hingga lima juta keturunan Sirkasia di Turki.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|author=Bernard Lewis|page=94}}</ref> Kelompok etnis lain seperti Abazin dan Abkhaz sering kali digolongkan sebagai suku bangsa Sirkasia. Orang-orang Sirkasia adalah imigran dari kawasan [[Kaukasus]]. Etnis Sirkasian di Turki sudah berasimilasi dengan bahasa dan budaya Turki. Sebagian besar orang Sirkasia menganut agama [[Sunni|Islam Sunni]] dengan mazhab [[Mazhab Hanafi|Hanafi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/ussr/circass.htm|title=The History of Circassians|website=ccat.sas.upenn.edu|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref>
Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi) |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
 
=== Etnis Yunani ===
They were airlifted in 1982 from Pakistan where they had sought refugee after the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] at the end of 1979. Their original home was at the eastern end of the [[Wakhan]] Corridor, in the [[Pamirs]], bordering on China. It is not known how many Kyrgyz still live in Van and how many have moved on to other parts of Turkey.
Orang-orang keturunan Yunani di Turki sebagian besar tinggal di [[Istanbul]], [[Kepulauan Pangeran]], Pulau Imbros, dan [[Bozcaada|Pulau Tenedos]] (bahasa Turki: ''Gökçeada'' dan ''Bozcaada''). Komunitas keturunan Yunani di Istnabul berjumlah sekitar 67.550 jiwa pada tahun 1955. Namun, peristiwa [[Pogrom Istanbul|Kerusuhan Istanbul]] pada tanggal 6 dan 7 September 1955 menyebabkan sejumlah kasus persekusi terhadap etnis minoritas Yunani di kota Istanbul sehingga membuat beberapa etnis Yunani menjadi korban jiwa dan ribuan lainnya keluar dari negara Turki. Laporan tahun 2006 menyatakan etnis Yunani hanya tersisa sekitar 2.500 orang saja.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=163591|title=Radikal-çevrimiçi / Yaşam / 6-7 Eylül Olayları (3)|date=2008-09-16|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=2008-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916093009/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=163591|dead-url=unfit}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Tahun
!Jumlah
|-
|1923
|80.000–100.000
|-
|1955
|48.000
|-
|1978
|7.000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/09/07/haber,033E2E8B399A4A638FCD099591F11DD4.html|title=Sermaye nasıl el değiştirdi?|last=Kilic|first=Ecevit|date=2008-09-07|work=Sabah|language=Turkish|accessdate=2008-12-25|quote=6-7 Eylül olaylarından önce İstanbul'da 135 bin Rum yaşıyordu. Sonrasında bu sayı 70 bine düştü. 1978'e gelindiğinde bu rakam 7 bindi.|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|2.500<ref name=":6" />
|}
 
====Uzbeks= Etnis Yahudi ===
Bangsa Yahudi hadir di Turki sejak abad ke-5 Masehi. Terdapat pula gelombang migrasi orang-orang Yahudi dari kawasan [[Semenanjung Iberia]] ([[Spanyol]] dan [[Portugal]]) ketika masa [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] berkuasa di wilayah yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai [[Turki]]. Sebagian besar orang Turki keturunan Yahudi telah bermigrasi ke [[Israel]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]], tetapi masih terdapat populasi orang Yahudi yang bertahan tinggal Turki. Etnis Yahudi di Turki diperkirakan berjumlah sekitar 17.400 sampai 18.000 jiwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/turkey-virtual-jewish-history-tour|title=Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.714614|title=Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren’t Fleeing to Israel – Yet|last=Maltz|first=Judy|date=2016-04-15|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> Sebagian besar orang-orang Yahudi di Turki berasal dari subetnis [[Sefardim|Yahudi Sefardim]] dengan persentase sebesar 96% dari keseluruhan populasi Yahudi yang ada di Turki. Sebagian kecil orang Yahudi lainnya di Turki berasal dari subetnis [[Yahudi Ashkenazi]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/tr|title=Community in Turkey|last=Congress|first=World Jewish|website=www.worldjewishcongress.org|language=EN|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>
{{see also|Uzbeks#Uzbeks in Saudi Arabia|Uzbeks in Pakistan|Soviet Central Asia#Exiles}}
Turkey is home to 45,000 Uzbeks.<ref>[http://evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com Evrenpaşa Köyü | Güney Türkistan'dan Anadoluya Urfa Ceylanpınar Özbek Türkleri]. Evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> In the 1800s Konya's north Bogrudelik was settled by Tatar [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukharlyks]]. In 1981 [[Uzbeks in Pakistan|Afghan Turkestan refugees in Pakistan]] moved to Turkey to join the existing Kayseri, Izmir, Ankara, and Zeytinburnu based communities.<ref name="Espace"/> Turkish based Uzbeks have established links to Saudi-based Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balcı |first=Bayram |last2= |first2= |date=Winter 2004 |title=The Role of the Pilgrimage in Relations between Uzbekistan and the Uzbek Community of Saudi Arabia |url=https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf |journal=CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW |publisher= |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi= |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>
 
Sebagian besar etnis Yahudi menetap di kota [[Istanbul]]. Terdapat juga komunitas orang Yahudi di kota [[İzmir]] dengan total sekitar 2.300 jiwa dan terdapat sekitar seratus orang Yahudi di Kota [[Ankara]], Bursa, dan [[Adana]]. Sebagian orang Yahudi mencari nafkah dibidang indsutri, insinyur, kerajianan seni, dan berdagang. Terdapat 100 orang keturunan Yahudi dari sekte [[Yahudi Karait]] menetap di Turki, tetapi kebanyakan dari orang Yahudi Karait ini tidak ikut berintegrasi dengan kelompok Yahudi lainnya.<ref name=":5" />
====Uyghurs====
{{main|Turkistan Islamic Party}}
Turkey is home to 50,000 Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= April 9, 2015 |title=ISIL recruits Chinese with fake Turkish passports from Istanbul |url=http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925213242/http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 25, 2015|newspaper=BGNNews.com|location=Istanbul |access-date= }}</ref> A community of Uyghurs live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blanchard |first=Ben |date= July 11, 2015 |title=China says Uighurs being sold as 'cannon fodder' for extremist groups |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-turkey-idUSKCN0PL08520150711|newspaper=Reuters |location=BEIJING |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=July 11, 2015 |title= Uyghurs sold as ‘cannon fodder’ for extremist groups: China |url=http://atimes.com/2015/07/uyghurs-being-sold-as-cannon-fodder-for-extremist-groups-china/ |newspaper=Asia Times |location= |access-date= }}</ref> [[Kayseri]] received Uyghurs numbering close to 360 via the UNHCR in 1966–1967 from Pakistan.<ref name="ShichorCenter2009">{{cite book|author1=Yitzhak Shichor|author2=East-West Center|title=Ethno-diplomacy, the Uyghur hitch in Sino-Turkish relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IR4tAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjavKHrhevOAhXFGR4KHT-NBCQQ6AEITzAH|year=2009|publisher=East-West Center|isbn=978-1-932728-80-4|page=16}}</ref> The Turkey-based Uyghur diaspora had a number of family members among Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan based Uyghurs who stayed behind while the UNHCR and government of Turkey had Kayseri receive 75 Uyghurs in 1967 and 230 Uyghurs in 1965 and a number in 1964 under Alptekin and Bughra.<ref name="PuschWilkoszewski2008">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Pusch|author2=Tomas Wilkoszewski|title=Facetten internationaler Migration in die Türkei: gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen und persönliche Lebenswelten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFYOAQAAMAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN6Z_BhuvOAhXJJB4KHQMJBJc4ChDoAQgsMAE|year=2008|publisher=Ergon-Verlag|isbn=978-3-89913-647-0|page=221}}</ref> ''We never call each other Uyghur, but only refer to ourselves as East Turkestanis, or Kashgarlik, Turpanli, or even Turks.''- according to some Uyghurs born in Turkey.<ref name="Gladney2004 2">{{cite book|author=Dru C. Gladney|title=Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA183&dq=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjussOhne3OAhWHqR4KHbaoDXAQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=central%20asian%20features%20turkish%20popular%20blood&f=false|date=1 April 2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-29776-7|pages=183–}}</ref><ref name="AtabakiO'Kane1998">{{cite book|author1=Touraj Atabaki|author2=John O'Kane|title=Post-Soviet Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwZpAAAAMAAJ&q=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&dq=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjussOhne3OAhWHqR4KHbaoDXAQ6AEIJDAB|date=15 October 1998|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-327-9|page=305}}</ref>
 
=== Kurdi ===
A community of Uyghurs live in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/aronlund/status/681549679864213504 |title= |last1=Lund |first1=Aron |last2= |first2= |date= |website=twitter.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Tuzla and Zeytinburnu mosques are used by the Uyghurs in Istanbul.<ref name="Starr2015">{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starr|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA391&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=community%20mosques%20zeytinburnu&f=false|date=4 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45137-2|pages=391–}}</ref><ref name="JenkinsGottlieb2011">{{cite book|author1=J. Craig Jenkins|author2=Esther E. Gottlieb|title=Identity Conflicts: Can Violence be Regulated?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm-ZG42HZgwC&pg=PA108&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIJDAB#v=onepage&q=community%20mosques%20zeytinburnu&f=false|date=31 December 2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0924-5|pages=108–}}</ref> Piety is a characteristic of among Turkey dwelling Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Exploring the Nature of Uighur Nationalism: Freedom Fighters Or Terrorists? : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, June 16, 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oKvcP_FFTYC&q=Istanbul+community+mosques+zeytinburnu&dq=Istanbul+community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiirLWl6-rOAhUGXh4KHRlaDdIQ6AEIJzAC|year=2009|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=52}}</ref><ref name="Oversight2009">{{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight|title=Exploring the nature of Uighur nationalism: freedom fighters or terrorists? : hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, June 16, 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpqOZyk2yUUC&q=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIKTAC|year=2009|publisher=U.S. G.P.O.|page=52}}</ref>
{{Main article|Orang Kurdi di Turki|}}[[Berkas:Kurdish population by region (KONDA 2010).png|jmpl|Peta sebaran populasi etnis Kurdi di seluruh wilayah negara Turki.<ref name="KONDAkurd">{{cite web|url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|title=Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek|last=|first=|date=July 2010|website=|publisher=KONDA|pages=19–20|accessdate=2017-12-12|archive-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122110447/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>]]
Suku bangsa Kurdi ({{lang-ku|Kurdên li Tirkiyeyê}}; {{lang-tr|Türkiye'deki Kürtler}}) adalah kelompok etnis minoritas terbesar di [[Turki|Republik Turki]]. Menurut beberapa survei, jumlah orang Kurdi di Turki menyusun sekitar 15,7% hingga 25%<ref name="Mackey">Sandra Mackey, “The reckoning: Iraq and the legacy of Saddam”, W.W. Norton and Company, 2002. Excerpt from pg 350: “As much as 25% of Turkey is Kurdish.”</ref> dari total populasi penduduk Turki.<ref name="Mackey" /> Menurut organisasi [[Dana Anak-anak Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Dana Anak-anak Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UNICHEF]]) terdapat sekitar 10% hingga 30% etnis Kurdi di seluruh Turki.<ref>[http://www.unicef.org.tr/en/content/detail/53/children-in-the-population.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214148/http://www.unicef.org.tr/en/content/detail/53/children-in-the-population.html |date=2013-11-10 }}[http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/9/turkey4166.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411050548/https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/9/turkey4166.htm |date=2020-04-11 }} UNICEF Children in the Population</ref> Tidak seperti [[Bangsa Turki|orang Turki]] pada umumnya, [[Orang Kurdi|orang-orang Kurdi]] berbicara dalam [[bahasa Kurdi]] yang tergolong kedalam rumpun [[Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa|bahasa Indo-Eropa]]. Orang-orang keturunan Kurdi terdapat di seluruh wilayah kedaulatan Turki, tetapi sebagian besar terkonsentrasi di bagian timur dan tenggara Turki, terutama di wilayah Kurdistan Utara.<ref name="Global Security">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kurdistan-turkey.htm|title=Kurdistan-Turkey|last=|first=|date=2007-03-22|work=GlobalSecurity.org|publisher=|accessdate=2017-12-12}}</ref>
 
Etnis Kurdi di Turki banyak melakukan pemberontakan terhadap pemerintah Republik Turki. Pemberontakan ini didasari atas ketidakadilan dan pelanggaran [[hak asasi manusia]] yang dialami oleh orang-orang Kurdi di Turki. Menurut catatan sejarah militer Turki, pemberontakan etnis Kurdi di Turki telah terjadi di [[Anatolia|Semenanjung Anatolia]] selama lebih daru dua abad lalu. Pemberontakan etnis Kurdi kembali terjadi pada masa dekade-dekade akhir berdirinya[[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Konfik antara pemerintah Turki dan orang-orang Kurdi pada zaman modern dimulai pada tahun 1922 sejak kemunculan gerakan nasionalisme Kurdi dan bersamaan dengan pembentukan Republik [[Turki]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92683|title=How many Kurdish uprisings till today?|last=Birand|first=Mehmet Ali|date=2017-12-12|work=[[Turkish Daily News]]|accessdate=2008-07-30|via=}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Diterjemahkan dari bahasa Turki oleh Nuran İnanç.</ref> Pada tahun 1925, dibentuk sebuah gerakan separatis yang menuntut [[Kurdistan]] merdeka dari Turki. Gerakan ini dipimpin oleh [[Shaikh Said Piran]].<ref>{{harv|Olson|2000}}</ref><ref name="Olson1989">{{harv|Olson|1989}}</ref> Sampai sekarang konflik antara kelompok etnis Kurdi dan Republik Turki masih berlangsung.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/03/21/how-competition-helped-then-hurt-kurds-in-turkey/|title=Analysis {{!}} Turkey’s Kurdish conflict has surged again. Here is why.|last=Gurbuz|first=Mustafa|date=2017-03-21|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref>
Istanbul's districts of [[Küçükçekmece]], [[Sefaköy]] and [[Zeytinburnu]] are home to Uyghur communities.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 8 January 2015 |title= Uygur Ajan Rabia Kadir, Doğu Türkistanlı Mücahidleri İhbar Etti |url=http://www.islahhaber.net/uygur-ajan-rabia-kadir--dogu-turkistanli-mucahidleri-ihbar-etti-42554.html |newspaper=ISLAH HABER "Özgür Ümmetin Habercisi" |location= |access-date= }}</ref> Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association is located in Turkey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zenn|first1=Jacob|title=An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq|journal=China Brief|date=10 October 2014 |volume=14|issue=19|url= http://www.jamestown.org/regions/middleeast/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=42944&tx_ttnews[backPid]=49&cHash=266cbf52f118868715823bbffd809caf#.VX3kqEZGR9g |archiveurl= http://www.jamestown.org/regions/chinaasiapacific/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=42944&tx_ttnews[backPid]=52&cHash=6a7e9a92db556afc0ec56de4c31c6b79#.VX3p_EZGR9g |archivedate= 10 October 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2015|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation}}</ref> Abdurahmon Abdulahad of the East Turkistan Education Association supported Uzbek Islamists who protested against Russia and Islam Karimov's Uzbekistan government.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://turkistanlilar.org/%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3/ |title=Истанбулда Туркистонлик муҳожирларга қилинаётган қотилликларга қарши норозилик намойиши бўлди (Kирил ва Лотинда) |last1=YoSIN |first1=Muhammad |last2= |first2= |date=2015-11-01 |website=Uluslararası Türkistanlılar Dayanışma Derneği |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Uyghurs are employed in Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu restaurants.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 29 November 2015 |title= China entered into Istanbul,Turkey with her 150 Spies |url=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/29/china-entered-into-istanbulturkey-with-her-150-spies/|newspaper=EAST TURKESTAN BULLETIN NEWS AGENT/ News Center |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 20 November 2015 |title= Çin İstihbaratı, 150 Ajan İle İstanbul’a Giriş Yaptı |url=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/20/cin-istihbarati150-ajani-ile-istanbula-giris-yapti/|newspaper=DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN BÜLTENİ HABER AJANSI / Haber Merkezi |location= |access-date= }}</ref> ''East Turkistan Immigration Association'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doguturkistan.com.tr/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN GÖÇMENLER DERNEĞİ |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> ''East Turkistan Culture and Solidarity Association'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gokbayrak.com/# |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= Doğu Türkistan Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği Genel Merkezi |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> and ''Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association'' are Uyghur diaspora organizations in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maarip.org/tr/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= Doğu Türkistan Maarif ve Dayanışma Derneği |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
 
=== CircassiansSummary ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{{Main article|Circassians in Turkey}}
|-
According to Milliyet, there are approximately 2.5 million [[Circassians]] in Turkey.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> However such assumptions have no basis. According to scholars and [[European Union|EU]] there are three to five million Circassians in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=94}}</ref>{{verification needed|date=May 2016}} The closely related ethnic groups [[Abazins]] (10,000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=abq Ethnologue: Abasinen]</ref>) and [[Abkhaz people in Turkey|Abkhazians]] (39,000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=abk Ethnologue: Abchasen]</ref>) are also counted as Circassians. The Circassians are a Caucasian immigrant people; the vast majority of them have been assimilated and only 20% still speak [[Circassian language|Circassian]]. In Turkey, they are usually [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ([[Hanafi]]) [[Muslim]].
! Number !! Ethnic !! Minimum Estimates || Maximum Estimates || Further information
 
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
=== Crimean Tatars ===
!colspan=5 | [[Balkans|Balkan]]
{{Main article|Crimean Tatars in Turkey}}
|-
Before the 20th century, Crimean Tatars had immigrated from Crimea to Turkey in three waves: First, after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783; second, after the [[Crimean War]] of 1853-56; third, after the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]].<ref name="EGRT">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xyxpAAAAMAAJ&q=EJ+Klay+Crimean&dq=EJ+Klay+Crimean&cd=4 Peter Alford Andrews, Rüdiger Benninghaus,''Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey''], Vol. 2, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989, Wiesbaden, {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}, p. 87., Peter Alford Andrews, Türkiye'de Etnik Gruplar, ANT Yayınları, Aralık 1992, {{ISBN|975-7350-03-6}}, s.116-118.</ref> The official number{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} of [[Crimean Tatars]] is 150,000 (in the center of Eskişehir) but the real population (in the whole of Turkey) may be a few million. They mostly live in [[Eskişehir Province]] <ref>[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/jankowski.html Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey]</ref> and Kazan-[[Ankara]].
!1
 
| {{flag|Albania}} || 1,500,000 || 5,000,000 || [[Albanians in Turkey]] / [[Albanians]]
=== Dagestani peoples ===
|-
{{main article|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}
!2
Various ethnic groups from Dagestan are present in Turkey. Dagestani peoples live in villages in the provinces like [[Balıkesir]], [[Tokat]] and also scattered in other parts of the country. A majority among them are [[Nogais]]; [[Lezgins]] and [[Avar people (Caucasus)|Avars]] are other significant ethnic groups. [[Kumyks]] are also present.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || 100,000 || 2,000,000 || [[Bosniaks in Turkey]] / [[Bosnians]]
 
|-
=== Dutch ===
!3
Approximately 15,000 [[Dutch people|Dutch]] live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205032945/http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |archivedate=2012-02-05 |df= }}</ref>
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} || 350,000 || 750,000 || [[Bulgarians in Turkey]] / [[Pomaks in Turkey]] / [[Bulgarians]]
 
|-
===Georgians===
!4
{{Main article|Chveneburi}}
| {{flag|Greece}} || 2,000 || 30,000 || [[Greeks in Turkey]] / [[Pontic Greeks]] / [[Caucasus Greeks]] / [[Greeks]]
There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey according to the newspaper ''Milliyet''.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> Georgians in Turkey are mostly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] of [[Hanafi]] ''[[madh'hab]]''. Immigrant Georgians are called "[[Chveneburi]]", but autochthonous Muslim Georgians use this term as well. Muslim Georgians form the majority in parts of [[Artvin Province]] east of the [[Çoruh River]]. Immigrant Muslim groups of Georgian origin, found scattered in Turkey, are known as [[Chveneburi]]. The smallest Georgian group are [[Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics|Catholics]] living in [[Istanbul]].
|-
 
!5
===Germans===
| {{flag|Serbia}} || 15,000 || 60,000 || [[Serbs in Turkey]] / [[Serbs]]
{{Main article|Germans in Turkey}}
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
There are over 50,000 '''[[Germans|German]]s''' living in '''[[Turkey]]''', primarily Germans married to Turkish spouses, employees, retirees and long-term tourists who buy properties across the Turkish coastline, often spending most of the year in the country.<ref name="TA">{{cite web|first=Cem |last=Şentürk |url=http://www.turkofamerica.com/index.php?Itemid=174&id=177&option=com_content&task=view |title=The Germans in Turkey |publisher=Turkofamerica |date=2007-10-15 |accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> In addition, many [[Turkish Germans]] have also returned and settled, and it is not uncommon to hear German being spoken on the streets of Istanbul by Turks.
| align=center|1 || align=center|Total || '''2,000,000''' || '''7,900,000''' || '''[[Balkans|Balkan peoples]]'''
 
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
=== Greeks ===
!colspan=5 | [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasus]]
{{Main article|Greeks in Turkey}}
|-
{{Further information|Greek genocide}}
!1
The Greeks constitute a population of [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Christianity|Christians]] who mostly live in [[Istanbul]], including its district [[Princes' Islands]], as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the [[Dardanelles]]: [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] ({{lang-tr|Gökçeada}} and ''Bozcaada''). Some Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians have been assimilated over the course of the last one thousand years.
| {{flag|Abkhazia}} || 600,000 || 600,000 || [[Abkhazians]] / [[Abkhaz language]]
 
|-
They are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks who were permitted under the provisions of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] to remain in Turkey following the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|1923 population exchange]],<ref name="Law2002">{{cite book|author=European Commission for Democracy through Law|title=The Protection of National Minorities by Their Kin-State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bROQZazNy-UC&pg=PA142|accessdate=2 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=978-92-871-5082-0|page=142|quote=In Turkey the Orthodox minority who remained in Istanbul, Imvros and Tenedos governed by the same provisions of the treaty of Lausanne was gradually shrunk from more than 200,000 in 1930 to less than 3,000 today.}}</ref> which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from [[Anatolia]] and [[East Thrace]] and of half a million [[Turkish people|Turks]] from all of Greece except for [[Western Thrace]]. After years of persecution (e.g. the [[Varlık Vergisi]] and the [[Istanbul Pogrom]]), [[emigration]] of [[ethnic Greeks]] from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 119,822
!2
<ref name="demography-lab.prd.uth.gr">http://www.demography-lab.prd.uth.gr/DDAoG/article/cont/ergasies/tsilenis.htm</ref>-strong Greek minority before the attack to about 7,000 by 1978.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/09/07/haber,033E2E8B399A4A638FCD099591F11DD4.html
| {{flag|Armenia}} || 150,000 || 5,000,000 || [[Armenians in Turkey]] / [[Hidden Armenians]] / [[Armenians]]
|accessdate=2008-12-25
|-
|title=Sermaye nasıl el değiştirdi?
!3
|first=Ecevit
| {{flag|Chechnya}} || 100,000 || 100,000 || [[Chechens in Turkey]] / [[Chechens]]
|last=Kilic
|-
|work=Sabah
!4
|language=Turkish
| {{flag|Circassia}} || 150,000 || 7,000,000 || [[Circassians in Turkey]] / [[Circassians]]
|date=2008-09-07
|-
|quote=6-7 Eylül olaylarından önce İstanbul'da 135 bin Rum yaşıyordu. Sonrasında bu sayı 70 bine düştü. 1978'e gelindiğinde bu rakam 7 bindi.
!5
}}</ref> The 2008 figures released by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Turkish Foreign Ministry]] places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 3,000–4,000 mark.<ref>{{cite news
| {{flag|Georgia}} || 100,000 || 1,500,000 || [[Georgians in Turkey]] / [[Georgians]]
|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291
|-
|accessdate=2008-12-15
!6
|title=Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 45,000 || 2,250,000 || [[Laz people in Turkey]] / [[Laz people]]
|date=2008-12-15
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
| align=center|2 || align=center|Total || '''1,100,000''' || '''16,450,000''' || '''[[Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey]]''' / '''[[Peoples of the Caucasus]]'''
|deadurl=yes
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501063653/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291
!colspan=5 | [[Demographics of Central Asia|Central Asia]]
|archivedate=2010-05-01
|-
|df=
!1
}}</ref>
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || 10,000 || 10,000 || [[Kazakhs]]
According to Milliyet there are 15,000 Greeks in Turkey,<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> while according to [[Human Rights Watch]] the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.<ref name="HRW">Lois Whitman ''Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey.'' Human Rights Watch, September 1, 1992 - 54 pages. Page 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SdubdhMwM1YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=greeks+in+turkey+human+rights+watch&source=bl&ots=O6ROHgfCqF&sig=XJ7tZi2oqiDfQNE1Wb7sZTH7b-k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wQdfUIqANNSLhQefv4HABA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=greeks%20in%20turkey%20human%20rights%20watch&f=false]</ref> According to the same source, the Greek population in Turkey was collapsing as the community was by then far too small to sustain itself demographically, due to [[emigration]], much higher death rates than birth rates and continuing discrimination.<ref name="HRW"/> In recent years however, most notably since the economic crisis in Greece, the trend has reversed. A few hundred to over a thousand Greeks now migrate to Turkey yearly for employment or educational purposes.<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62990 Turkey: Istanbul’s Greek Community Experiencing a Revival] (Eurasianet, 2 March 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/jobseekers-from-greece-try-chances-in-istanbul.aspx?pageID=238&nid=11009 Jobseekers from Greece try chances in Istanbul] (Hurriyet Daily News, 9 January 2012)</ref>
|-
 
!2
Christian Greeks were forced to migrate. [[Greek Muslims|Muslim Greeks]] live in Turkey today. They live in cities of [[Trabzon]] and [[Rize]].
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || 1,600 || 1,600 || [[Kyrgyzs]]
 
|-
Since 1924, the status of the Greek minority in Turkey has been ambiguous. Beginning in the 1930s, the government instituted repressive policies forcing many Greeks to emigrate. Examples are the [[Labour battalion (Turkey)|labour battalion]]s drafted among non-Muslims during World War II as well as the Fortune Tax levied mostly on non-Muslims during the same period. These resulted in financial ruination and death for many Greeks. The exodus was given greater impetus with the Istanbul Pogrom of September 1955 which led to thousands of Greeks fleeing the city, eventually reducing the Christian Greek population to about 7,000 by 1978 and to about 2,500 by 2006 before beginning to increase again after 2008.
!3
 
| {{flag|Tajikistan}} || 1,000 || 1,000 || [[Tajiks]]
=== Jews ===
|-
{{Main article|Jews in Turkey}}
!4
{{Further information|Antisemitism in Turkey}}
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}} || 1,500 || 1,500 || [[Turkmens]]
 
|-
There have been [[Romaniote Jews|Jewish communities in Asia Minor]] since at least the 5th century BC and many [[Sephardic Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] [[Alhambra Decree|expelled from Spain]] came to the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite [[Aliyah|emigration]] during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population of about 20,000.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/>
!5
 
| {{flag|East Turkestan}} || 50,000 || 50,000 || [[Uyghurs]]
=== Karachay ===
|-
[[Karachays|Karachay people]] live in villages concentrated in [[Konya]] and [[Eskişehir]].
!6
 
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || 45,000 || 45,000 || [[Uzbeks]]
=== Kurds ===
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
{{Main article|Kurds in Turkey|Turkish Kurdistan}}
| align=center|3 || align=center|Total || '''120,000''' || '''120,000''' || '''[[Central Asian peoples]]'''
{{Further information|Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey}}
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
[[File:Kurdish population by region (KONDA 2010).png|thumb|Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region<ref name=KONDAkurd>{{cite web|title=Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek|url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|publisher=KONDA|accessdate=2013-06-11|pages=19–20|date=July 2010}}</ref>]][[File:Kurdish mother & child Van 1973.jpg|thumb|Kurdish mother and child, Van, Turkey. 1973]]
!colspan=5 | [[Turkic peoples]]
Ethnic [[Kurds]] are the largest minority in Turkey, composing around 20% of the population according to Milliyet, 18% of the total populace or c. 14 million people according to the CIA World Factbook, and as much as 23% according to Kurdologist David McDowall.<ref name="CIA World Factbook: Turkey">CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html Turkey]</ref><ref>David McDowall. ''A Modern History of the Kurds.'' Third Edition. I.B.Tauris, May 14, 2004 - 504 pages, page 3.</ref> Unlike the Turks, the Kurds speak an [[Iranian language]]. There are Kurds living all over Turkey, but most live to the east and southeast of the country, from where they originate.
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
 
|-
In the 1930s, Turkish government policy aimed to forcibly assimilate and [[Turkification|Turkify]] local Kurds. Since 1984, Kurdish resistance movements included both peaceful political activities for basic civil rights for Kurds within Turkey, and violent armed rebellion for a separate Kurdish state.<ref name="Global Security">{{cite web|work=GlobalSecurity.org|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kurdistan-turkey.htm |title=Kurdistan-Turkey|accessdate=2007-03-28|date=2007-03-22}}</ref>
!1
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 530,000 || 800,000 || [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey]] / [[Azerbaijanis]]
|-
!2
| {{flag|Crimea}} || 150,000 || 6,000,000 || [[Crimean Tatars in Turkey]] / [[Crimean Tatars]]
|-
!3
| {{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}} || 20,000 || 20,000 || [[Karachays]]
|-
!4
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 40,000 || 75,000 || [[Meskhetian Turks]]
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
| align=center|4 || align=center|Total || '''740,000''' || '''6,895,000''' || '''[[Turkic peoples]]'''
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!colspan=5 | [[Iranian peoples]]
|-
!1
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || 25,000 || 50,000 || [[Afghans in Turkey]] / [[Afghans]]
|-
!2
| {{flag|Iran}} || 500,000 || 650,000 || [[Iranian diaspora]] / [[Persians]]
|-
!3
| {{flag|Kurdistan}} || 13,000,000 || 23,000,000 || [[Kurds in Turkey]] / [[Kurdish population]] / [[Turkish Kurdistan]] / [[Kurds]]
|-
!4
| {{flag|Kurdistan}} || 1,000,000 || 3,000,000 || [[Zaza Kurds]] / [[Zaza nationalism]] / [[Zaza language]]
|-
!5
| {{flag|North Ossetia-Alania}} || 50,000 || 50,000 || [[Ossetians in Turkey]] / [[Ossetians]]
|-
!6
| {{flag|Romani}} || 700,000 || 5,000,000 || [[Romani people in Turkey]] / [[Romani people]]
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
| align=center|5 || align=center|Total || '''15,300,000''' || '''31,750,000''' || '''[[Iranian peoples]]'''
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!colspan=5 | [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European peoples]]
|-
!1
| {{flag|Netherlands}} || 15,000 || 15,000 || [[Dutch people]]
|-
!2
| {{flag|Germany}} || 50,000 || 50,000 || [[Germans in Turkey]] / [[Germans]]
|-
!3
| {{flag|Great Britain}} || 35,000 || 35,000 || [[Britons in Turkey]] / [[British people]]
|-
!4
| {{flag|Italy}} || 35,000 || 35,000 || [[Levantines in Turkey]] / [[Levantines (Latin Catholics)]]
|-
!5
| {{flag|Poland}} || 4,000 || 4,000 || [[Polish diaspora]] / [[Poles]]
|-
!6
| {{flag|Russia}} || 50,000 || 50,000 || [[Russians in Turkey]] / [[Russians]]
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
| align=center|6 || align=center|Total || '''190,000''' || '''190,000''' || '''[[Ethnic groups in Europe|European peoples]]'''
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!colspan=5 | [[Minorities|Other Minorities]]
|-
!1
| {{flag|African Union}} || 100,000 || 100,000 || [[Afro Turks]] / [[African diaspora]] / [[Africans]]
|-
!2
| {{flag|Arab League}} || 1,500,000 || 5,000,000 || [[Arabs in Turkey]] / [[Iraqis in Turkey]] / [[Arabs]]
|-
!3
| {{flag|Assyria}} || 15,000 || 65,000 || [[Assyrians in Turkey]] / [[Assyrian genocide]] / [[Assyrians]]
|-
!4
| {{flag|Israel}} || 15,000 || 18,000 || [[Jews in Turkey]] / [[Antisemitism in Turkey]] / [[Jews]]
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
| align=center|7 || align=center|Total || '''1,630,000''' || '''5,200,000''' || '''[[Minorities|Other Minorities in Turkey]]'''
|- style="background:silver;"
| align=center|'''37 Group''' || align=center|'''Grand Total''' || '''21,080,000''' || '''68,505,000''' || '''[[Minorities in Turkey]]'''
|-
|}
== Agama Minoritas ==
{{Main article|Agama di Turki}}
=== Ateis ===
 
Sebagian besar dari penduduk Turki menganut agama [[Islam]]. Meskipun begitu terdapat pula kelompok orang-orang yang tidak menganut suatu agama apapun di Turki. Keberadaan [[Tidak beragama|orang tanpa agama]] ([[Ateisme|Ateis]] atau [[Agnostisisme|Agnostisik]]) di Turki termasuk sebagai hal yang tidak umum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/|title=Opinion|date=2016-03-16|newspaper=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015339/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.diken.com.tr/arastirma-turkiyenin-yuzde-95i-tanriya-inaniyor-yuzde-74u-dindar/|title=Araştırma: Türkiye'nin yüzde 95'i tanrıya inanıyor, yüzde 74'ü 'dindar' - Diken|date=2017-04-19|newspaper=Diken|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> Memetakan dan menghitung populasi orang yang [[tidak beragama]] di Turki bukanlah perkara yang mudah, hal ini disebabkan oleh kategori '[[tidak beragama]]' tidak diperhitungkan dalam sensus penduduk nasional di Turki. Laporan sebuah lembaga survei tahun 2013 menunjukkan 4.500.000 penduduk Turki merupakan orang-orang yang [[tidak beragama]]. Dari lembaga survei yang sama melaporkan bahwa pada tahun 2015 jumlah orang yang mengaku tidak beragama mengalami peningkatan menjadi sekitar 5.500.000 orang atau dengan kata lain 9,4% dari keseluruhan penduduk Turki adalah kaum tidak beragama. Dari 85% orang-orang yang mengaku tidak memiliki agama tersebut adalah golongan yang terbilang muda, yaitu dibawah umur 35 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/atheists-raising-their-voice-in-turkey-amid-polarized-reactions-87604|title=Atheists raising their voice in Turkey amid polarized reactions|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>
=== Laz ===
{{Main article|Laz people in Turkey}}
Most Laz people today live in Turkey, but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey. Their number today is estimated at 2,250,000.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ_hppqYIxQC&pg=PA90&dq=laz+language&hl=tr&ei=HNBSTvHDI6HP4QSrodHfAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=laz%20language&f=false The Uses and Abuses of History, Margaret MacMillan] Google Books</ref> The Laz are [[Sunni Muslims]]. Only a minority are bilingual in Turkish and their native [[Laz language]] which belongs to the [[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian group]]. The number of the Laz speakers is decreasing, and is now limited chiefly to the [[Rize]] and [[Artvin]] areas. The historical term [[Lazistan]] — formerly referring to a narrow tract of land along the [[Black Sea]] inhabited by the Laz as well as by several other ethnic groups — has been banned from official use and replaced with ''Doğu Karadeniz'' (which also includes [[Trabzon]]). During the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878]], the [[Muslim]] population of Russia near the war zones was subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in [[Batumi|Batum]] fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of [[Samsun]].
 
Karena kerap mendapatkan sentimen negatif dari sebagian besar masyarakat Turki, komunitas orang-orang tidak beragama ini umumnya berkomunikasi satu sama lain melalui media internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/uneasy-neighbors-in-turkey-atheism-and-islam/a-18475178|title=Uneasy neighbors in Turkey: atheism and Islam {{!}} Europe {{!}} DW {{!}} 26.05.2015|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|website=DW.COM|language=en|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/turkeys-atheists-face-hostility-death-threats/2720367.html|title=Turkey's Atheists Face Hostilities, Death Threats|last=Jones|first=Dorian|newspaper=VOA|language=en|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/06/atheists-the-ultimate-other-in-turkey/|title=Atheists, the “Ultimate Other” in Turkey {{!}} Inter Press Service|website=www.ipsnews.net|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> Di Turki terdapat sebuah organisasi bagi para kaum yang tidak mempercayai agama bernama Asosiasi Ateisme Turki (''Ateizm Dernegi'') yang didirikan pada tahun 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://turkishatheist.net/?p=40|title=The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded|website=turkishatheist.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> Organisasi ini adalah lembaga ateis pertama yang ada di kawasan [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Kaukasus]].<ref name=":7" />
=== Levantines ===
{{Main article|Levantines (Latin Christians)}}
Levantines continue to live in [[Istanbul]] (mostly in the districts of [[Galata]], [[Beyoğlu]] and [[Nişantaşı]]), İzmir (mostly in the districts of [[Karşıyaka]], [[Bornova]] and [[Buca]]), and the lesser port city [[Mersin]] where they had been influential for creating and reviving a tradition of [[opera]].<ref>[http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=222567 Mersin'in bahanesi yok] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019125610/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=222567 |date=2012-10-19 }}, [[Radikal]], 26 May 2007</ref> Famous people of the present-day Levantine community in Turkey include [[Maria Rita Epik]], Franco-Levantine [[Koç family|Caroline Giraud Koç]] and Italo-Levantine [[Giovanni Scognamillo]].
 
===Meskhetian TurksBahá'í ===
[[Berkas:House-Bahaullah-Edirne.jpg|jmpl|Kediaman pendiri agama Baha'i, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], selama masa pengasingannya di Edirne.]]
There is a community of [[Meskhetian Turks]] (Ahiska Turks) in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahiska.org.tr/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= BİZİM AHISKA DERGİSİ WEB SAYFASI |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
Penganut kepercayaan [[Baha'i]] adalah tergolong mikro minoritas di Turki. Terdapat sekitar 10.000 jiwa penganut kepercayaan Baha'i di Turki. Turki menyimpan sejarah panjang mengenai kepercayaan Baha'i. Pendiri agama [[Baha'i]], [[Bahá'u'lláh]] diasingkan di kota [[Konstantinopel]] dan [[Adrianopel]] ([[Istanbul]] dan [[Edirne]]) yang pada saat itu adalah termasuk wilayah kekuasaan [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Di tempat pengasingannya ini [[Bahá'u'lláh]] banyak menuangkan pemikiran-pemikiran dan hal yang dianggap sebagai wahyu dalam bentuk tulisan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bahai-library.com/walbridge_bahai_faith_turkey|title=The Bahá'í Faith in Turkey|website=bahai-library.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=http://hp.bahaitr.org/index.php/tr/|title=Baha'i Holy Places in Turkey - Bahai Kutsal Yerleri - Resmi Web Sitesi - Ana Sayfa|website=hp.bahaitr.org|language=tr-tr|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> Sampai saat ini kota [[Istanbul]] dan [[Edirne]] dianggap sebagai tempat suci bagi para penganut agama Baha'i di seluruh dunia.<ref name=":62" />
 
=== Chechens and IngushKristen ===
Agama [[Kristen]] telah hadir jauh lebih dulu daripada agama Islam yang menjadi agama sebagian besar penduduk Turki saat ini. Agama Kristen memiliki sejarah panjang di wilayah [[Asia Kecil]] dan dataran tinggi Armenia yang kini masuk kedalam wilayah kekuasaan negara Turki. Turki menjadi tempat lahirnya beberapa [[Santo|orang suci]] dan salah satu dari [[Kedua belas Rasul|dua belas murid Yesus]]. Tokoh-tokoh Kristen tersebut antara lain adalah [[Paulus dari Tarsus]], [[Santo Timotius]], [[Nikolas dari Myra|Santo Nikolas dari Myra]], [[Polikarpus|Santo Polikarpus]]., dan masih banyak lainnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/|title=Saints & Angels - Catholic Online|last=Online|first=Catholic|website=Catholic Online|language=en|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhr28NT_HnYC&pg=PR62&lpg=PR62&dq=paulus+tarsus&source=bl&ots=Td_1o3pqbs&sig=1ZirQNwbsjNdE0Z9VQfJWKCvhzg&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijwZDJ8__XAhUQyWMKHUPfC7MQ6AEIYjAJ#v=onepage&q=paulus%20tarsus&f=false|title=Paulus of Tarsus: A Man Driven by the Word|last=Phd|first=Verling Chako Priest|date=2012-03|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=9781466920910|language=en}}</ref>
{{main article|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}
{{Main article|Chechens in Turkey}}
'''Chechens in Turkey''' are [[Turkish people|Turkish]] citizens of [[Chechen people|Chechen]] descent and Chechen refugees living in [[Turkey]]. [[Chechens]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] live in the provinces of [[Istanbul]], [[Kahramanmaraş]], [[Mardin]], [[Sivas]], and [[Muş]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
 
Jumlah orang Kristen di Turki mengalami penurunan yang sangat signifikan pada rentang tahun 1914 hingga 1927. Tercatat jumlah penganut agama Kristen pada tahun 1914 adalah 19% dari total penduduk Turki dan menyusut tajam menjadi hanya 2,5% saja pada tahun 1927.<ref name=":1" /> Hal ini terjadi karena perubahan struktur demografi Turki akibat dampak [[Perang Dunia I|Perang Dunia Pertama]]. Gelombang [[emigrasi]] orang-orang Kristen yang tinggal Turki; seperti [[orang Asiria]], [[orang Yunani]], [[orang Armenia]] dan lain-lain; ke luar meninggalkan Turki ke negara lain (sebagian besar ke benua Eropa dan benua Amerika). Saat ini tercatat ada sekitar 160.000 atau 0,2% penganut agama Kristen dengan berbagai denominasi menetap di Turki.
=== Ossetians ===
{{Main article|Ossetians in Turkey}}
 
==== Kristen Ortodoks ====
[[Ossetians]] emigrated from [[North Ossetia]] since the second half of the 19th century, end of [[Caucasian War]]. Today, the majority of them live in Ankara and Istanbul. There are 24 Ossetian villages in central and eastern Anatolia. The Ossetians in Turkey are divided into three major groups, depending on their history of immigration and ensuing events: those living in [[Kars]] (Sarıkamış) and [[Erzurum]], those in [[Sivas]], [[Tokat]] and [[Yozgat]] and those in [[Muş]] and [[Bitlis]].<ref>[http://www.worldbulletin.net/author_article_print.php?id=1804]</ref>
[[Berkas:Vakifli church-DCP 8791 25p.jpg|jmpl|268x268px|Sebuah Gereja Ortodoks Armenia di kota Vakifli, Turki.]]Sebagian besar pemeluk agama Kristen di Turki adalah kaum Kristen Ortodoks yang terdiri dari berbagai macam denominasi.<ref name=":2" /> Terdapat sekitar 80.000 jemaat [[Gereja Ortodoks Oriental]], sekitar 18.000 orang menjadi jemaat Gereja [[Antiokhia Yunani]], dan 5.000 orang jemaat [[Gereja Ortodoks Yunani]].<ref name=":0" /> Wilayah Hatay, Antakya, dan kota [[Istanbul]] adalah pusat kantong populasi orang Krsiten Ortodoks di Turki.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
 
Terdapat pula sebagian kecil orang [[Orang Turki|Turki]] yang menganut agama Kristen Ortodoks, kebanyakan dari mereka bergabung menjadi jemaat [[Gereja Ortodoks Yunani]] ataupun [[Gereja Ortodoks Siria]]. Orang-orang Turki yang menganut agama Kristen ini banyak terdapat di kota [[Istanbul]] dan Kota [[İzmir]], Orang Turki Kristen sering kali salah dianggap sebagai orang Yunani. Sebagian dari mereka memang memiliki latar belakang keturunan Yunani, tetapi secara etnis mereka adalah termasuk kedalam golongan [[orang Turki]]. Populasi orang Kristen Turki ini terbentuk sejak zaman [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Kekhalifaan Utsmaniyah]], mereka berasal dari orang-orang Turki asli yang menolak untuk masuk Islam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-03/turkish-protestants-still-face-long-path-religious-freedom|title=Turkish Protestants still face "long path" to religious freedom|newspaper=The Christian Century|language=en|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> Tercatat ada 236 buah gereja yang aktif melakukan pelayanan di seluruh wilayah negara Turki.
===Poles===
There are only 4,000 ethnic [[Polish diaspora#Turkey|Poles in Turkey]] who have been assimilated{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} into the main Turkish culture. The immigration did start during the [[Partitions of Poland|Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. [[Józef Bem]] was one of the first immigrants and Prince [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski]] founded [[Polonezköy]] in 1842. Most Poles in Turkey live in Polonezköy, [[Istanbul]].
 
==== RomaKatolik ====
Teradapat sekitar 35.000 orang penganut Katolik di negara Turki atau sekitar 0,05% dari total populasi penduduk Turki. Gereja Katolik yang terdapat di Turki umumnya adalah [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Gereja Katolik ritus latin]], [[Gereja Katolik Kaldea]], [[Gereja Katolik Armenia]], dan [[Gereja Katolik Bizantin Makedonia|Gereja Katolik Bizantin]]. Pemeluk agama Katolik banyak ditemukan di kota Istanbul.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35489.htm|title=Turkey|newspaper=U.S. Department of State|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/izmi0.htm|title=Archdiocese of Izmir, Turkey|newspaper=GCatholic|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref>
{{Main article|Roma in Turkey}}
 
==== Protestanisme ====
The [[Romani people|Roma]] in Turkey number approximately 700,000 according to Milliyet.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> [[Sulukule]] is the oldest Roma settlement in Europe. By different Turkish and Non-Turkish estimates the number of Romani is up to 4 or 5 million <ref>"Türkiye’deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor.[http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp Article from Hürryet]</ref><ref>Romani, according to latest estimations of some experts, number between 4 and 5 million. [http://www.erionet.org/site/basic100094.html European Roma Information Office]</ref> while according to a Turkish source, they are only 0.05% of Turkey's population (or roughly persons).<ref>"Bu düzenlemeyle ortaya çıkan tabloda Türkiye’de yetişkinlerin (18 yaş ve üstündekilerin) etnik kimliklerin dağılımı ... % 0,05 Roman ... şeklindedir.": {{cite web |url=http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-02-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030012326/http://konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |archivedate=2010-10-30 |df= }}</ref> The descendants of the Ottoman Roma today are known as [[Xoraxane]] Roma and are of the [[Islam]]ic faith.<ref>Elena Marushiakova, Veselin Popov (2001) "Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire", {{ISBN|1902806026}}''[[University of Hertfordshire Press]]''
Kelompok protestan di Turki menyusun sebagian kecil dari populasi penganut agama Kristen di Turki. Terdapat tiga buah Gererja Protestan Armenia yang berdiri sejak abad ke-19 Masehi.<ref name="kirche-in-not.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.kirche-in-not.de/01_aktuelles/meldungen_2006_tuerkische_christen_fuer_eu_beitritt.php|title=German Site on Christians in Turkey|last=|first=|date=|year=|work=|publisher=|format=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002647/http://www.kirche-in-not.de/01_aktuelles/meldungen_2006_tuerkische_christen_fuer_eu_beitritt.php|archive-date=2007-09-28|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2017-12-12|author=}}</ref> Konstitusi negara Turki mengakui keberadaan agama Kristen di Turki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Urbi-Orbi/Monde/Le-gouvernement-turc-va-restituer-des-biens-saisis-a-des-minorites-religieuses-_NP_-2011-08-29-704560|title=Le gouvernement turc va restituer des biens saisis à des minorités religieuses|date=2011-08-29|newspaper=La Croix|language=fr-FR|issn=0242-6056|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref>
*Original: Елена Марушиакова, Веселин Попов (2000) "Циганите в Османската империя". Литавра, София (''Litavra'' Publishers, [[Sofia]]).{{bg icon}}</ref>
 
=== RussiansYudaisme ===
[[Berkas:Jewottoman.jpg|jmpl|355x355px|Sebuah lukisan yang menggambarkan seorang laki-laki [[Yahudi]] [[Sefardim]] pada masa [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] tahun 1779.]]
{{Main article|Russians in Turkey}}
Bangsa Yahudi hadir di Turki sejak abad ke-5 Masehi. Terdapat pula gelombang migrasi orang-orang Yahudi dari kawasan [[Semenanjung Iberia]] ([[Spanyol]] dan [[Portugal]]) ketika masa [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] berkuasa di wilayah yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai [[Turki]]. Sebagian besar orang Turki keturunan Yahudi telah bermigrasi ke [[Israel]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]], tetapi masih terdapat populasi orang Yahudi yang bertahan tinggal Turki. Orang Yahudi di Turki diperkirakan berjumlah sekitar 17.400 sampai 18.000 jiwa.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sebagian besar orang-orang Yahudi di Turki berasal dari subetnis [[Sefardim|Yahudi Sefardim]] dengan persentase sebesar 96% dari keseluruhan populasi Yahudi yang ada di Turki. Sebagian kecil orang Yahudi lainnya di Turki berasal dari subetnis [[Yahudi Ashkenazi]].<ref name=":5"/>
'''[[Russians]]''' in '''[[Turkey]]''' number about 50,000 citizens.<ref name="Mid">«Получить точные статистические данные относительно численности соотечественников в Турции не представляется возможным… в целом сегодня можно говорить примерно о 50 тыс. проживающих в Турции россиян». // Интервью журналу «Консул» № 4 /19/, декабрь 2009 года [http://www.mid.ru/ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument на сайте МИД РФ]</ref> Russians began migrating to Turkey during the first half of the 1990s. Most were fleeing the economic problems prevalent after the dissolution of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]. During this period, many Russian immigrants intermarried and assimilated with Turkish locals, giving rise to a rapid increase in mixed marriages.<ref name="Mid"/> There is a Russian Association of Education, Culture and Cooperation which aims to expand Russian language and [[Russian culture|culture]] in Turkey as well as promote the interests of the community.
 
Sebagian besar orang-orang Yahudi menetap di kota [[Istanbul]]. Terdapat juga komunitas etnis Yahudi di kota [[İzmir]] dengan total sekitar 2.300 jiwa dan terdapat sekitar seratus orang Yahudi di Kota [[Ankara]], Bursa, dan [[Adana]]. Sebagian orang Yahudi mencari nafkah dibidang indsutri, insinyur, kerajianan seni, dan berdagang. Terdapat 100 orang keturunan Yahudi dari sekte [[Yahudi Karait]] menetap di Turki, tetapi kebanyakan dari orang Yahudi Karait ini tidak ikut berintegrasi dengan kelompok Yahudi lainnya.<ref name=":5" />
=== Serbs ===
{{Main article|Serbs in Turkey}}
In the 1965 Census 6,599 Turkish citizen spoke [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as a first language and another 58,802 spoke [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as a second language.<ref>[[Demographics of Turkey#1965 census]]</ref>
 
Lembaga pendidikan ala Yahudi dapat ditemui di beberapa tempat di Turki. Terdapat satu sekolah Yahudi di Istanbul dan juga satu sekolah Yahudi lainnya di kota [[İzmir]]. Kursus untuk membaca dan mendalami isi kandungan [[Talmud]] dan [[Taurat]] juga terdapat di Turki. Komunitas Yahudi di Turki menjalankan sebuah media cetak berupa koran berbahasa [[Bahasa Turki|Turki]] dan [[Bahasa Ladino|Ladino]] sebagai media informasi antara anggota komunitas. Fasilitas tempat ibadah dapat ditemui di kota-kota yang menjadi kantong populasi Yahudi di Turki. Terdapat 17 buah [[sinagoge]] di kota [[Istanbul]] dan 10 buah sinagoge di kota [[İzmir]]. Di dua kota ini juga komunitas Yahudi memproduksi makanan yang memenuhi kriteria [[kosher]] untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar mereka.<ref name=":5" />
=== Zazas ===
{{Main article|Zaza people}}
 
== Lihat pula ==
The [[Zaza people|Zazas]] are a community who identifies as ethnic [[Kurds]].<ref name="Malmîsanij">[http://en.calameo.com/read/001695923509c0f9c7096 Kird, Kirmanc Dimili or Zaza Kurds, Deng Publishing, Istanbul, 1996 by Malmisanij]</ref> Their language [[Zazaki]] is a language spoken in eastern Anatolia between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. It belongs to the northwest-Iranian group of the Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family. The Zaza language is related to Kurdish, Persian and Balōchi. An exact indication of the number of Zaza speakers is unknown. Internal Zaza sources estimate the total number of Zaza speakers at 3 to 6 million.
* [[Orang Kurdi di Turki]]
* [[Orang Albania di Turki]]
* [[Orang Yunani di Turki]]
* [[Orang Armenia di Turki]]
* [[Orang Bosnia di Turki]]
* [[Agama di Turki]]
* [[Islam di Turki]]
 
== Referensi ==