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'''Hikmat''' atau '''
== Perspektif filsafat ==
[[
Definisi dasar dari "Hikmat" adalah penggunaan suatu pengetahuan dengan benar.<ref>"Wisdom is the right use of knowledge." – [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon]] (1834–1892)</ref> Lawan dari hikmat adalah kebodohan atau kebebalan (''foolishness'', ''folly'').
Masyarakat [[Yunani]] kuno menganggap hikmat adalah suatu kebajikan yang penting, dipersonifikasikan sebagai dewi [[Metis (mitologi)|Metis]] dan [[Athena]]. Athena dikatakan keluar dari kepala [[Zeus]]. Ia digambarkan sebagai kuat, adil, murah hati dan perawan suci.<ref>{{cite web|last=Turnbill|first=S|date=2011, 12 8|title=Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and craftsmanship|url=http://www.goddessgift.com/goddess-myths/greek_goddess_athena.htm|publisher=Goddessgift.com}}</ref> Bagi
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The [[ancient Romans]] also valued wisdom. It was personified in [[Minerva]], or Pallas. She also represents skillful knowledge and the virtues, especially chastity. Her symbol was the owl which is still a popular representation of wisdom, because it can see in darkness. She was said to be born from Jupiter's brain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myths about Roman goddess minerva. (n.d.)|url=http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-gods/myths-about-the-roman-goddess-minerva.htm|publisher=Roman-colosseum.info}}</ref>
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===Bahai Faith===
Wisdom and the acquiring of it is mentioned frequently in the Bahai Scriptures. According to the scriptures
"The essence of wisdom is the fear of God, the dread of His scourge and punishment, and the apprehension of His justice and decree."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bahai Reference Library|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-11.html|work=Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas|publisher=US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1988 pocket-size edition|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref> Wisdom is seen as a light, that casts away darkness, and "its dictates must be observed under all circumstances",<ref>{{cite book|last=Browne|first=ʻAbduʹl-Bahá ; translated by Edward G.|title=A traveler's narrative.|year=1980|publisher=Bahá'i Publ. Trust|location=Wilmette, Ill.|isbn=0877431345|page=46|edition=New and corr. ed.}}</ref> other concepts associated with wisdom and being wise are considering "the regard of place and the utterance of discourse according to measure and state" and not believing or accepting what other people say so easily.<ref>{{cite book|last=Browne|first=ʻAbduʹl-Bahá ; translated by Edward G.|title=A traveler's narrative.|year=1980|publisher=Bahá'i Publ. Trust|location=Wilmette, Ill.|isbn=0877431345|edition=New and corr. ed.}}</ref>
One may obtain knowledge and wisdom through God, his Word, and his Divine Manifestation and the source of all learning is the knowledge of God.<ref>{{cite book|last=Esslemont|first=J.E.|title=Bahá'u'lláh and the new era : an introduction to the Bahá'í faith|year=2006|publisher=Bahá'í Pub. Trust|location=Wilmette, Ill.|isbn=1931847274}}</ref>
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=== [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Yudaisme]] ===
Dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]]
Kata "hikmat" (חכם) disebutkan 222 kali dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]]. Dianggap sebagai salah satu sifat baik tertinggi di antara orang-orang Israel bersama-sama dengan kebaikan (חסד) dan keadilan (צדק). Baik [[Kitab Amsal]] dan [[Kitab Mazmur]] mendorong pembaca untuk memperoleh dan meningkatkan hikmat.
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Wisdom is also personified as a righteous woman in the [[Book of Proverbs]].{{main|wisdom (personification)}}
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=== [[Perjanjian Baru]] dan [[Kekristenan]] ===
Terdapat suatu elemen yang berlawanan dalam pemikiran Kristen mengenai hikmat sekuler (dunia) dan hikmat Allah. [[Paulus dari Tarsus|Rasul Paulus]] menyatakan bahwa hikmat dunia menganggap pemberitaan mengenai [[Kristus]] sebagai suatu kebodohan. Namun, bagi barangsiapa yang berada di "jalan keselamatan" Kristus melambangkan hikmat Allah. ({{Alkitab|1 Korintus 1:17–31}}) Hikmat juga merupakan satu dari tujuh karunia Roh Kudus menurut kepercayaan Anglikan, Katolik, dan Lutheran. {{Alkitab|1 Korintus 12:8–10}} mencatat daftar sembilan kebajikan, salah satunya adalah hikmat.
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=== [[Al Qur'an]] dan [[Islam]] ===
Dalam [[Islam]], Hikmat dianggap salah satu karunia terbesar yang dapat dinikmati manusia. [[Al Qur'an]] menyatakan : {{quote|"Allah menganugrahkan al-Hikmah (kefahaman yang dalam tentang al-Qur'an dan as-Sunnah) kepada siapa yang Dia kehendaki. Dan barang siapa yang dianugrahi al-hikmah itu, ia benar-benar telah dianugrahi karunia yang banyak. Dan hanya orang-orang yang berakallah yang dapat mengambil pelajaran (dari firman Allah)."|Qur'an, surah 2 ([[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]]), [[ayat]] 269<ref>{{cite quran|2|269|s=ns}}</ref>}}
Ada pula sejumlah ayat dimana Q'uran secara khusus berbicara mengenai
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=== [[Leonid S. Sukhorukov]] ===
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The Sanskrit verse to attain knowledge is
"Om Asato maa sad-gamaya; <br>tamaso maa jyotir-ga-maya; <br>mrtyor-maa amrutam gamaya.
"O Lord Lead me from the unreal to the real.<br>Lead me from darkness to light.<br>Lead me from death to immortality.<br>May there be peace, peace, and perfect peace". a Sanskrit invocation from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishads 1.3.28.
The [[Hindu]] religion talks about ayurveda, the wisdom of traditional Hindu medicine. Ayurveda means "knowledge of life". It teaches that the mind and body are one (an ancient wisdom). In ancient times, it was used to try to cure disease. However, today it is used to help people relax and feel healthy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jaret|first=Peter|date=9 March 2006|title=Awash in Ancient Hindu Wisdom|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/09/fashion/thursdaystyles/09skin1.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>
But this explanation is only a partial explanation for the word "Wisdom". Wisdom as per Hindu religion is knowing oneself as the truth, basis for the entire Creation, i.e., of "Shristi". In other words "wisdom" simply means a person with Self Awareness as the one who witnesses the entire creation in all its facets and forms. Further it means realization that an individual, i.e., "Jeeva" Atma, through 'right conduct and living' over an unspecified period (it varies from individual to individual) comes to realize his/her true relationship with the creation and the "Param" Atma i.e.,'God' who rules it.
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In another famous account, Odin hanged himself for nine nights from [[Yggdrasil]], the [[World Tree]] that unites all the [[Norse cosmology|realms of existence]], suffering from hunger and thirst and finally wounding himself with a spear until he gained the knowledge of [[runic alphabet|runes]] for use in casting powerful [[magic (paranormal)|magic]].<ref>Larrington, Carolyne (transl. and ed.) (1996). ''[[Poetic Edda]]''. [[Oxford World's Classics]]. ISBN 0-19-283946-2</ref> He was also able to acquire the [[mead of poetry]] from the [[Jötunn|giants]], a drink of which could grant the power of a scholar or [[skald|poet]], for the benefit of [[Æsir|gods]] and mortals alike.<ref name=Faulkes/>
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== Lihat pula ==▼
▲==Lihat pula ==
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* [[Analogi]]
* [[Bildung]]
* [[
* [[Kesadaran]]
* [[Ecological wisdom]]
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* [[Kitab Amsal]]
* [[Kitab Ayub]]
* [[Metakognisi]]
* [[Pengetahuan]]
* [[Perspicacity]]
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* [[Sentience]]
* [[Sofia (hikmat)]]
* [[Sirakh|Kebijaksanaan Sirakh]]
* [[
* [[
* The Wikiversity [[v:Wisdom|course on Wisdom]]
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== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}
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* [[Sternberg, Robert J.]], ''Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development'' (1990). [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-521-36718-9 {{importance-inline|date=December 2010}}
* Conover, Sarah and Wahl, Valerie, "Kindness: A Treasury of Buddhist Wisdom for Children and Parents (This Little Light of Mine)", Skinner House Books, 2010. ISBN 978-1-55896-568-3
* Legesse B, Price BH., Murray ED Brain-Behavior Relations. In: Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd Edition. Vilanayur S Ramachandran MD PhD(ed) Academic Press. 16 March 2012. ISBN 978-
== Pranala luar ==
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* {{InPho|idea|1544}}
* {{SEP|wisdom}}
* [http://www.path-work.info Atlas of Wisdom: Wisdom in Psychology and Spirituality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152859/http://www.path-work.info/ |date=2019-01-24 }}
* [http://www.nick-maxwell.demon.co.uk From Knowledge to Wisdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209110220/http://www.nick-maxwell.demon.co.uk/ |date=2012-12-09 }}
* [http://www.foundationsmag.com/wisdom.html Where is the Wisdom We have Lost in Knowledge?]
* [http://www.excaliburbooks.com Wisdom in Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917115252/http://www.excaliburbooks.com/ |date=2017-09-17 }}
* [http://www.ancienttexts.org/ Ancient texts]
* [http://hermetic.com/ Hermetic scriptures]
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* [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/ft/pb/PB_Wisdom_2004.pdf Book on Wisdom from psychologist Paul Baltes]
* [http://www.wisdompage.com The Wisdom Page]
* [http://www.wisdomation.com Share Your Wisdom Here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109020801/http://www.wisdomation.com/ |date=2020-11-09 }}
* [http://www.wisdomresearch.org The Defining Wisdom Project of the University of Chicago]
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