Bahasa Manda: Perbedaan antara revisi

| speakers = 5,.500 jiwa

| fam3 = [[Rumpun bahasa Semit TengahBarat|Semit TengahBarat]]

| fam4 = [[Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat LautTengah|Semit Barat LautTengah]]

| fam5 = [[BahasaRumpun Arambahasa Semit Barat Laut|AramSemit Barat Laut]]

| fam6 = [[Bahasa Aram Timur|Aram Timur]]

| fam7 = [[Bahasa Aram Timur|Aram TenggaraTimur]]

[[Berkas:Mandaic Incantation Bowl.jpg|thumb|[[Mangkuk mantra]] dari Mesopotamia yang dibuat sekitar abad ke-5 hingga ke-8, tertulis dalam alfabet dan bahasa Manda, dalamsekarang koleksidisimpan di [[Jewish Museum ofYahudi SwitzerlandSwiss]]. ]]

Penggunaan peribadatan bahasa Manda Klasik ditemukan di [[Iran]] (khususnya bagian selatan negara tersebut), di [[Bagdad]], [[Irak]]; dan para [[diaspora]] (terutama di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Swedia]], [[Australia]], dan [[Jerman]]). Bahasa ini unik secara tertulis karena alfabetnya menggunakan huruf vokal (''[[mater lectionis]]'' seperti ''[[alef]]'', ''[[He (huruf Semit)|he]]'' pada posisi akhir, ''‘[[ayin]]'', ''[[waw]]'', ''[[Yod (huruf Semit)|yud]]'')), disebut ejaan ''plene'' ([[Alfabet Manda]]).<ref>Theodor Nöldeke, ''Mandäische Grammatik'' (Halle: Waisenhaus, 1875), pp. 3–8.</ref> Bahasa ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh [[Bahasa Persia|Persia]]<ref>No comprehensive and individual study exists yet except for some word discussions in [[Geo Widengren]], ''Iranisch-semitische Kulturbegegnung in parthischer Zeit'' (Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1960) and the etymological sections in [[E. S. Drower|Ethel Stefana Drower]] and [[Rudolf Macúch|Rudolf Macuch]], ''A Mandaic Dictionary'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).</ref> dan [[Bahasa Akkadia|Akkadia]]<ref name="Kaufman 1974">Stephen A. Kaufman, ''The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic'' (Assyriological Studies 19; Chicago: The University of Chicago: 1974).</ref> terutama di bidang pengistilahan keagamaan dan [[mistisisme]]. Pada tingkat yang lebih rendah, bahasa Manda juga dipengaruhi oleh [[Bahasa Aram Palestina Yahudi|Aram Palestina Yahudi]], [[Bahasa Aram Samaria|Aram Samaria]], [[Bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]], [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Bahasa Latin|Latin]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Häberl |first=Charles|title=Hebraisms in Mandaic|website=YouTube|date=3 March 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDSDXF5_K8Q |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:37489/|title=Mandaic and the Palestinian Question|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=2021|volume=141|issue=1|pages=171–184|last1=Häberl|first1=Charles|doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171 |issn=0003-0279 |s2cid=234204741}}</ref> dan [[Bahasa Partia|Partia]]<ref name="Kaufman 1974"/>.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Charles G.|last=Häberl|date=February 2006|title=Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script|url=https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/33352/PDF/1/play/|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|issue=341|pages=53–62|doi=10.7282/T37D2SGZ}}</ref>

Dialek Aram tenggara ini ditransmisikanuntuk melaluimenulis naskah-naskah keagamaan, tata peribadatan, dan [[esoterik]],<ref>[[Ethel Stefana Drower]], ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran'' (Leiden: Brill, 1937; reprint 1962).</ref><ref>[[Ethel Stefana Drower]], ''The Book of the Zodiac (sfar Malwašia) D.C. 31'' (Oriental Translation Fund XXXVI; London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1949).</ref> sebagian besar sekarang disimpan di [[Drower Collection]], [[Perpustakaan Bodleian]] ([[Universitas Oxford]]),<ref>[[Ethel Stefana Drower]], "A Mandaean Bibliography", in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' 1953, pp. 34–39.</ref> dan [[Bibliothèque Nationale]] ([[Paris]]), [[Perpustakaan Britania]] (London), dan di beberapa rumah masyarakat Mandaeisme.<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{citation |last=Buckley |first=Jorunn Jacobsen |title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people |year=2002 |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195153859 |url=http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Bahasa Manda juga tertera dalam tulisan-tulisan di [[Jimat Manda|jimat-jimat]]<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "A Mandaic Gold Amulet in the British Museum," in ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 311, 1998, pp. 83–88.</ref> yang sering ditemukan dalam penggalian kepurbakalaan di wilayah situs-situs yang terletak antara Wasiṭ dan [[Baṣra]],<ref>M. Thevenot, ''Relations de divers voyages curieux, première partie'' (Paris, 1663–1672), map with Mandaean villages.</ref><ref>J. Heinrich Petermann, ''Reisen im Orient'', Vol. II (Leipzig: Veit, 1861), pp. 66, 83–123, 447–465.</ref> juga banyak ditemukan di [[Irak]] bagian tengah, yaitu ([[Bismaya]],<ref>[[Henri Pognon]], "Une incantation contre les génies malfaisantes, en Mandaite," in ''Mémoires de la Soceté de Linguitiques de Paris'' 8, 1892, p. 193</ref> [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]],<ref>Peter R. S. Moorey, ''Kish Excavation 1923 – 1933'' (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1978), pp. 123–124.</ref> Khouabir,<ref>[[Henri Pognon]], ''Inscriptions mandaïtes des coupes de Khouabir'' (Paris: H. Wetter, 1898; reprint Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1979), pp. 1–5.</ref> [[Kutha]],<ref>Christopher Walker ''apud ''Jehudah B. Segal, ''Catalogue of the Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation Bowls in the British Museum'' (London: British Museum Press, 2000), pp. 35–39.</ref> [[Uruk]],<ref>[[Rudolf Macúch|Rudolf Macuch]], "Gefäßinschriften," in Eva Strommenger (ed.), ''Gefässe aus Uruk von der Neubabylonischen Zeit bis zu den Sasaniden'' (Ausgrabungen der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka 7; Berlin 1967), pp. 55–57, pl. 57.1–3.</ref> [[Nippur]]<ref>J. P. Peters, ''Nippur or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates'', Vol. II (New York, 1897); Hermann V. Hilprecht, ''Explorations in Bible Lands During the Nineteenth Century'' (Philadelphia: A. J. Molman and Company, 1903), p. 326; James A. Montgomery, ''Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur'' (Publications of the Babylonian Section 3; Philadelphia, 1913), pp. 37–39, 242–257; Christa Müller-Kessler (ed.), ''Die Zauberschalentexte der Hilprecht-Sammlung, Jena und weitere Nippur-Texte anderer Sammlungen'' (Texte und Materialen der Frau Professor Hilprecht-Collection 7; Wiesbaden 2005), pp. 110–135, 143–147.</ref>), di tepian pertemuan antara sungai [[Sungai Efrat|Efrat]] dan [[Tigris]] (Abu Shudhr,<ref>François Lenormant, ''Essai sur la propagation de l’alphabet phénicien dans l’ancien monde'', vol. II (Paris, 1872), pp. 76–82, pls. X–XI; Edmund Sollberger, "Mr. Taylor in Chaldaea," in ''Anatolian Studies'' 22, 1972, pp. 130–133.</ref> [[al-Qurnah]]<ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Interrelations between Mandaic Lead Rolls and Incantation Bowls," in Tzvi Abusch, Karel van der Toorn (eds.), ''Mesopotamian Magic. Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives'' (Ancient Magic and Divination 1; Groningen: STYX, 1999), pp. 197–198, pl. 209.</ref>), dan daerah pinggiran di [[Khuzistan]] ([[Hamadan]]).<ref>Cyrus H. Gordon, "Two Magic Bowls in Teheran," in ''Orientalia'' 20, 1951, pp. 306–311.</ref><ref>Christa Müller-Kessler, "Zauberschalen und ihre Umwelt. Ein Überblick über das Schreibmedium Zauberschale," n Jens Kamran, Rolf Schäfer, Markus Witte (eds.), ''Zauber und Magie im antiken Palästina und in seiner Umwelt'' (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 46; Wiesbaden, 2017), pp. 59–94, pls. 1–8, map, {{ISBN|978-3-447-10781-5}}.</ref>

* [http://www.mandaic.org/Mandaic/lexicon/main.htm Kamus leksikon bahasa Manda daring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401192517/http://mandaic.org/Mandaic/lexicon/main.htm |date=2016-04-01 }}

* [http://www.mandaic.org/ Mandaic.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104071635/http://www.mandaic.org/ |date=2018-11-04 }} Keterangan tentang Bahasa Manda Baru dialek Khorramshahr