Terowongan Dasar Gotthard: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Terowongan
|image =
|caption = Stasiun multifungsi Faido
|line = [[AlpTransit]]
|location = [[Swiss Alps]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|46.600|N|8.765|E|display=inline,title}}, {{Coord|46.600|N|8.765|E|display=title}}
|system =
|status = Opened<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alptransit.ch/en/gotthard/commissioning/ |title=Commissioning |publisher=AlpTransit Gotthard Ltd |location=Lucerne, Switzerland |accessdate=2016-05-12 |archive-date=2019-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109233157/https://www.alptransit.ch/index.php?id=6&L=3 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|start = [[Erstfeld]] ([[Canton of Uri|Uri]])
|end = [[Bodio]] ([[Ticino]])
|stations =
|startwork = 01 Januari 1996
|opened = {{Start date and age|2016|06|01}}; {{age in years and days|2016|06|01}}<ref name=countdown>{{cite web |title=155 days until opening |url=http://www.alptransit.ch/en/home.html |publisher=AlpTransit Gotthard AG |location=Lucerne, Switzerland |accessdate=29 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321160152/http://www.alptransit.ch/en/home.html |archivedate=2015-03-21 }}</ref>
|owner = [[Swiss Federal Railways]]
|operator = ''[[Swiss Federal Railways]]''
Baris 22 ⟶ 18:
|character =
|construction =
|length = {{convert|151.840|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Project data"/>
|linelength = {{convert|57.104|km|abbr=on}} (
|tracklength =
|notrack = 2 terowongan [[jalur tunggal]] <ref name="Project data" />
|gauge = {{RailGauge|sg}} ([[
|el =
|speed = sampai dengan 250 km/jam
|hielevation = {{convert|549
|lowelevation = {{convert|312
|height = {{convert|89|m|abbr=on}} dari Erstfeld, {{convert|237|m|abbr=on}} dari Bodio<ref name="Project data"/>
|grade = 4.055/1000 (utara) / 6.67/1000 (selatan)<ref name="Project data"/>
}}
'''Terowongan Dasar Gotthard''' ({{lang-de|Gotthard-Basistunnel}}; {{lang-fr|Tunnel de base du Saint-Gothard}}; {{lang-it|Galleria di base del San Gottardo}}; {{lang-rm|Tunnel da basa dal Son Gottard}}) adalah terowongan [[kereta api]] dasar di bawah [[Pegunungan Alpen|Alpen]] di [[Swiss]] yang dibuka sejak 1 Juni 2016 dan akan beroperasi penuh pada Desember 2016.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36423250|title=World's longest and deepest rail tunnel to open in Switzerland|website=BBC News|access-date=2016-06-01}}</ref> Dengan panjang 57 km (35,4 mil) dan total 151,84 km (94,3 mil) dari terowongan, lubang dan bagian-bagian,<ref name="Project data">{{cite web |title=Project data – raw construction Gotthard Base Tunnel |url=https://www.alptransit.ch/fileadmin/dateien/media/zahlen_und_fakten/gbt_e.pdf |publisher=AlpTransit Gotthard Ltd |location=Lucerne, Switzerland |accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref> adalah terowongan rel terpanjang di dunia <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geomatik.ch/fileadmin/redaktion/download/2010/Fach/FA_12_2010_1.pdf |title=Gotthard- und CeneriBasistunnel: die neue Gotthard-Bahn nimmt Gestalt an |publisher=Geomatik Schweiz |format=PDF |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205956/http://www.geomatik.ch/fileadmin/redaktion/download/2010/Fach/FA_12_2010_1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=TA2>{{cite news |url=http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/wissen/technik/wer-hat-die-groesste-roehre/story/14922381 |title=Wer hat die grösste Röhre? |trans-title=Who has the longest tube? |type=graphical animation |newspaper=[[Tages-Anzeiger]] |location=Zurich, Switzerland |date=14 April 2016 |language=German |accessdate=2016-05-11}}</ref> dan merupakan rute pertama yang datar melalui pegunungan Alpen.<ref>Yücel Erdem, Tülin Solak, ''Underground Space Use. Analysis of the Past and Lessons for the Future'', CRC Press, 2005 (p. 485)</ref>
Proyek ini terdiri dari 2 terowongan [[jalur tunggal]] yang menghubungkan [[Erstfeld]] ([[Kanton Uri|Uri]]) dengan [[Bodio]] ([[Ticino]]) melewati bawah [[Sedrun]] ([[Graubünden]]). Proyek ini bagian dari proyek [[AlpTransit]], atau "New Railway Link through the Alps", yang didalamnya termasuk [[Terowongan Dasar Lötschberg]] antara kanton [[Kanton Bern|Bern]] dan [[Valais]] dan [[Terowongan Dasar Ceneri]] (dalam pembangunan, akan dibuka akhir 2020) ke selatan. Terowongan ini mem-''bypass'' [[Gotthardbahn]], rute pegunungan yang telah dibuka sejak 1882 melewati [[Saint-Gotthard Massif]], yang saat ini beroperasi dengan kapasitas penuh. Terowongan ini memungkinkan rute langsung yang dapat dilewati [[kereta berkecepatan tinggi]] dan kereta angkutan berat.<ref name="malins">{{cite news |last=Malins |first=Richard |title= Crossing the Alps |url=http://www.modern-railways.com/view_issue.asp?ID=4522 |work =[[Modern Railways]] |issn=0026-8356 |location=London |pages=79–81 |date=December 2010}}Subscription required</ref> Terowongan ini adalah terowongan ketiga yang menghubungkan kanton Uri dan Ticino setelah [[Terowongan Gotthard]] dan [[Terowongan Jalan Gotthard]].
Tujuan utama pembangunan terowongan ini adalah meningkatkan kapasitas transportasi lokal melalui Alpen, terutama untuk angkutan barang pada koridor [[Blue Banana|Rotterdam–Basel–Genoa]], dan memindahkan volume barang terangkut dari jalan ke kereta untuk mengurangi kecelakaan dan kerusakan lingkungan akibat meningkatnya jumlah truk. Selain itu, terowongan ini juga memberikan koneksi lebih cepat antara Kanton Ticino dengan wilayah Swiss lainnya, juga antara Eropa utara dan selatan, memotong waktu perjalanan [[Zürich]]–[[Lugano]]–[[Milan]] selama 1 jam dan [[Lucerne]]-[[Bellinzona]] selama 45 menit).<ref>{{cite news |last=Monnat |first=Lucie |date=11 December 2014 |title=Le tunnel de base du Gothard révolutionnera le rail dans deux ans |url=http://www.24heures.ch/suisse/Le-tunnel-de-base-du-Gothard-revolutionnera-le-rail-dans-deux-ans/story/23248700 |newspaper=[[24 heures (Switzerland)|24 heures]] |location=[[Lausanne]] |access-date=2015-06-07}}</ref>
Setelah 64% pemilih Swiss menyetujui proyek AlpTransit pada [[Referendum Swiss|referendum tahun 1992]], konstruksi terowongan mulai dibangun tahun 1996.<ref name="Chronology">{{cite web|title=Chronology of a Project of the Century: Milestones in the Construction History up to 2010 |url=http://www.57km.ch/fileadmin/gotthard/Downloads/Dokumente_PDF_e/Chronology_e.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313192759/http://www.57km.ch/fileadmin/gotthard/Downloads/Dokumente_PDF_e/Chronology_e.pdf |archivedate=13 March 2012 | publisher=AlpTransit.ch | accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Pengeboran pada terowongan timur selesai 15 Oktober 2010,<ref name="BBC Oct 15 2010">{{cite news |title= Swiss create world's longest tunnel |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11548845 |accessdate=15 October 2010 |work=BBC News |date=15 October 2010}}</ref> dan terowongan barat selesai 23 Maret 2011. AlpTransit Gotthard Ltd. berencana untuk memberikan operasi terowongan ini pada [[Swiss Federal Railways]] (SBB CFF FFS) pada kondisi operasi bulan Desember 2016;<ref name="AlpTransit02">{{cite web |url=http://www.alptransit.ch/en/media/press-releases/gotthard-basistunnel-soll-2016-in-betrieb-gehen-735.html?cHash=559529f6894fdbc15dd6646646b4ae7b |title=Gotthard Base Tunnel to be operational from 2016 |publisher=AlpTransit Gotthard AG |location=Lucerne, Switzerland |date=22 August 2011 |accessdate=12 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116192243/http://www.alptransit.ch/en/media/press-releases/gotthard-basistunnel-soll-2016-in-betrieb-gehen-735.html?cHash=559529f6894fdbc15dd6646646b4ae7b |archivedate=2011-11-16 }}</ref> but on 4 February 2014, the handover date was changed to 5 June 2016 with the commencement of an 850-day opening countdown calendar on the AlpTransit homepage.<ref name=countdown /> Total biaya proyek ini adalah 9.8 miliar franc Swiss ([[Euro|€]]8.85 miliar atau [[Dolar Amerika Serikat|US$]]10.3 miliar<ref name="BBC Oct 15 2010"/>) namun biaya akhirnya membengkak hingga $12 miliar.<ref name="auto"/> Sembilan orang meninggal selama pembangunan terowongan ini.<ref name=Memorial>{{cite news |url= https://www.alptransit.ch/en/media/press-releases/detail/article/memorial-ceremony-for-deceased-tunnel-workers/ |work= [[AlpTransit]] |title= Memorial ceremony for deceased tunnel workers |date= 31 May 2016 |access-date= 2016-06-02 |archive-date= 2016-06-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160601035102/https://www.alptransit.ch/en/media/press-releases/detail/article/memorial-ceremony-for-deceased-tunnel-workers/ |dead-url= yes }}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Terowongan Seikan]]
* [[Terowongan Channel]]
== Referensi ==
Baris 42 ⟶ 48:
{{Commons category}}
* [http://neat.ch/en/?no_cache=1 Alptransit Gotthard AG – Official project site]
* [http://www.hbi.ch/media/pdf/publikationen/Paper_TMI_2002_v0.8.pdf Study on the optional Use of Jet Fans in the Gotthard Base Tunnel near the Portals to support the Emergency Ventilation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044058/http://www.hbi.ch/media/pdf/publikationen/Paper_TMI_2002_v0.8.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }}
* {{De icon}} [http://www.visiun-porta-alpina.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Home/Dokumente/broschure_porta_alpina.pdf Brochure for the Porta Alpina project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927100649/http://www.visiun-porta-alpina.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Home/Dokumente/broschure_porta_alpina.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,454843,00.html Overall project writeup] by SpiegelOnline, plus a proposed tourist elevator (December 2006)
* {{Fr icon}} TSR [http://www.tsr.ch/tsr/index.html?siteSect=500000#bcid=502890;vid=7857769 "Gotthard: From Dream to Nightmare"] "Temps Present", 24 May 2007
* {{De icon}} [http://www.agn-amsteg.ch/ AGN Erstfeld Amsteg Constructors Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628080550/http://www.agn-amsteg.ch/ |date=2015-06-28 }} (many Photos and Designs)
* {{De icon}}/{{It icon}} [http://www.tat-ti.ch/ Faido Bodio Constructors Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120605041640/http://www.tat-ti.ch/ |date=2012-06-05 }} (many Photos and Designs)
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[[Kategori:Terowongan]]
[[Kategori:Terowongan Internasional]]
[[Kategori:Transportasi di Swiss]]
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