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[[Berkas:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Hunters in the Snow (Winter) - Google Art Project.jpg|
'''Zaman Es Kecil''' adalah periode pendinginan yang berlangsung setelah [[Periode Hangat Abad Pertengahan]].<ref name="Emmanuel1971">{{cite book|author=Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie|title=Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000|url=https://archive.org/details/timesoffeasttime0000lero|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|year=1971|oclc=164590|others=Barbara Bray|isbn= 0-374-52122-0}}</ref> Meskipun masa ini bukan merupakan [[zaman es]] yang sesungguhnya, istilah ini diperkenalkan ke dalam ranah ilmiah oleh François E. Matthes pada tahun 1939.<ref name="Matthes1939">{{cite journal|author=Matthes FE|title=Report of the committee on glaciers| journal=Transactions of the American Geophysical Union|pages=518–23|year=1939}}</ref> Walaupun belum ada konsensus mengenai kapan Zaman Es Kecil dimulai,<ref name=PDJones>{{cite book|title=History and climate: memories of the future?|publisher=Springer|first=Philip D.|last=Jones|page=154|year=2001}}</ref> para ahli memperkirakan periode ini berlangsung dari abad ke-16 hingga abad ke-19,<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|format=PDF|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author=Michael Mann|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|accessdate=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}</ref><ref name="Lamb1972">{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|url = https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsclim0000lamb|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsclim0000lamb/page/107 107]|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory|publisher=Nasa|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=USA|edition=Glossary L–N|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}.</ref> atau berdasarkan alternatif lain dari tahun 1350 hingga 1850,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|accessdate=24 June 2013}}</ref>
Beberapa teori telah diajukan untuk menjelaskan penyebab masa ini: [[variasi matahari]], meningkatnya aktivitas [[gunung berapi]], perubahan [[sirkulasi samudra]], variabilitas iklim global, atau berkurangnya populasi manusia.
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== Kemungkinan penyebab ==
=== Aktivitas matahari ===
Pada tahun 1645-1715, pada pertengahan Zaman Es Kecil, berlangsung periode ketika aktivitas matahari rendah (yang disebut [[Maunder Minimum]]). Keterkaitan antara aktivitas [[bintik matahari]] yang rendah dengan pendinginan suhu masih belum ditetapkan, namun berlangsungnya Maunder Minimum bersamaan dengan puncak Zaman Es Kecil mungkin menunjukkan korelasi.<ref>
=== Aktivitas gunung berapi ===
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=== Perubahan sirkulasi samudra ===
Kemungkinan lain adalah berhentinya atau melambatnya [[sirkulasi Thermohaline]]. [[Aliran Teluk]] mungkin terganggu oleh masuknya air tawar dalam jumlah besar ke Samudra Atlantik utara, yang mungkin disebabkan oleh periode pemanasan sebelum Zaman Es Kecil. Saat ini terdapat kekhawatiran bahwa hal serupa dapat terjadi akibat [[pemanasan global]].<ref>
== Catatan kaki ==
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== Bacaan lanjut ==
* {{Cite book
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons|Little Ice Age}}
* [http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455 Abrupt Climate Change Information from the Ocean & Climate Change Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411082600/http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455 |date=2009-04-11 }}, links to [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] articles
* {{cite web |title=The Next Ice Age |date=September 2002 |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/sep/cover/}} (discussion of Woods Hole research)
* {{cite web |title=Huascaran (Peru) Ice Core Data |year=1995 |work=NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program |url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/thompson1995/huascaran.html}}
* [http://home.casema.nl/errenwijlens/co2/cycles.htm Dansgaard cycles and the Little Ice Age (LIA) ]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (It is not easy to see a LIA in the graphs.)
* {{cite journal |author=Tyson, P.D.; Karlen, W.; Holmgren, K.; Heiss, G.A. |title=The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warming in South Africa |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=121–6 |year=2000 |url=http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/Tyson.pdf |format=PDF}}
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-03/idrp-wen032902.php Was El Niño unaffected by the Little Ice Age? ] (2002)
* [http://www.iberianature.com/material/iceage.html Evidence for the Little Ice Age in Spain], circa 2003
* [http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html The Little Ice Age in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822223556/http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html |date=2008-08-22 }}, updated 2009
* {{cite web |title=The Little Ice Age, Ca. 1300–1870 |work=Timeline of European Environmental History |url=http://www.eh-resources.org/timeline/timeline_lia.html}} undated review article
* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/11jul_solarcycleupdate.htm?list95542 What's wrong with the sun? (Nothing)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906062817/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/11jul_solarcycleupdate.htm?list95542 |date=2009-09-06 }} (2008)
* [http://www.historicalclimatology.com HistoricalClimatology.com], further links and resources, updated 2014
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