Fenomena roti bakar mentega: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Fenomena roti bakar mentega''' adalah kecenderungan [[roti bakar]] [[mentega]] untuk mendarat dengan sisi bermentega berada di bawah setelah jatuh. Ini telah dianggap sebagai representasi gagasan pesimistis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/butter-side-down.html|title='Why does bread always fall buttered side down?' - the meaning and origin of this phrase|last=Martin|first=Gary|website=Phrasefinder|language=en|access-date=2017-06-13|archive-date=2023-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707205903/https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/butter-side-down.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Hukum Murphy]] dianggap sebagai penjelasan fenomena ini, tetapi sains dan fisika membuktikan hal itu terjadi di lingkungan yang tepat.

== Asal mula ==

Fenomena ini sering dikatakan merupakan pepatah lama dari "negara bagian utara" (Amerika Serikat). Catatan tertulis dapat ditelusuri sampai pertengahan abad ke-19. Fenomena ini sering dikaitkan dengan sebuah puisi parodi karya James Payn dari tahun 1884:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Apperson|first1=George Latimer|title=Dictionary of Proverbs|date=2005|publisher=Wordsworth Editions Ltd.|location=Ware|isbn=1840223111|pages=69–70|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7PMZJqSR4sAC&dq=I%27ve+never+had+a+piece+of+toast+Particularly+long+and+wide%2C+But+fell+upon+the+sanded+floor%2C+And+always+on+the+buttered+side.&q=buttered+toast#v=onepage&q=buttered&f=false|accessdate=2015-04-13|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719235529/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7PMZJqSR4sAC&dq=I%27ve+never+had+a+piece+of+toast+Particularly+long+and+wide%2C+But+fell+upon+the+sanded+floor%2C+And+always+on+the+buttered+side.&q=buttered+toast#v=onepage&q=buttered&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%C2%A0James+Payn+from+1884+butter+side+down&source=bl&ots=eUG4bkloJ2&sig=SAta2G677ttPbqmzrWIsGij9iIs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE6L-pw7vUAhUR92MKHQOHAhcQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0James%20Payn%20from%201884%20butter%20side%20down&f=false|title=The Facts on File Dictionary of Proverbs|last=Manser|first=Martin H.|date=2007|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=9780816066735|language=en|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719235616/https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%C2%A0James+Payn+from+1884+butter+side+down&source=bl&ots=eUG4bkloJ2&sig=SAta2G677ttPbqmzrWIsGij9iIs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE6L-pw7vUAhUR92MKHQOHAhcQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0James%20Payn%20from%201884%20butter%20side%20down&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Dahulu, hal ini seringkalisering kali hanya dianggap sebagai suatu kepercayaan pesimis. Sebuah studi yang ditampilkan oleh serial televisi [[BBC]] [[Q.E.D. (seri TV BBC)|Q.E.D.]] menemukan bahwa saat roti bakar dilemparkan keudara, roti akan mendarat dengan sisi bermentega dibawah hanya satu setengah dari keseluruhan percobaan (sebagaimana yang terjadi sebagai sebuah kebetulan).<ref name=Anthromurphic>{{cite web |title=The Anthropomurphic Principle |url=http://www.whydomath.org/Reading_Room_Material/ian_stewart/anthro/anthro.html |website=Why Do Math? |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] |first=Ian |last=Stewart |date=1995 |accessdate=21 Desember 2012 |archive-date=2023-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702212023/http://www.whydomath.org/Reading_Room_Material/ian_stewart/anthro/anthro.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Namun, beberapa penelitian ilmiah telah menemukan bahwa saat roti panggang dijatuhkan dari meja (berlawanan dengan dilempar ke udara), roti itu akan jatuh dengan sisi mentega dibawah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Breakfast at Murphy's (or why the toast lands butter-side down) |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1331810/Breakfast-at-Murphys-or-why-the-toast-lands-butter-side-down.html |accessdate=19 Desember 2012 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=27 May 2001 |first=Robert |last=Matthews |author-link=Robert Matthews (scientist) |archive-date=2023-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702212025/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1331810/Breakfast-at-Murphys-or-why-the-toast-lands-butter-side-down.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matthews|first=R. A. J.|date=1995|title=Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the fundamental constants|url=http://stacks.iop.org/0143-0807/16/i=4/a=005|journal=European Journal of Physics|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=172|doi=10.1088/0143-0807/16/4/005|issn=0143-0807|bibcode=1995EJPh...16..172M|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719235531/https://hcvalidate.perfdrive.com/fb803c746e9148689b3984a31fccd902//?ssa=c4f9a4e0-fca2-4e91-b309-d1f983ea9d68&ssb=35485256989&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Fissue%2F0143-0807%2F16%2F4&ssi=ed1bccf8-8427-4eba-8845-a24b85b4348a&ssk=support@shieldsquare.com&ssm=73334434944694803104604576316900&ssn=00dd883f1ca885b1974d19bc8555dd76a428b39b684a-e59d-421d-a03e43&sso=4b2bd538-413f81681c17d2cf9e0af278f2967a8369f785887c37ffad&ssp=32890916251689873263168989848539254&ssq=11940831093193926675710931539476818366674&ssr=MjA3LjI0MS4yMzIuMTg5&sst=Mozilla/5.0%20(Windows%20NT%2010.0;%20Win64;%20x64)%20AppleWebKit/605.1.15%20(KHTML,%20like%20Gecko)%20Chrome/89.0.4389.82%20Safari/605.1.15&ssu=&ssv=&ssw=&ssx=W10=|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A closer look at tumbling toast |url=https://space.umd.edu/dch/p405s04/AJP00038.pdf |accessdate=21 November 2017 |journal= American Journal of Physics |date=2001 |first= |last=Bacon |author-link= |archive-date=2017-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808060421/https://space.umd.edu/dch/p405s04/AJP00038.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sebuah studi oleh Robert A J Matthews<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-09-23|title=Robert Matthews (scientist)|url=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Robert_Matthews_(scientist)&oldid=740884970|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719235617/https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Robert_Matthews_%28scientist%29&oldid=740884970|dead-url=no}}</ref> memenangkan [[Hadiah Nobel Ig]] pada tahun 1996.<ref name="European-Journal">{{cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R A J |author-link=Robert Matthews (scientist) |title=Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the fundamental constants |journal=[[European Journal of Physics]] |date=18 July 1995 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=172–176 |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/16/4/005 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/16/4/005 |accessdate=24 April 2013 |bibcode = 1995EJPh...16..172M |archive-date=2014-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009061042/http://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/16/4/005 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web |title=An Experiment That Solves The World’s Most Important Question: How to Keep Toast from Landing Buttered-Side Down |url=http://io9.com/5867322/an-experiment-that-solves-the-worlds-most-important-question-how-to-keep-toast-from-landing-buttered+side-down |publisher=[[io9]] |first=Esther |last=Inglis-Arkell |date=13 Desember 2011 |accessdate=19 Desember 2012 |archive-date=2014-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224022319/http://io9.com/5867322/an-experiment-that-solves-the-worlds-most-important-question-how-to-keep-toast-from-landing-buttered+side-down |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Saat roti panggang terlepas dari tangan, peristiwa kejatuhan tersebut akan terjadi dalam sebuah sudut, secara alami akan tergelincir dari posisi sebelumnya, kemudian roti panggang akan terputar. Mengingat tinggi meja biasanya antara dua hingga enam kaki (0,7 sampai 2 meter), ada cukup waktu bagi roti panggang untuk memutar sekitar satu setengah putaran, dan dengan demikian berada terbalik dengan posisi semula. Karena posisi aslinya biasanya mentega berada diatas, roti panggang akan terjatuh dengan sisi bermentega di bawah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buttered Toast and Other Patterns |url=https://www.maa.org/external_archive/devlin/devlin_july_98.html |date=July 1998 |website=[[Mathematical Association of America]] |first=Keith |last=Devlin |accessdate=19 December 2012 |archive-date=2023-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702212025/https://www.maa.org/external_archive/devlin/devlin_july_98.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Namun, jika tinggi meja lebih dari 10 kaki (3 meter), roti panggang akan terputar 360 derajat penuh, dan akan mendarat dengan sisi bermentega berada di atas.<ref>{{cite show |title=Butter Side Down |url=http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/content/kitchenscience/exp/butter-side-down/ |series=[[The Naked Scientists]] |network=[[BBC]] |date=16 December 2007 |first1=Ben |last1=Valsler |accessdate=21 December 2012}}</ref> Jika roti bakar bergerak secara horisontal pada kecepatan lebih dari 3,6 mil per jam (1,6&nbsp;m/dtk), roti bakar tersebut tidak akan cukup terputar untuk untuk jatuh dengan sisi mentega berada di bawah.<ref name=Anthromurphic>{{cite web |title=The Anthropomurphic Principle |url=http://www.whydomath.org/Reading_Room_Material/ian_stewart/anthro/anthro.html |website=Why Do Math? |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] |first=Ian |last=Stewart |date=1995 |accessdate=21 Desember 2012}}</ref> Faktanya, fenomena ini disebabkan oleh [[konstanta fisika]] fundamental.<ref name="European-Journal">{{cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R A J |author-link=Robert Matthews (scientist) |title=Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the fundamental constants|journal=[[European Journal of Physics]] |date=18 July 1995 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=172–176 |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/16/4/005 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/16/4/005 |accessdate=24 April 2013 |bibcode = 1995EJPh...16..172M }}</ref>

== Faktor lain ==

Temuan berikut berasal dari Mythbusters:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythbusterstheexhibition.com/science-content/butter-side-up/#article|title=Mythbusters Museum|website=Mythbusters Museum|language=en|access-date=2017-06-13|archive-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603084204/http://www.mythbusterstheexhibition.com/science-content/butter-side-up/#article|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* '''Momen Inersia''': Saat sepotong roti bakar mulai terputar saat jatuh ke lantai dapur, ia memiliki inersia-tak akan terputar jika mendapat gaya yang cukup. Inersia ditentukan oleh kecepatan roti bakar saat terputar, dikombinasikan dengan ukuran dan massa roti bakar. Sebagian besar sarapan roti bakar memiliki massa dan ukuran yang sama. Tetapi bagaimanpun cara mengirisnya, aturan yang sama akan tetap berlaku. Tambahkan sedikit kecepatan ketika roti mulai terputar saat sarapan terjatuh dari piring-berikan sedikit tamparan untuk menambahkan inersia dan lihat bagaimana dia akan mendarat.