Kamuflase: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika |
Ariandi Lie (bicara | kontrib) k Membatalkan 2 suntingan oleh Shalma Marselina (bicara) ke revisi terakhir oleh Ariandi Lie(Tw) Tag: Pembatalan |
||
| (16 revisi perantara oleh 5 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 7:
'''Kamuflase''' adalah suatu metode yang memungkinkan sebuah [[organisme]] atau benda yang biasanya mudah terlihat menjadi tersamar atau sulit dibedakan dari lingkungan sekitarnya. Contoh-contohnya adalah belang pada [[harimau]], [[zebra]], [[belalang]], dan [[seragam tempur]] motif loreng pada tentara modern. Kamuflase memang suatu bentuk [[tipuan]] dan penyamaran.
Kata ''kamuflase'' dalam bahasa Indonesia dipinjam dari [[bahasa Belanda]], yang pada gilirannya meminjam dari [[bahasa
== Kamuflase militer ==
Baris 17:
Amerika Serikat segera mengikuti Britania, mengadopsi warna khaki pada tahun yang sama. Rusia mengikutinya, sebagian, pada 1908. Tentara Italia menggunakan ''grigio-verde'' ("kelabu-hijau") di Pegunungan Alpen dari 1906 dan seluruh tentara pada 1909. Jerman mengadopsi warna ''feldgrau'' ("kelabu lapangan") pada 1910.
Tentara-tentara lainnya tetap mempertahankan warna-warna yang lebih cerah. Pada permulaan [[Perang Dunia I]]
<!--The French also established a ''Section de Camouflage'' (Camouflage Department) in 1915, briefly headed by [[Eugene Corbin]] and then by [[Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola]]. The camouflage experts were, for the most part, painters, sculptors, theatre set artists and such. Technological constraints meant that patterned camouflage uniforms were not mass manufactured during [[WW I]]. Each patterned uniform was hand-painted, and so restricted to snipers, forward artillery observers, and other exposed individuals. More effort was put into concealing larger pieces of equipment and important structures. By mid-1915 the French ''section'' had four workshops - one in Paris and three nearer the front - mainly producing camouflage netting and painted canvas. Netting quickly moved from wire and fabric to use [[raffia]], [[Burlap|hessian]], and [[cocoa]] - the integration of natural materials was always recommended.
Baris 53:
The transfer of camouflage patterns from battle to exclusively civilian uses is a recent phenomenon. While many hundreds of artists were involved in the development of camouflage during and since WW I the disparate sympathies of the two cultures restrained the use of "militaristic" forms in works other than those of [[war artist]]s. Since the 1960s however artists have seized upon camouflage as a means to twist and subvert it away from its military origins and symbolism. The concept of camouflage - to conceal and distort shapes - is also a popular artistic tool.
Artists using camouflage include: [[Andy Warhol]] (notably his 1986 camouflage series, his last major work), [[Alain Jacquet]] (extraordinarily prolific in camouflage works from 1961 into the 1970s), [[Alighiero Boetti]] (''Mimetico'' pieces, 1966-67), [[David Bower]] (''Shelf Environment'' series, 1980s), [[Tom Czarnopys]] (bark-covered figurative sculpture, c1985), [[Lutz]] (a number of projects, the film ''True Stories'', ''Red, Hot and Blue'', etc. 1986-), [[Marilyn Lysohir]] (''The Dark Side of Dazzle'', 1986), [[Lau]] (''gardenergala'', 1999-2001), [[Ian Hamilton Finlay]], [[Vera von Lehndorff]] (aka Veruschka) and [[Holger Trülzsch]] (Nature, Signs & Animals, Mimicry-Dress-Art, all 1970-73), [[Kate Ericson]] and [[Mel Ziegler]] (''Camouflaged History'', 1991), [[Jennifer Lapham]] (numerous works, including ''Mimetic series'', 1999), [[Michel Aubry]] (camouflage fabric patterns, 2000), [[Désirée Palmen]] (''Streetwise'' series, 2002), [[Monica Duncan]] and [[Lara Odell]] (''Winter Camouflage Catalog'', 2002), [[Laurent La Gamba]] (''Pro-Cryptic Installations'', 2002), [[William Anastasi]] (''Blind'', 2003), [[McGurr]] (''Futura'', 2000), [[Harvey Opgenorth]] (''Museum Camouflage'' series, 1998-), [[Herbert J. Reith III]] (paintings, 2000-), [[Jane Gilmor]] (''Blind'', c2000), [[Carrie Paterson]] and [[Arshia Mahmoodi]] (''(Garden) To Delay the Progression of a Wartime Ecology'', 2004), [[Evan Salmon]] (''Dazzle Ship'', 2005) and [[Thomas Hirschhorn]] (''Utopia
Camouflage garments had a similarly hesitant adoption, although military ''styling'' has a long history of civilian use. Military patterns initially found civilian markets amongst hunters and, through military surplus, in those seeking clothing that was tough, well-made, and cheap in the United States and other countries. The steady output from countries using a [[National Service]] model was influential and several countries (initially the 'winning' sides of WW II, where there was less negative connection with military-wear) became significant markets. In the United States in the 1960s military clothing became increasingly common (mostly olive drab rather than camouflage), interestingly it was often found worn by anti-war protestors, initially groups such as [[Vietnam Veterans Against the War]] but then increasingly widely as a symbol of political protest. It is a felony in the United States to wear "any distinctive part" of a US military uniform{{fact}}. In the years after the [[Vietnam War]], camouflage military clothing became very popular among many people, replacing olive-drab military clothing.
Baris 87:
== Referensi ==
* {{en}} [http://www.shipcamouflage.com/2_1.htm Alan Raven - Development of Naval Camouflage 1914 – 1945]
* {{en}} [http://www.arts.ufl.edu/art/rt_room/sparkers/camouflage/history.html Craig Roland - The Art of Camouflage - The History of Camouflage]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{en}} [http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/isast/spec.projects/camouflagebib.html Roy R. Behrens - Art and Camouflage: An Annotated Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616222117/http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/isast/spec.projects/camouflagebib.html |date=2006-06-16 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.wildernessmanuals.com/manual_6/chpt_1/2.html Manual tentara AS FM 21-76 tentang kamuflase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718051435/http://www.wildernessmanuals.com/manual_6/chpt_1/2.html |date=2011-07-18 }}
* {{en}} [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/ml_008100_camouflage.htm Guy Hartcup - Camouflage: A History of Concealment and Deception in War (1980)]
* {{en}} [http://www.lonesentry.com/camouflage_manual/index.html WWII War Department Field Manual FM 5-20B: Camouflage of Vehicles (1944)]
Baris 98:
{{Commons|Camouflage}}
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/animal-camouflage.htm How Stuff Works]
* [http://efour4ever.com/cammo.htm Camouflage of Individuals and Infantry Weapon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125054929/http://www.efour4ever.com/cammo.htm |date=2012-11-25 }}
* [http://bobolinkbooks.googlepages.com/royr.behrens Roy R. Behrens, "The Thinking Eye: a Chronology of Camouflage" 2006]
* [
* [http://whitetail.com/camo1.html "An informal study into camoflage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313053536/http://whitetail.com/camo1.html |date=2010-03-13 }}
[[Kategori:Kamuflase| ]]
| |||