Zaman Es Kecil: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:2000 Year Temperature Comparison.png|thumbjmpl|300px|Grafil yang merekonstruksi Zaman Es Kecil.]]

[[Berkas:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Hunters in the Snow (Winter) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbjmpl|300px|rightka|''[[Para Pemburu di Salju]]'' oleh Pieter Brueghel, 1565]]

'''Zaman Es Kecil''' adalah periode pendinginan yang berlangsung setelah [[Periode Hangat Abad Pertengahan]].<ref name="Emmanuel1971">{{cite book|author=Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie|title=Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000|url=https://archive.org/details/timesoffeasttime0000lero|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|year=1971|oclc=164590|others=Barbara Bray|isbn= 0-374-52122-0}}</ref> Meskipun masa ini bukan merupakan [[zaman es]] yang sesungguhnya, istilah ini diperkenalkan ke dalam ranah ilmiah oleh François E. Matthes pada tahun 1939.<ref name="Matthes1939">{{cite journal|author=Matthes FE|title=Report of the committee on glaciers| journal=Transactions of the American Geophysical Union|pages=518–23|year=1939}}</ref> SecaraWalaupun konvensional,belum ada konsensus mengenai kapan Zaman Es Kecil dimulai,<ref name=PDJones>{{cite book|title=History and climate: memories of the future?|publisher=Springer|first=Philip D.|last=Jones|page=154|year=2001}}</ref> para ahli memperkirakan periode ini berlangsung dari abad ke-16 hingga abad ke-19,<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|format=PDF|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author=Michael Mann|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|accessdate=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|url = https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsclim0000lamb|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsclim0000lamb/page/107 107]|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory|publisher=Nasa|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=USA|edition=Glossary L–N|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}.</ref> atau berdasarkan alternatif lain dari tahun 1350 hingga 1850,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|accessdate=24 June 2013}}</ref> walaupunmeskipun klimatolog dan sejarawan yang mempelajari catatan-catatan lokal tidak lagi diharapkan untuk menyepakati tanggal permulaan atau akhir periode ini karena bergantung pada kondisi lokal. [[NASA]] mendefinisikan Zaman Es Kecil sebagai periode antara tahun 1550 hingga 1850 dan mencatat paling tidak tiga interval dingin: satu sekitar tahun 1650, yang lain sekitar tahun 1770, dan yang terakhir pada tahun 1850, masing-masing terpisah oleh interval pemanasan kecil.<ref name="Little Ice Age definition">{{cite web|publisher=[[NASA]]|title= Glossary I-M|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|accessdate=28 February 2011}}</ref>

* {{Cite book |last=Fagan |first=Brian M. |authorlink=Brian Fagan |title=The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-465-02272-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LwvkmXt5fQUC |ref=harv}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juli 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* [http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455 Abrupt Climate Change Information from the Ocean & Climate Change Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411082600/http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455 |date=2009-04-11 }}, links to [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] articles

* [http://home.casema.nl/errenwijlens/co2/cycles.htm Dansgaard cycles and the Little Ice Age (LIA) ]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (It is not easy to see a LIA in the graphs.)

* [http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html The Little Ice Age in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822223556/http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html |date=2008-08-22 }}, updated 2009

* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/11jul_solarcycleupdate.htm?list95542 What's wrong with the sun? (Nothing)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906062817/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/11jul_solarcycleupdate.htm?list95542 |date=2009-09-06 }} (2008)