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[[ImageBerkas:Evacuating Columbine.jpg|thumbjmpl|225px|rightka|Staf dan siswa mengosongkan [[SMA Columbine]] tak lama setelah penembakan. (Jenazah Daniel Rohrbough dapat dilihat di bagian bawah foto ini.)]][[File:Columbinememorial.JPG|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=columbine memorial|columbine memorial]]
'''Tragedi Columbine''' merujukadalah kepadaperistiwa penembakan membabi-buta yang terjadi pada Selasa, [[20 April]] [[1999]], di [[SMA Columbine]] di [[Kabupaten Jefferson, Colorado|Kabupaten Jefferson]], [[Colorado]], dekat [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. Dua siswa remaja, [[Eric Harris dan Dylan Klebold]], melakukan [[pembunuhan massal|penembakan membabi-buta]], hingga menewaskan 12 rekan siswa dan seorang guru, serta melukai 24 orang lainnya, dan kemudian melakukan [[bunuh diri]]. Kejadian ini dianggap sebagai [[pembantaian di sekolah|penembakan di sekolah]] yang paling banyak menelan korban, dan serangan kedua yang paling hebat di sebuah sekolah dalam sejarah [[Amerika Serikat]] setelah [[tragedi Sekolah Bath]].
Pembantaian ini melahirkan [[debat|perdebatan]] mengenai [[politik senjata api di Amerika Serikat|undang-undang pembatasan senjata api]] dan kemudahan mendapatkan senjata api di Amerika Serikat. Banyak perbincangan juga dipusatkan pada sifat [[klik]] dan ''[[bully]]'' di [[SMA]], serta peranan film-film serta permainan video yang mengandung kekerasan dalam masyarakat Amerika. Beberapa dari korbannya yang digambarkan terbunuh karena keyakinan mereka menjadi sumber inspirasi bagi orang-orang lain, dan banyak orang yang menyesalkan merosotnya peranan agama dalam pendidikan di sekolah pemerintah serta masyarakat pada umumnya, seringkalisering kali mengatakan bahwa tragedi ini terjadi karena kurangnya dukungan pemerintah terhadap agama. Penembakan ini juga mengakibatkan peningkatan keamanan sekolah, serta [[kepanikan moral]] yang ditujukan kepada [[Goth|budaya goth]], [[musik]] [[heavy metal]], orang-orang yang tersingkir dari masyarakat luas, penggunaan [[obat penenang|obat-obat penenang]], oleh remaja, [[film|film-film]] dan [[permainan komputer]] yang menampilkan kekerasan.<ref>[http://www.nais.org/publications/ismagazinearticle.cfm?ItemNumber=144264 Lessons from Littleton - profile of the moral panic surrounding the Columbine massacre] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524151932/http://www.nais.org/publications/ismagazinearticle.cfm?ItemNumber=144264 |date=2012-05-24 }} - ''nais.org''</ref> <ref>[http://slashdot.org/articles/99/04/25/1438249_F.shtml Article describing the outlash against outcasts after the Columbine massacre (26 April, 1999)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821074326/http://slashdot.org/articles/99/04/25/1438249_F.shtml |date=2008-08-21 }}. ''slashdot.org''</ref>
== Tanda-tanda peringatan ==
Tanda-tanda peringatan dini mengenai serangan-serangan ini pertama-tama muncul pada 1996 ketika Eric Harris menciptakan sebuah situs pribadi di [[America Online]]. <!--The original site was set up to host [[Doom]] levels that he and Klebold had created, mainly for friends.--> Sepanjang tahun, Harris memulai sebuah [[blog]] primitif di situs ini, yang meliputi lelucon dan tulisan-tulisan jurnal kecil mengenai pikiran-pikirannya mengenai orang orangtuatua, sekolah, dan teman-temannya. Pada akhir tahun, situs ini memuat petunjuk-petunjuk tentang bagaimana melakukan kenakalan, serta petunjuk tentang membuat bahan peledak, serta catatan-catatan mengenai kenakalan yang ia lakukan bersama Klebold. Mulai awal 1997, tulisan-tulisan di blog itu mulai memperlihatkan tanda-tanda pertama kemarahan Harris yang terus berkembang terhadap masyarakat.
Situs Harris mempunyai sedikit pengunjung, dan baru menjadi masalah pada akhir 1997, ketika penyidik Michael Guerra dari Kantor Sherriff Kabupatenwilayah Jefferson diberitahukan tentang situs itu setelah orangtuaorang tua dari bekas teman Harris, [[Brooks Brown]], menemukan bahwa Harris mengirimkan ancaman-ancaman maut yang ditujukan kepada anak mereka. Guerra menemukan bahwa situs itu juga mengandung ancaman-ancaman kekerasan yang ditujukan kepada siswa-siswa dan guru-guru yang ada di [[SMA Columbine]]. Bahan-bahan lainnya meliputi cetusan-ctusancetusan yang telah ditulis Harris mengenai kebenciannya terhadap masyarakat pada umumnya dan keinginannya untuk membutuhmembunuh orang-orang yang mengusiknya. Ketika tanggal penembakan itu makin dekat, Harris juga mulai mencatat penyelesaian bom-bom pipa di situsnya, serta jumlah senjata dan "daftar target" orang-orang yang ingin ia sasar, meskipun tulisannya tak pernah menyebutkan keseluruhan plotnya.<ref>[http://www.acolumbinesite.com/ericpage.html Arsip versi situs Eric Harris]</ref> Karena Harris telah mengakui mempunyai bahan-bahan peledak, Guerra memutuskan untuk menulis sebuah rancangan [[affidavit]] untuk perintah penyidikan ke rumah Harris, namun hal itu tak pernah diajukannya. Keberadaan affidavit itu disembunyikan oleh Kabupatenpetugas penyidik di wilayah Jefferson, dan tak diungkapkan kepada publik hingga September 2001, sebagai akibat langsung penyidikan oleh acara TV [[60 Minutes]].
<!--After the release of the affidavit, a series of grand jury investigations were launched into the cover-up activities of the Jefferson County officials. The investigation revealed that high ranking officials of Jefferson County had come together a few days after the massacre to discuss the release of the affidavit to the public. It was decided that because the affidavit's contents lacked the necessary probable cause to have supported the issuance of a search warrant for the Harris household by a judge, it would be best not to disclose the affidavit's existence at an upcoming press conference, although the actual conversations and points of discussion were never actually revealed to anyone other than the Grand Jury members. Following the press conference, the original Guerra documents disappeared. In September 1999, a Jefferson County investigator failed to find the documents during a secret search of the county's computer system. A second attempt in late 2000 found copies of the document within the Jefferson County archives. The documents were reconstructed and released to the public in September 2001, but the original documents are still missing. The final grand jury investigation was released in September 2004.<ref>[http://media.mnginteractive.com/media/paper36/Columbine_Grand_Jury_Report.pdf Columbine Grand Jury Report] ''in .pdf format''</ref>
===Crime, punishment, and retaliation===
On [[January 30]], [[1998]], both Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were caught with computer equipment that had been stolen from a parked van near [[Littleton, Colorado]]. Both were arrested and attended a joint court hearing where a judge decided, based on their lack of moral judgment, that the two needed psychiatric help. Harris and Klebold avoided prosecution for the burglary by participating in a "diversion program" that involved counseling and community service at a local youth recreation center. Both feigned regret in order to obtain an early release, but Harris had relished the opportunity to perform. He wrote an ingratiating letter to his victim offering [[empathy]], rather than just apologies. During this time he would often boast about faking remorse, and applauded himself at his deception in journal entries.<ref>[http://www.acolumbinesite.com/diary.html Eric and Dylan's Journal Entries]</ref> It is believed that shortly after being released from psychiatric care in April 1998, Harris and Klebold began to plot the attacks as a form of retaliation.
During his evaluation by doctors at the program, Harris was prescribed the anti-depressant [[Fluvoxamine|Luvox]]. Some analysts have argued that this medication may have contributed to Harris' actions, and claimed that side-effects of these drugs include increased aggression and loss of empathy.<ref>[http://www.breggin.com/luvox.html Luvox and the Columbine High School massacre]. ''breggin.com''.</ref> A correlation is claimed between "school shooters" whose medical history has been made public and the use or recent discontinuation of such medications. Other researchers have pointed out that such claims are not based upon scientific testing.
Shortly after his and Klebold's court hearing, Harris' blog disappeared and his website was reverted to its original purpose of posting user created levels for the game Doom. It is speculated Harris did this because the mother of Brooks Brown had got him into trouble with his parents after her ordeal with the site. It was at this time that Harris began to write out his thoughts and plans in a paper journal. Despite this, Harris still dedicated a section of his website to posting his progress on the collection of guns and the building of the bombs used in the attack. After its existence was released to the public, AOL permanently deleted the website from its servers.<ref>[http://www.acolumbinesite.com/event/index.html Detailed retelling of the events prior to the shootings]</ref>
===Journals and videos===
Both shooters began keeping journals of their progress soon after their release from the psychiatric center. The pair also documented their arsenal with video tapes which were kept secret.<ref>[http://slate.msn.com/id/2099203 Analysis of journals and videos ] ([[April 20]] [[2004]]) ''Slate.MSN.com''.</ref>
Journal entries revealed that the pair had an elaborate plan for a major bombing rivaling that of [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City]]. The entries contained blurbs about ways to escape to [[Mexico]], hijacking an aircraft at [[Denver International Airport]] and crashing into a building in [[New York City]], as well as details about the attacks. The pair hoped that after setting off bombs in the cafeteria, they would rampage through the school and shoot any survivors, then continue their attack on surrounding houses as neighbors came out to see the commotion; this original plan failed when their main explosives did not detonate.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/329303.stm Columbine killers planned to kill 500 (4-27-1999)]. ''bbc.co.uk''.</ref>
The pair also kept videos that were used mainly as documentation of explosives, ammunition, and weapons they had acquired illegally. In these videos, the shooters also revealed all the elaborate and creative ways the two had thought up to hide their arsenals in their own homes, as well as the ways they would deceive their parents about their activities. Some videos contained footage of the pair during target practice in nearby foothills, and shots of the areas of the high school they planned to attack. A few days before the shootings, a final video had the pair apologizing to their families and boasting about how they would soon be remembered infamously.
==Firearms==
In the months prior to the attacks, Harris and Klebold acquired two 9mm firearms and two 12 gauge shotguns. A rifle and the two shotguns were bought in a [[straw purchase]] in December [[1998]] by a friend, [[Robyn Anderson]].<ref>[http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/shooting/1003robyn.shtml Loophole protects Columbine 'witness'] ''Rocky Mountain News''</ref> Harris and Klebold later bought a handgun from a friend, Mark Manes. Manes was jailed after the massacre for the offense of selling a handgun to a minor,<ref>[http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/shooting/0624dura1.shtml Duran gets Prison Term] ''Rocky Mountain New'' </ref> as was Philip Duran, who had introduced the duo to Manes.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/518610.stm Columbine gun supplier jailed] ''BBC World News''</ref>
With instructions from the [[Internet]], such as ''[[The Anarchist Cookbook]]'', they also built 99 [[improvised explosive device]]s of various designs and sizes. They also sawed the barrels and butts off their shotguns in order to make them easier to conceal. The two perpetrators committed numerous felony violations of state and federal law, including the [[National Firearms Act]] and the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]], even before the massacre began.
===Eric Harris===
[[Image:HarrisFirearms.jpg|thumb|150px|Eric Harris's guns]]
*[[12 gauge]] Savage-Springfield 67H [[pump-action]] [[shotgun]] Serial No.: ..A232432
*[[Hi-Point 995 Carbine]] [[9mm]] [[semi-automatic]] rifle with 10 round magazines
*The shotgun was the primary weapon used by Harris and was fired a total of 25 times
*Harris committed [[suicide]] with the shotgun
===Dylan Klebold===
[[Image:KleboldFirearms.jpg|thumb|150px|Dylan Klebold's guns]]
*[[9mm]] [[Intratec]] [[Tec-9]] [[Semi-automatic]] handgun manufactured by Navegar, Inc. with 32 round magazines
*[[12 gauge]] Stevens 311D double barreled [[sawed-off shotgun]] Serial No.: ..A077513
*The Tec-9 [[handgun]] was the weapon primarily used by Klebold and was fired a total of 55 times.
*Klebold committed [[suicide]] with the Tec-9
===Both===
*Numerous knives
*9mm magazines in their pockets
*Pouches on their belts full of 12-gauge rounds
==April 20, 1999: shooting at Columbine High==
[[Image:Columbine High School.jpg|thumb|right|220px|An aerial shot of [[Columbine High School]] on the day of the massacre.]]
'''''Note:''' All times are in [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain Daylight Time]], [[UTC]]-6''
At 11:10 a.m. on Tuesday, [[April 20]], [[1999]], Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold arrived at [[Columbine High School]] in separate cars. Harris parked in the Junior student parking lot and Klebold in the Senior student parking lot at spaces not assigned to them. From these spots, both of them had excellent views of the cafeteria's side entrance and each one was covering a main exit of the school. Shortly before arriving at Columbine, Harris and Klebold had set up a small fire bomb in a field half a mile away from the school. The bomb was set to detonate at 11:14 a.m., and is thought to have been placed there as a diversion for emergency personnel. The bomb did partially detonate, and caused a small fire that was extinguished by the fire department, though only merited a response from one fire engine.
At Columbine, the pair met-up near Harris' car and armed two 20 pound (9 kg) propane bombs before entering the [[cafeteria]] a few minutes before the "A" lunch shift began and placing the [[duffel bag]]s carrying the bombs inside; each bomb was set to explode at approximately 11:17 a.m. At the moment they entered the cafeteria, a custodian removed the security camera video tape, rewound it, and placed a new tape in the slot, so the act of placing the bombs was not recorded. However, once the new tape was started the bags could be seen clearly. The bombs had enough [[explosion|explosive]] power to destroy the entire cafeteria and bring the library above crashing down. Each shooter then returned to his car to wait until the bombs exploded. They intended to open fire on students fleeing the school through the main entrances once the cafeteria bombs detonated. As they returned to their cars, Harris encountered Brooks Brown in the parking lot. Having recently patched up their friendship, Brown approached Harris and scolded him for having missed a test. Harris replied to him by saying "Um, Brooks, I like you, I like you. Now go home, get out of here", before continuing on his way.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1998/schools/they.hid.it.well/index.html Columbine Student Brooks Brown told to "go home" by Shooter]</ref> Several minutes later, students departing Columbine for lunch noticed Brooks Brown heading down South Pierce Street away from the school. Meanwhile, Harris and Klebold armed themselves by their cars and waited for the bombs to explode.
===The shooting begins===
When the cafeteria bombs failed, Harris and Klebold met near Harris' car, armed themselves with two [[sawed-off shotgun]]s, a [[Hi-Point 995 Carbine|9mm Hi-Point carbine]], and a 9mm [[Intratec TEC-DC9|TEC-9]] semi-automatic pistol (all placed in a duffel bag and backpack), and walked toward the cafeteria. They went to the top of the West Entrance steps, the highest point on campus. From this vantage point, the cafeteria's side entrance was at the bottom of the staircase, the school's main West Entrance was to their left, and the athletic fields to their right (See the lead photograph at the top of this page for an image of the staircase in question).
{| style="float:left; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; width:25em; border: 1px solid #a0a0a0; padding: 10px; background-color: #F5F5F5; text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Injuries and deaths in initial incident'''
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|1. '''Rachel Scott''' killed by shots to the head and chest on a grassy area next to the West Entrance of the school.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|2. '''Richard Castaldo''' shot in the arm, chest, back and abdomen on the same grassy area.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|3. ''' Daniel Rohrbough''' killed by a shot to the chest on the West Staircase.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|4. '''Sean Graves''' shot in the back and abdomen on the West Staircase.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|5. '''Lance Kirklin''' shot with wounds to the leg, neck and jaw on the West Staircase.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|6. '''Michael Johnson''' escaped from the grassy knoll with wounds to his face, arm and leg.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|7. '''Mark Taylor''' shot in the chest, arms and leg on the grassy knoll.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|8. '''Anne-Marie Hochhalter''' shot in the chest, arm, abdomen, back, and left leg near the cafeteria's entrance.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|9. '''Brian Anderson''' injured near the West Entrance by flying glass.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|10. '''Patti Nielson''' hit in the shoulder by shrapnel near the West Entrance.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|11. '''Stephanie Munson''' shot in the ankle inside the North Hallway.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|12. '''Dave Sanders''' died of blood loss after being shot in the neck and back inside the South Hallway.
|}
At 11:19 a.m., a witness heard Eric Harris yell "Go! Go!" At that moment the gunmen pulled out their shotguns and began shooting at [[Rachel Scott]] and Richard Castaldo, who were sitting on a grassy knoll to their left (next to the West Entrance of the school), eating lunch. Both were hit and critically injured. After the initial shots, one of the shooters shot Scott again, killing her. It is unclear who shot first and who killed Scott.
Next, Harris took off his [[Trench coat|trenchcoat]] and took out his 9 mm semi-automatic carbine, aiming it down the West Staircase. Daniel Rohrbough and his two friends, Sean Graves and Lance Kirklin, were walking up the staircase directly below the shooters. Kirklin reported seeing them standing at the top, when suddenly they began shooting at him. Shot in the chest, Rohrbough fell back onto Graves; a bullet pierced Graves' foot. The shooters then turned their guns on Kirklin, standing across from them. All three students fell wounded. Harris and Klebold then turned and began shooting south (away from the school) at five students sitting on the grassy knoll adjacent to the steps, opposite the West Entrance of the school. Michael Johnson was hit but kept running and escaped. Mark Taylor fell to the ground, crippled, and played dead. The other three escaped uninjured. As the shooting continued, Sean Graves stood up and limped down the staircase into the cafeteria's side entrance, where he collapsed in front of the door. Klebold began walking down the steps heading toward the cafeteria. As he descended, he shot Lance Kirklin once more in the face, wounding him critically. Daniel Rohrbough began to struggle down the steps towards the bottom of the staircase. Seeing this, Klebold walked up to him and shot him in the back at close range, killing him. He then continued down the staircase and stepped inside the cafeteria, walking over the injured Sean Graves, who lay at the cafeteria entrance. It is speculated that Klebold did this because he was checking to see why the propane bombs had failed to explode. As Klebold stepped into the cafeteria, Harris began to shoot down the steps at several students sitting near the cafeteria's entrance, wounding Anne-Marie Hochhalter as she attempted to flee. After a few seconds, Klebold returned back up the staircase to meet with Harris at the top.
[[Image:West entrance.jpg|thumb|right|The West Entrance of the school after the shooting.]]
The two then attempted to shoot at students standing near the [[soccer]] field a few yards away, but did not hit anyone. They then threw [[pipe bomb]]s at the parking lot, roof, and hillside to the east; none of which detonated. Inside the campus, teacher Patti Nielson, seeing the commotion, walked towards the West Entrance with student Brian Anderson. She wanted to walk outside and tell the two students to "knock it off",<ref>[http://www.knowgangs.com/school_resources/columbine/columbine_002.htm Another timeline of the attacks]</ref> as she thought they were shooting a video or pulling a prank. As Anderson opened the first set of double doors, Harris and Klebold shot out the windows. Anderson was injured by flying glass and Nielson was hit in the shoulder by [[shrapnel]]. Reacting in fear, she quickly stood up and ran down the hall into the library where she began to alert students inside, demanding they duck beneath desks and remain silent. She then dialed [[9-1-1]] and concealed herself beneath the library's administrative counter. Brian Anderson remained behind, caught between the exterior and interior doors.
Meanwhile, a police [[sheriff|deputy sheriff]] arrived at the scene and began shooting at Harris and Klebold, distracting them from the injured Brian Anderson. Anderson staggered out of the area and made it into the library where he ran into an open staff break room, remaining there until the ordeal ended. Harris fired ten shots at the officer, who then radioed in a Code 33 (officer in need of emergency assistance). When his gun jammed, Harris ran inside the school with Klebold. The pair then proceeded down the main North Hallway shooting at anyone they saw and throwing pipe bombs. While doing so, they shot student Stephanie Munson in the [[ankle]]. She was able to walk out of the school and make it to a house across the street. The pair then proceeded to shoot out the windows to the East Entrance of the school. After going through the hall several more times, shooting at any students they saw (but not injuring any), they headed back towards the West Entrance and turned to the Library Hallway.
Moments earlier, Coach William "Dave" Sanders had evacuated the cafeteria through a staircase leading up to the second floor. The staircase was around the corner from the Library Hallway in the main South Hallway. He and a student turned the corner and were walking down the Library Hallway when they saw the shooters coming around the corner from the North Hallway. The two quickly turned around and ran the other way (it is believed, but not confirmed, that Sanders was heading for the library to help evacuate the students there).<ref>[http://www.denver-rmn.com/shooting/0516dave3.shtml Science teacher died a hero]</ref> The shooters came around the corner and shot at both of them, hitting Dave Sanders in the chest as he reached the South Hallway but missing the student. The student ran into science classroom SCI-1 and alerted the teacher inside. Meanwhile, the shooters returned back up the North Hallway. Sanders struggled over to the science area where the teacher took him into an empty science classroom SCI-3. Two students administered [[first aid]] there and attempted to contact police outside. However, Sanders died at approximately 3:00 p.m.
===The library massacre===
[[Image:VictimLibraryWindowColumbine.jpg|thumb|left|Library victim Patrick Ireland being pulled from Library windows after the massacre.]]
As the shooting unfolded, Patti Nielson was on the phone with the [[emergency service]]s, recounting her experience, and trying to get students to take cover under desks. According to transcripts, her call was received by the [[9-1-1]] operator at 11:25:05 a.m. The time period between when the call was answered and when the shooters entered the library was four minutes and ten seconds. Before entering, the shooters threw two pipe bombs into the cafeteria from the staircase in the South Hallway, both of which exploded (one of which can be seen on the security tapes). They then threw another in the Library Hallway which also exploded, damaging some lockers. At 11:29 a.m., the pair walked through the heavy doors of the library where 55 students, three library staff, and Ms. Nielson were hiding under desks and inside exterior break rooms.
{| style="float:right; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; width:25em; border: 1px solid #a0a0a0; padding: 10px; background-color: #F5F5F5; text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Injuries and deaths in the library'''
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|13. '''Evan Todd''' sustained minor injuries from the splintering of a desk he was hiding under.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|14. '''Kyle Velasquez''' killed by gunshot wounds to the head and back.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|15. '''Patrick Ireland''' shot in the arm, leg, head, and foot.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|16. '''Daniel Steepleton''' shot in the thigh.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|17. '''Makai Hall''' shot in the knee.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|18. '''Steven Curnow''' killed by a shot to the neck.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|19. '''Kasey Ruegsegger''' shot in the hand, arm and shoulder.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|20. '''Cassie Bernall''' killed by a shot to the head.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|21. '''Isaiah Shoels''' killed by a shot to the chest.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|22. '''Matthew Kechter''' killed by a shot to the chest.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|23. '''Lisa Kreutz''' shot in the shoulder, hand and arms.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|24. '''Valeen Schnurr''' injured with wounds to the chest, arms and abdomen.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|25. '''Mark Kintgen''' shot in the head and shoulder.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|26. '''Lauren Townsend''' killed by multiple gunshot wounds to the head, chest and lower body.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|27. '''Nicole Nowlen''' shot in the abdomen.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|28. '''John Tomlin''' killed by multiple shots to the head and neck.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|29. '''Kelly Fleming''' killed by a shot to the back.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|30. '''Jeanna Park''' shot in the knee, shoulder and foot.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|31. '''Daniel Mauser''' killed by a shot to the face.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|32. '''Jennifer Doyle''' shot in the hand, leg and shoulder.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|33. '''Austin Eubanks''' shot in the head and knee.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|34. '''Corey DePooter''' killed by shots to the chest and neck.
|}
As he entered, Harris shot out a display case at the opposite end of the administrative counter, injuring student Evan Todd who was hiding under a copier adjacent to the display case. Harris then yelled for everyone to "Get up!" so loudly that he can be heard on the [http://i.cnn.net/cnn/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/videos/PATTI.mpg 9-1-1 recording] (at 11:29:18) . Staff and students hiding in the library exterior rooms said they heard the gunmen utter things such as "Everyone with a white cap or baseball cap, stand up!" and "All [[Jock (subculture)|jock]]s stand up! We'll get the guys in white hats!" (wearing a white baseball cap at Columbine was a tradition amongst sports team members). When no one stood up, one was heard to say: "Fine, I'll start shooting!" The two then made their way down to the opposite side of the library, to two rows of computers. Evan Todd used the time to conceal himself behind the administrative counter. Kyle Velasquez was sitting at the north (or upper) row of computers; he had not ducked down below the desk. Klebold shot him first, hitting him in the head and back, killing him. The shooters then set down their duffel bags, filled with ammunition, at the south (or lower) row of computers and began reloading their weapons. They walked to the windows facing the outside staircase where they had just been a moment ago. Noticing police evacuating students, they began to shoot out the windows; police returned fire.
After a few seconds, Klebold turned away from the windows and fired his shotgun at a nearby table, injuring Patrick Ireland, Daniel Steepleton and Makai Hall, then took off his trenchcoat. Harris grabbed his shotgun and walked over to the lower row of computer desks, putting his gun underneath the first desk in the row without looking to see who was under it. He shot and killed Steven Curnow, who was hiding underneath it. He then shot under the next computer desk, injuring Kasey Ruegsegger.
Official reports state that Harris then walked over to the table across from the lower computer row, slapped the top twice with his hand, knelt down, and said "peek-a-boo" before shooting [[Cassie Bernall]] in the head. The recoil from the weapon hit his face, breaking his nose. Although it is popularly believed that Bernall was the individual who was asked "Do you believe in God?", the official investigation has attributed this remark not to Bernall but to a surviving student, Valeen Schnurr (see below). Three students who witnessed Bernall's death, including the person who was hiding under the table with her, have testified the exchange did not occur.<ref>[http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/salon.htm Did she really say "yes"?]</ref> Nevertheless, others who were in the library asserted the exchange occurred, though none of these students physically witnessed it. They may instead have heard the later exchange between Klebold and Schnurr and been misled by news reports attributing the words to Bernall. This misunderstanding sparked much debate as to whether the official investigation thoroughly assessed all possibilities.
Harris then turned to the next table, where student Bree Pasquale sat next to the table rather than beneath it (she had not hidden underneath as there was not enough room to hide). Harris asked her if she wanted to die to which Pasquale responded with a plea for her life. Witnesses report that Harris was disoriented as this occurred, possibly from the wound to his face, which was bleeding heavily. As Harris taunted Pasquale, Patrick Ireland began to administer first aid to one of the two injured near him; seeing this, Klebold shot at him, hitting him twice in the head and once in the foot. The shot to his foot blew his shoe off. He was knocked unconscious, but remarkably survived.
Next, Klebold proceeded to walk toward another set of tables, discovering Isaiah Shoels, Matthew Kechter, and Craig Scott (all popular athletes at the school, the last of whom was [[Rachel Scott]]'s brother) hiding under one. He attempted to pull Isaiah out from underneath the table, but was unsuccessful. He then called to Harris, who left Bree Pasquale and joined him. Klebold and Harris taunted Shoels for a few seconds; witnesses claim Klebold made a racial comment towards him. Harris then knelt down and shot him in the chest at close range, killing him. Klebold also knelt down and opened fire, hitting and killing Matthew Kechter. Remarkably, Craig Scott remained uninjured as he lay in the blood of his friends, pretending to be dead. Harris then turned and threw a [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] bomb at the table where Hall, Steepleton, and Ireland were. Makai threw the bomb back out where it exploded farther south (away from the shooters).
Harris walked to the book cases between the west and center section of tables in the library. He jumped on one of the book cases and shook it, then shot at something in that general area (it is not known what he shot at, since no one could see him at this point). Klebold walked through the main area past the first set of bookcases, the central desk area, and a second set of bookcases into the east area. Harris walked past the central area meeting up with him there. Klebold proceeded to shoot out a display case next to the door, then turned and shot at the closest table to him, injuring Mark Kintgen. He then turned to the table to his left (east) and shot at it, injuring Lisa Kreutz and Val Schnurr with the same bullet. He then approached the table and fired again, killing Lauren Townsend.
Harris, in the meantime, went over to another table where two girls were hiding, bent down and looked at them, and dismissed them as "pathetic". The pair then went over to an empty table and began to reload their weapons. Schnurr, who had been hurt badly, began to cry out at that point, "Oh, God help me!" Klebold went back to her and asked her if she believed in God. She floundered in her answer, saying no and then yes, trying to get the answer "right". He asked her why; she said it was because it was what her family believed. He taunted her then walked away. This incident eventually led to the Cassie Bernall controversy, as some believe the eyewitnesses who continue to back the Bernall claim may have wrongfully attributed the Schnurr/Klebold remark to Bernall due to possible similarlities in voice and appearance.
Harris then moved to another table and shot twice underneath it, injuring both Nicole Nowlen and John Tomlin. When Tomlin tried to crawl out, Klebold came around the corner and kicked him. Harris taunted his attempt at escape and then Klebold shot him repeatedly, killing him. Harris walked back over to the other side of the table where Lauren Townsend lay. Behind it, Kelly Fleming, like Bree Pasquale, sat next to the table rather than beneath it. Harris shot at her with his rifle, hitting her in the back, and killing her instantly. He continued to shoot at the table behind her, hitting Townsend and Kreutz again, and wounding Jeanna Park (an autopsy revealed that Townsend had already been killed by the first shot).
At 11:37 a.m., the shooters moved to the center of the library, where they continued to reload their weapons at a table midway across the room. Klebold noticed a student nearby and asked him to identify himself. The student was John Savage, an acquaintance of Klebold's. Savage asked Klebold what they were doing, to which Klebold replied, "Oh, just killing people." Savage then asked if they were going to kill him. Klebold hesitated, and then asked him to leave the library. Savage fled immediately, making a safe escape through the library's main entrance.
After Savage was gone, Harris turned and fired his carbine at the table directly north of where they'd been, hitting Daniel Mauser in the face at close range, killing him. Both shooters then moved south from there and fired randomly under another table, critically injuring Jennifer Doyle and Austin Eubanks, and fatally wounding Corey DePooter. DePooter, the last victim of the massacre, was said to have been instrumental in keeping his friends calm during the ordeal.
At this point, several witnesses heard Harris and Klebold comment on how they no longer found a thrill in shooting their victims. Harris was quoted to have said "Maybe we should start knifing people, that might be more fun." Both shooters then moved away from the table and began heading toward the library's main counter. Harris threw a [[Molotov cocktail]] toward the southwestern end of the library as he went, but it failed to explode. He then came around the east side of the counter and Klebold joined him from the west, both converging near where Evan Todd had moved to after the copier incident. The shooters made fun of Todd and debated killing him, but eventually walked away. Klebold then turned and fired a shot into an open library staff break room, hitting a small television. Harris slammed a chair down on top of the computer terminal that was on the library counter, directly above the bureau Patti Nielson was hiding under. The two then walked out of the library at 11:42 a.m., ending the brutal massacre.
Almost immediately after the shooters left the library at 11:42 a.m., 34 uninjured and 10 injured students evacuated the room through the north door, which led out to the sidewalk adjacent the west entrance where the rampage had begun. Patrick Ireland, who had been knocked unconscious, and Lisa Kreutz, who was unable to move, remained in the building. Patti Nielson ran into the exterior break room Klebold had shot into earlier, joining Brian Anderson and the three library staff already inside; they locked themselves in and remained there until they were freed at approximately 3:30 p.m.
===Suicide of the shooters===
[[Image:Eric_harris_dylan_klebold.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Harris and Klebold caught on the high school's security cameras in the cafeteria shortly before committing suicide.]]
After leaving the library, the pair went into the science area and threw a small fire bomb into an empty storage closet. When the bomb exploded, they ran off. A teacher in the adjacent room put out the fire. They then proceeded towards the South Hallway, stopped, and began shooting into an empty science room (SCI-8) at the end of the hall. Next, they went down the staircase into the cafeteria where they were first caught by the security cameras. The recording shows Harris attempting to detonate one of the failed propane bombs, without success; he then took a sip from one of the drinks left behind by fleeing students. Another [[Molotov cocktail]] was thrown, but it too failed. The two then left the cafeteria and went back up the stairs. As they did so, the cocktail exploded (this can be seen in the security tapes) causing a fire that was extinguished by the [[fire sprinkler]]s; they left the cafeteria at around 11:50 a.m. Once back on the upper level, they walked around the main North and South Hallways of the school without any direction, shooting aimlessly. They walked through the South Hallway, past the Social Studies section, and into the main office before proceeding back onto the North Hallway. Several times they looked through the small windows on the classroom doors and even made eye contact with students, but never attempted to enter the rooms. After leaving the main office, the pair went up to a bathroom entrance and began taunting students inside, saying such things as "we know you're in there" and "let's kill anyone we find in here", but never actually entering the bathroom. At 11:55 a.m., the two returned to the Cafeteria and entered the kitchen briefly, only to return back up the staircase, and into the South Hallway, at 11:58 a.m.
{| style="float:left; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; width:25em; border: 1px solid #a0a0a0; padding: 10px; background-color: #F5F5F5; text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Deaths of the shooters'''
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|35. '''Eric Harris''' (gunman) committed suicide by a single shot to the head.
|- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"
|36. '''Dylan Klebold''' (gunman) committed suicide by a single shot to the head.
|}
At 12:05 p.m. the shooters entered the library again, but it was empty of all living students except for the unconscious Patrick Ireland and Lisa Kreutz (who played dead). It is not known what they did between the time they left the cafeteria and the time they re-entered the library. Once inside, they attempted to shoot out the windows at policemen, without success. They then moved over to the table next to where Matthew Kechter and Isaiah Shoels lay; there, they shot themselves, committing [[suicide]]. At 2:38 p.m., Patrick Ireland regained consciousness and crawled over to the windows, where he attempted to exit. He was then taken out of the school through the library windows by [[SWAT]] team members, in a famously televised scene. Lisa Kreutz remained injured in the library until police entered the scene at 3:25 p.m.; she was then removed, along with Ms. Nielson, Brian Anderson, and the three staff.
===The shooting ends===
By noon, [[SWAT]] teams were stationed outside the school and ambulances started taking the wounded to local hospitals. Meanwhile, families of students and staff at the school were asked to gather at nearby Leawood Elementary School to await information.
A call for additional ammunition to police officers in case of a shootout came at 12:20 p.m. However, the killers had ceased shooting just minutes earlier. SWAT teams began to thoroughly check every room in the high school examining desks and backpacks by 12:45. Authorities reported pipe bombs by 1:00 p.m., and SWAT teams started to free hidden students by 2:30 p.m. All students, teachers, and school employees were taken away, questioned, and then offered medical care in small holding areas before being bussed to meet with their family members at Leawood Elementary. Officials found bodies in the library by 3:30 p.m.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/frameset.exclude.html Details of the Shooting - In-depth report]. ''cnn.com''</ref>
By 4:00 p.m. the sheriff made an initial estimate of 25 dead students and teachers; his estimate was 10 over the true count but closer to the total count of wounded students. He also stated that police officers were searching the bodies of Harris and Klebold in the library. At 4:30 p.m. the school was declared safe; however, at 5:30 p.m. additional officers were called in as more explosives were found in the parking lot and roof. By 6:15 p.m., officials had found a bomb in a car in the parking lot. The sheriff then decided to mark the entire school as a crime scene; 13 of the dead, including the shooters, were still inside the school at the time. At 10:45 p.m., the car bomb detonated when an officer tried to defuse it, none were injured but the car was damaged.
''See also: [http://i.cnn.net/cnn/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/videos/Evac_1.mpg Video clip of the evacuation in progress],
[http://i.cnn.net/cnn/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/videos/Evac_3.mpg ''Continuation from i.cnn.net]''
==Victims==
{{further|[[List of victims of the Columbine High School massacre]]}}
In the end, twelve students and one teacher were killed and twenty-four other students were injured as a direct result of the massacre; three more were injured indirectly as they attempted to escape the school. Harris and Klebold are thought to have committed suicide about forty-five minutes after the massacre began.
==Aftermath==
On [[April 21]], bomb squads combed the high school. The official death toll of fifteen was released at 8:30 a.m. At 10:00 a.m., the bomb squad declared the building safe for officials to enter. By 11:30 a.m., a spokesman of the sheriff declared the investigation under way. Thirteen of the bodies were still inside the high school as investigators photographed the building.
At 2:30 p.m., a press conference was held by Jefferson County District Attorney David Thomas and Sheriff John Stone, saying that they suspected others had helped plan the shooting. Formal identifications of the dead had not yet taken place, but families of the children thought to have been killed had already been notified. Throughout the late afternoon and early evening, the rest of the bodies were gradually removed from the school and taken to the Jefferson County Coroner's Office to be identified and autopsied. By 5:00 p.m., the names of the dead started to be known. An official statement was also released stating that there were fifteen confirmed deaths and twenty-seven injuries related to the massacre.
On [[April 30]], [[1999]], high-ranking officials of Jefferson County and the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office met to decide if they should reveal that Investigator Guerra knew of the Harris website two years prior to the massacre. They decided to not disclose this information at a press conference held on [[April 30]], nor did they mention it in any other way. Over the next two years the original Guerra documents were lost; their existence was not revealed to the public until [[September 24]], [[2001]].<ref>[http://media.mnginteractive.com/media/paper36/Columbine_Grand_Jury_Report.pdf Columbine Grand Jury Report] ''in .pdf format''</ref>
===Third shooter theory===
Shortly after the massacre, reports from five to seven witnesses at Columbine claimed that a third shooter was present. Other reports from around the neighborhood stated that at approximately 10:40 a.m., Klebold's BMW, carrying up to four people, was spotted a few blocks from the school. It was followed by a tan sedan carrying two people. Officials decided to look further into these claims as they believed it was impossible for Harris and Klebold to carry so many explosives into the building themselves.
Columbine student Chris Morris, a friend and bowling teammate of both shooters, was arrested on [[April 20]] and charged with possible involvement. He was later released after his alibi checked out. Witnesses at the school reported to have seen a third shooter in the North Hallway, though ballistics and eyewitness reports from the parking lot and library attribute the attack to only two people. A [http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/audio/columbine/0803morris.ram 911 call] made by Morris was also viewed with suspicion during the investigation because he had knowledge of the guns, clothing, and actions of the shooters as the massacre unfolded and was also able to immediately identify the perpetrators with certainty. Morris had heard the pair mention the idea of going on a killing spree once, but thought they were just kidding around. After his release, Morris was interrogated several times and given a lie detector test, which he passed; a search of his home revealed no evidence of involvement.<ref>[http://judicial-inc.biz/Columbine_Chris_Morris.htm Columbine student arrested as possible third shooter (Morris)]</ref>
Nathan Dykeman, a close friend and bowling teammate of both shooters, was for a while considered to be the third shooter after failing two lie detector tests. He was later removed from the list of suspects after several witnesses confirmed that he had left Columbine prior to the actual massacre and was spotted being away from the school as the massacre unfolded. The timing of his 911 call as well as several calls to Tom Klebold (Dylan's father) also conflicted with the time of the massacre, making it impossible for him to have been in the school.
Another conflicting report was that of a sniper on the roof. This rumor surfaced after several police officers and students witnessed a figure moving around on the roof of the library as the massacre unfolded. It was later discovered to have been a roofing repairman who was scheduled to do maintenance on the library's roof and had remained hidden there during the ordeal.
==Aftermath and the search for rationale==
[[Image:Columbine Breaking News Photography.GIF|right|215px|thumb|Students gather following the Columbine High School massacre, part of the photography for which the ''[[Denver Rocky Mountain News]]'' won the 2000 [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography|Breaking News Photography Pulitzer]].]]
In the aftermath, there was a great deal of debate about what motivated the killers and whether anything could have been done to prevent the crime. Unlike most other school shootings, the fact that both shooters committed suicide made this one particularly haunting, as answers would be slow in coming, and there would be no arrests or trial through which the victims could vent their outrage. The reality of social [[clique]]s in high schools was a frequent topic of discussion. Many argued that the pair's isolation from the rest of their classmates prompted feelings of helplessness, insecurity and [[clinical depression|depression]], as well as a strong desire for attention. Some schools also began programs to expose and stop school [[bully]]ing, which many charged had fueled anger and resentment within Harris and Klebold.<ref>[http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/shooting/1003col4.shtml Students tell of bullying at Columbine High ]. ([[October 3]] [[2000]]) ''rockymountainnews.com''</ref>
In the weeks following the shootings, [[mass media|media]] reports about the two killers portrayed them as part of a "goth cult" and outcast "[[nerd]]s". Later, such characterizations were found to be untrue as both Harris and Klebold are documented to have had a close circle of friends and a wider informal social group, although by no means were they isolated.<ref>[http://slate.msn.com/id/2099203/sidebar/2099208/ Columbine Myths debunked]. ''slate.MSN.com''.</ref> It was also reported that [[homophobic]] remarks were frequently directed at them. As for claims of their ties to "goth cult", Harris and Klebold were for a time thought to be part of an informal school club called the [[Trenchcoat Mafia]]; this allegation was later proven false, although they were friends with some of its members. A backlash against the "[[Goth]]" subculture resulted from both students and administrators across the country.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/09/23/columbine/print.html More details on the Columbine myths]. ([[September 23]] [[1999]]) ''salon.com''</ref><ref>[http://www.evilcon.net/media/nyt.html For Those Who Dress Differently, an Increase in Being Viewed as Abnormal] ''New York Times [[May 1]] [[1999]]''</ref>
Due to the uncertainty and ambiguity in their planning, many theories still exist about the choice of date. One theory states that the original date chosen was [[April 19]] because it was a date on which [[Robyn Anderson]], one of the people who purchased the guns and a close friend of Klebold, would not be present. Due to delays in the making of the propane bombs, the date was moved to [[April 20]]. Some analysts noted that the date of the shooting coincided with [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[birthday]] and was one day after the anniversary of the [[Oklahoma City bombing|Oklahoma City Bombing]] and the immolation of the [[Branch Davidian]]s in Waco, further strengthening the theory that the original intended date was set for April 19, as both shooters mentioned in videos that they had hoped to outdo both these events. It is also believed that the shootings were perhaps plotted for these days because of their proximity to the end of the year activities.
Both Harris and Klebold were fans of violent video games such as ''[[Doom]]'' and ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]''. Harris often created levels for ''Doom'' that were widely distributed, and can still occasionally be found on the Internet as the [[Harris levels]]. Rumors that the layout of these levels resembled that of Columbine High School circulated but have been debunked.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/spoons/noose/doom.htm The Harris Levels.] ''Snopes.com''</ref> Some analysts argued that part of the killers' problem may have been a result of their constant exposure to violent imagery in such video games, as well as [[music]] and [[film|movie]]s, theorizing that their obsession with these forms of media may have led them to have difficulty telling the difference between reality and fantasy. American media compared the massacre to a fantasy sequence from the 1995 film ''[[The Basketball Diaries (film)|The Basketball Diaries]]'' in which protagonist [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] wears a black trenchcoat and shoots six classmates in his school's hallways. Some eyewitnesses at the school compared the events to scenes from the 1999 film ''[[The Matrix]]''. Several unsuccessful lawsuits against video game manufacturers were filed as a result by parents of some of the victims.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1295920.stm Columbine families sue computer game makers] ''bbc.co.uk''</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailycamera.com/shooting/2002/05lcolu.html Columbine lawsuit over video games dismissed] - ''Associated Press (the daily camera)''</ref>
Blame for the shootings was also directed at [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]] and other rock music groups. However, a review of Harris' website showed both shooters disliked Manson and most other mainstream music. This claim was also backed up by close friends of the pair who testified that they were fans of German [[industrial music]] bands, such as [[Rammstein]] (an [[industrial metal]] group). Upon release of this information, Rammstein came under heavy criticism from conservative and Christian groups in the United States, who claimed (among other things) that lead vocalist [[Till Lindemann]]'s rolling Teutonic ''R''s were an imitation of Adolf Hitler's diction. In response, the band issued this statement:
:''"The members of Rammstein express their condolences and sympathy to all affected by the recent tragic events in Denver. They wish to make it clear that they have no lyrical content or political beliefs that could have possibly influenced such behavior. Additionally, members of Rammstein have children of their own, in whom they continually strive to instill healthy and non-violent values."''
German industrial rock band [[KMFDM]] received similar criticism. Harris' website featured lyrics to KMFDM songs and the shooting coincidentally occurred on the release date of their album ''Adios''. KMFDM frontman [[Sascha Konietzko]] released a statement to the press the day following the shooting, expressing his own grief at the shooting, and emphasised their music is "a statement against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others" and that "while some of the former band members are German as reported in the media, none of us condone any Nazi beliefs whatsoever."<ref>[http://www.kmfdmfaq.com/faq.htm#V:8 Text of KMFDM's official statement to the press regarding the Columbine shooting] - ''kmfdmfaq.com''</ref>
Marilyn Manson continued to voice his concerns over the media connecting the massacre to the entertainment industry. He contributed a column to ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine and was an interviewee in [[Michael Moore|Michael Moore's]] film ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]''. The blame by the media and parents for the shooting was the inspiration, in part, for Manson's fifth album, ''[[Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)]]''. Some also blame the film ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'', which the shooters were said to have watched many times.
In July 1999, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] organized a major summit on school shooters in [[Leesburg, Virginia]]. They brought in many of the world's leading psychologists and psychiatrists, and representatives from each of the recent school shootings, including a large Columbine contingent. Attorney General [[Janet Reno]] was also in attendance. The FBI eventually published a major report on school shooters, though it steered clear of causes on any individual case. However, on the fifth anniversary of Columbine, the FBI's lead Columbine investigator and other top psychiatrists went public with their conclusions in a ''Slate'' story entitled ''The Depressive and the Psychopath.''<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2099203/ The Depressive and the Psychopath: The FBI's analysis of the killers' motives] Slate.com, April 2004</ref> They diagnosed Harris as a clinical [[Psychopathy|psychopath]] and Klebold as a [[depressive]], and saw that the plan was masterminded by Harris. He had a messianic-level [[superiority complex]], and hoped to illustrate his massive superiority to the world.
A thorough study of all U.S. school shootings by the U.S. [[Secret Service]] warned against the belief that a certain "type" of student would be a perpetrator. Any "profile" would fit too many students to be useful, and may not fit the potential perpetrators. "The researchers found that killers do not 'snap.' They plan. They acquire weapons. They tell others what they are planning. These children
take a long, planned, public path toward violence. And there is no profile. Some lived with both parents in 'an ideal, All-American family.' Some were children of divorce, or lived in foster homes. A few were loners, but most had close friends." Instead of looking for traits, the Secret Service urges adults to ask about behavior: "What
has this child said? Does he have grievances? What do his friends know? Does he have access to weapons? Is he depressed or despondent?"<ref>[http://powerreporting.com/files/shoot.pdf Deadly Lessons: School Shooters Tell Why ], description of Secret Service study. ([[October 15]] [[2000]]) ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Accessed [[April 8]] [[2006]].</ref>
{{See also|Video game controversy|Super Columbine Massacre RPG}}
==Long-term impact==
[[Image:Hopelibrary.JPG|right|200px|thumb|The HOPE Columbine Memorial Library now stands as a memorial at the High School. Partially built at the site where the massacre began, it replaced the older library where most of the massacre unfolded.]]
In response to concerns over the causes of Columbine and other [[school massacre]]s, many schools instituted new anti-[[bully]] policies as well as so-called "[[zero tolerance (schools)|zero tolerance]]" approaches to weapons and threatening behavior. Despite the horrific nature of the Columbine incident, some [[social science]] experts feel the zero tolerance in schools has gone overboard.<ref>[http://www.zerointelligence.net/archives/000348.php Five years after Columbine - is zero tolerance working?] ''zerointelligence.net''</ref> In the months following the shooting, considerable attention was focused on [[Cassie Bernall]], who was reported to have been asked "Do you believe in God?" by one of the shooters, and to have responded "Yes" before being killed. However, Valeen Schnurr claims that this exchange was with her, and Emily Wyant, the only witness to Bernall's still alive, confirms that Bernall did not have this discussion. Both Bernall and Rachel Scott were regarded as Christian [[martyr]]s by many. The official investigation attributed the statement to survivor Valeen Schnurr.<ref>[http://www.truthorfiction.com/rumors/c/cassie.htm The truth concerning Cassie Bernall] - ''truthorfiction.com''</ref> Despite this conclusion, student witness Joshua Lapp maintains that it was Cassie Bernall who was asked about her beliefs and responded 'yes' before being shot, although Lapp was unable to correctly point out the table or location where Bernall was located and was himself closer to Schnurr during the shootings. Another witness, Craig Scott, whose sister Rachel Scott was also portrayed as a Christian martyr, claimed that the discussion was with Cassie Bernall, but when asked to point to where he heard the conversation coming from, pointed to where Schurr was shot.
The reliability of these accounts are questionable not only because of the conflicting accounts of other students, but the clear political and religious agenda that they serve. The father of Craig and Rachel, Darrell Scott, in testimony to the Subcommittee on Crime, blamed the shooting on secularism, repeating the lie that "You've outlawed simple prayer", suggesting that public order requires the government officially endorse Christianity, and urging people to "Dare to move into the new millennium with a sacred disregard" for laws which interfere with this.
Since the shooting, "Columbine" has become a household name for a school shooting. [[Charles Andrew Williams]], the [[Santana High School]] shooter, reportedly told his friends that he was going to "pull a Columbine", though none of them took him seriously. Many foiled school shooting plots mentioned Columbine and the desire to "outdo Harris and Klebold."<ref>[http://www.mayhem.net/Crime/intermittent.html Santee, Columbine, and other school shootings] ''mayhem.net''</ref>
Since the Columbine shooting, schools across the United States have been instituting new security measures such as see-through backpacks, metal detectors and security guards. Several schools throughout the country resorted to requiring students to wear computer-generated IDs.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/16/school.safety/ Drills, new security measures mark return to schools ]. ([[August 16]] [[1999]])''CNN.com''. Accessed [[August 22]] [[2005]].</ref> At the same time, police departments began to reassess their tactics and train for Columbine-like situations after criticism over the slow response and progress of the SWAT teams during the shooting.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/18/columbine.SWAT.01/ Columbine tragedy was 'wakeup call' for nation's SWAT teams ]. ([[August 18]] [[1999]]) ''CNN.com''. Accessed [[August 23]] [[2005]].</ref>
However, in its study of all U.S. school shootings, the U.S. [[Secret Service]] found that schools were taking false hope in physical security, when they should be paying more attention to the pre-attack behaviors of students. Zero-tolerance policies and metal detectors "are unlikely to be helpful," the Secret Service researchers found. Why rely on SWAT teams, they ask, when most attacks are over before police arrive? Why focus on which kids fit a profile or show warning signs, when there is no profile that fits all those who kill? Why expel students immediately for the most minor infractions, when expulsion was just the spark that pushed some students to come right back to school with a gun? Why buy software to evaluate threats, when the killers rarely make direct threats, and the software isn't based on a study of school shootings? Why rely on metal detectors and police officers in schools, when the shooters often make no effort to conceal their weapons? <ref>[http://powerreporting.com/files/shoot.pdf Deadly Lessons: School Shooters Tell Why ], description of Secret Service study. ([[October 15]] [[2000]]) ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Accessed [[April 8]] [[2006]].</ref>
Despite the fact that Harris and Klebold had broken existing laws in acquiring their weapons, the shooting also resulted in calls for more gun control measures. In 2000, federal and state legislations were introduced that would require safety locks on firearms as well as ban the importation of high-capacity ammunition magazines. Though laws were passed that made it a crime to buy guns for criminals and children, there was considerable controversy over legislation pertaining to background checks at gun shows. There was concern amongst the gun lobby over the further erosion of [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] rights in the U.S.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/03/07/clinton.guns.03/ Clinton pushes Congress to pass new gun control legislation ]. ([[March 7]] [[2000]]) ''CNN.com''. Accessed [[August 22]] [[2005]].</ref><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/02/16/columbine/main161459.shtml Colorado Kills Gun Laws ]. ([[February 17]] [[2000]])''CBSNews.com''. Accessed [[August 22]] [[2005]].</ref>
On [[July 6]], [[2006]], more than 900 pages consisting of Harris' and Klebold's diary entries, maps and documents were released by the Jefferson County Sheriff's office.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/07/06/columbine.records.ap/index.html Hate-filled Columbine diaries released] ''CNN.com''. Accessed [[July 6]] [[2006]].</ref> A quote from their diary:
:"People that only know stupid facts that aren't important should be shot, what fucking use are they. NATURAL SELECTION. KILL all retards, people with their brain fucked up, drug addicts, people who can't figure out how to use a fucking lighter, GEEEAWD! People spend millions of dollars on saving the lives of retards and why?" "If you recall your history, the Nazis came up with a 'final solution' to the Jewish problem: kill them all. Well, incase you haven't figured it out yet, I say: 'KILL MANKIND.' No one should survive. We all live in lies. People are always saying they want to live in a perfect society, well Utopia doesn't exist."<ref>[http://denver.yourhub.com/Default.aspx?tabid=1301 ''Culmbine files''] - documents found in the Klebold and Harris homes and cars, on ''YourHub.com''. Accessed [[July 8]] [[2006]].</ref>
==Cultural references==
{{main|Columbine High School massacre in Modern Culture}}
Due to its massive cultural impact in the United States and elsewhere, the massacre has been often been referenced in media, inspiring music, literature, films, and even a [[Super Columbine Massacre RPG!|controversial PC game]].-->
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Bullycide]]
* [[Teori persekongkolan Columbine]]
* [[Senjata api di Amerika Serikat]]
* [[Pembunuhan massal]]
* [[Pembantaian di sekolah]]
== CatatanReferensi ==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>
== RujukanReferensi ==
* {{en}} Jefferson County Sheriff's Office. [http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/shooting/report.html ''The Columbine Report'' (Columbine documents JC-001-000001 through JC-001-010937, 10,937 pages)]. (PDF) disediakan oleh ''[[Daily Camera]]''.
* {{en}} Jefferson County Sheriff's Office. [http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/pdf/900columbinedocs.pdf Columbine documents JC-001-025923 through JC-001-026859, 946 pages.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910091713/http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/pdf/900columbinedocs.pdf |date=2008-09-10 }} (PDF) disediakan oleh ''[[Rocky Mountain News]]''.
* {{en}} Cullen, Dave. [http://davecullen.com/columbine.htm ''The Columbine Navigator''].
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20000818101434/http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/05/15/columbine.report.04/ "Report: 12 killed at Columbine in first 16 minutes"]. ''CNN.com''.
== Pranala luar lainnya ==
* {{en}} [http://www.hopecolumbine.org/ Perpustakaan peringatan Columbina HOPE]
* {{en}} [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7980644 Tugu peringatan SMA Columbine di Find A Grave]
* {{en}} [http://www.slate.com/id/2099203/ Yang mengalami depresi dan psikopat: Analisis FBI tentang motif-motif para pembunuhnya]
* {{en}} [http://www.acolumbinesite.com/ Tentang tragedi SMA Columbine]
* {{en}} [http://www.columbinememorial.org/ Membangun tugu peringatan Columbine yang permanen]
* {{en}} [httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20041009234853/http://63.147.65.175/news/shot0420c.htm Garis waktu yang lain tentang tragedi ini] (melalui ''Wayback Machine'')
* {{en}} [http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/shooting/22chronology.html Kronologi lain tentang serangan tersebut]
* {{en}} [http://www.jsonline.com/news/may99/0514swat.asp Masalah-masalah tentang polisi di Columbine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000115220647/http://www.jsonline.com/news/may99/0514swat.asp |date=2000-01-15 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.cjrdaily.org/archives/001408.asp Columbia Journalism Tinjauan yang mengkontraskan laporan Columbine dengan Red Lake]
* {{en}} {{de}} [http://www.bredel.homepage.t-online.de/Buch/Columbine-English/columbine-english.html Analisis lain tentang pembantaian tersebut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409105331/http://www.bredel.homepage.t-online.de/Buch/Columbine-English/columbine-english.html |date=2005-04-09 }}
* {{en}} [http://columbinepictures.net/ ColumbinePictures.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314033604/http://www.columbinepictures.net/ |date=2007-03-14 }} - arsip foto-foto tentang penembakan tersebut
* {{en}} [http://www.alternet.org/story/24801/ The Scene of the Crime Was the Cause of the Crime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807131531/http://www.alternet.org/story/24801/ |date=2006-08-07 }} - Cuplikan dari ''Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion -- From Reagan's Workplaces to Clinton's Columbine and Beyond'' oleh Mark Ames.
* {{en}} [http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/mark_ames/2006/04/dreading_columbine_1.html Dreading Columbine] - Eksplorasi sosiologis tentang penembakan di sekolah di daerah suburban
* {{en}} [http://www.exile.ru/2006-April-21/columbines_most_wanted.html Columbine's Most Wanted (eXile.ru)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025311/http://www.exile.ru/2006-April-21/columbines_most_wanted.html |date=2020-11-09 }} - On the jock culture at Columbine High School.
* {{en}} [http://crimelibrary.com/serial4/littleton A detailed report on crimelibrary.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624193630/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial4/littleton/ |date=2006-06-24 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.thetrenchcoat.com/categories/2-Columbine TheTrenchcoat Chronicles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310232835/http://www.thetrenchcoat.com/categories/2-Columbine |date=2007-03-10 }} - News and opinion about Columbine
* {{en}} [http://cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/Pages/TOC.htm Rincian tambahan dari CNN]
* {{en}} [http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309084121/html Pelajaran maut: Memahami kekerasan maut di sekolah]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
[[Category:Pembantaian di sekolah]]
[[Category:Peristiwa 1999]]
[[Kategori:Pembantaian di sekolah]]
[[cy:Cyflafan Columbine]]
[[Kategori:Peristiwa 1999]]
[[de:Schulmassaker von Littleton]]
[[Kategori:Amerika Serikat dalam tahun 1999]]
[[el:Σφαγή στο λύκειο Κολουμπάιν]]
[[en:Columbine High School massacre]]
[[eo:Masakro de Columbine]]
[[es:Masacre del instituto Columbine]]
[[fi:Columbinen verilöyly]]
[[fr:Massacre du lycée Columbine]]
[[he:הטבח בתיכון קולומביין]]
[[hu:Columbine iskolai mészárlás]]
[[io:Masakro di Columbine]]
[[it:Massacro della Columbine High School]]
[[ja:コロンバイン高校銃乱射事件]]
[[nl:Moorden op de Columbine High School]]
[[pl:Masakra w Columbine High School]]
[[pt:Massacre de Columbine]]
[[simple:Columbine High School massacre]]
[[sv:Columbine-massakern]]
[[zh:科倫拜校園事件]]
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